Daga David Vine, Satumba 9, 2020
daga Taron bitar Bincike
Yaƙe-yaƙe da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi tun bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ya tilasta wa mutane miliyan 37 - kuma wataƙila kusan miliyan 59 - daga gidajensu, a cewar wani sabon rahoto da aka fitar daga Jami'ar Amurka da Kudin Makarantar Kwalejin Makarantar Brown.
Har yanzu, ba wanda ya san yawan mutanen da yaƙe-yaƙe suka raba da muhallansu. Tabbas, yawancin Amurkawa basu san cewa ayyukan yaƙin Amurka ba sun gudana ba kawai a Afghanistan, Iraq da Syria ba, har ma a ciki 21 sauran al'ummu tun lokacin da Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanar da yakin duniya a kan ta'addanci.
Babu Pentagon, Ma'aikatar Gwamnati ko wani bangare na gwamnatin Amurka da ke bin diddigin hijirar. Masana da kungiyoyin duniya, kamar hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNHCR, sun bayar da wasu bayanai game da 'yan gudun hijirar da mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu (IDPs) don ƙasashe ɗaiɗai da ke yaƙi. Amma wannan bayanan yana ba da lissafin lokaci-lokaci maimakon yawan mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu tun lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe.
A lissafin farko na irin sa, Jami'ar Amurka ce Asibitin Anthropology na Jama'a ya kiyasta cewa yaƙe-yaƙe sau takwas da sojojin Amurka suka ƙaddamar ko suka shiga tun shekara ta 2001 - a Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Syria da Yemen - sun samar da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan 8 da masu neman mafaka da miliyan 29 da ke gudun hijira a ciki mutane.
An kiyasta kimanin miliyan 37 da suka rasa muhallansu sun fi waɗanda suka ƙaura daga wani yaƙi ko masifa tun aƙalla 1900, ban da Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da mutane miliyan 30 zuwa 64 ko fiye suka tsere daga gidajensu. Miliyan talatin da bakwai ya wuce waɗanda suka rasa muhallinsu yayin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (kimanin miliyan 10), rabewar Indiya da Pakistan (miliyan 14) da yaƙin Amurka a Vietnam (miliyan 13).
Kashe mutane miliyan 37 ne daidai don cire kusan duk mazaunan jihar California ko duk mutanen Texas da Virginia haɗe. Adadin kusan ya kai yawan mutanen Canada. Yakin da Amurka ta yi bayan shekaru 9/11 sun taka rawar gani wajen rura wutar kusan sau biyu na 'yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a duniya tsakanin 2010 da 2019, daga Miliyan 41 zuwa miliyan 79.5.
Miliyoyin mutane sun tsere wa hare-hare ta sama, tashin bama-bamai, bindigogin atilare, hare-haren gidaje, hare-haren jiragen sama, faɗa da fyaɗe. Mutane sun tsere daga lalata gidajensu, unguwanninsu, asibitocinsu, makarantu, guraben aikin yi da hanyoyin samun abinci da ruwan sha. Sun tsere daga korar tilastawa, barazanar mutuwa da tsarkake kabilanci da yawa wanda yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka a Afghanistan da Iraq musamman.
Gwamnatin Amurka ba kawai ke da alhakin raba mutane miliyan 37 ba; 'yan kungiyar Taliban, Iraqi' yan Sunni da Shi'a, Al-Qaida, kungiyar IS da sauran gwamnatoci, mayaka da 'yan wasa suma suna da alhaki.
Yanayin da aka riga aka kasance na talauci, dumamar yanayi-wanda ya haifar da canjin muhalli da sauran tashe-tashen hankula sun taimaka wajen korar mutane daga gidajensu. Koyaya, yaƙe-yaƙe takwas a cikin binciken na AU sune waɗanda gwamnatin Amurka ke da alhakin ƙaddamarwa, don haɓaka a matsayin babban mayaƙi ko kuma neman mai, ta hanyar kai hare-hare ta jirgin sama, shawarwari a fagen daga, tallafi na kayan aiki, sayar da makamai da sauran taimako.
Musamman, da Asibitin Anthropology na Jama'a yayi kiyasin hijirar:
- 'Yan Afghanistan miliyan 5.3 (wanda ke wakiltar kashi 26% na mutanen da ke cikin yakin kafin yakin) tun farkon yakin Amurka a Afghanistan a 2001;
- 'Yan Pakistan miliyan 3.7 (3% na yawan yakin kafin yakin) tun lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye Afghanistan a 2001 da sauri ya zama yaƙi guda da ke keta iyaka zuwa arewa maso yammacin Pakistan;
- Filipinaswa miliyan 1.7 (2%) tun lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Philippines a cikin yaƙin shekaru da yawa tare da Abu Sayyaf da sauran kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a 2002;
- 'Yan Somaliya miliyan 4.2 (46%) tun lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka fara tallafawa gwamnatin Somaliya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da fada da ita Kungiyar Kotunan Musulunci (ICU) a 2002 kuma, bayan 2006, reshen mayaƙan ballewar ICU Al-Shabaab;
- Yemenis miliyan 4.4 (24%) tun lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara kisan gilla ta wadanda ake zargin 'yan ta'adda ne a 2002 kuma ta goyi bayan yakin da Saudiyya ke jagoranta kan kungiyar Houthi tun daga 2015;
- 'Yan Iraki miliyan 9.2 (37%) tun bayan mamayewar 2003 da mamayar da Amurka ta jagoranta da kuma bayan yakin 2014 da kungiyar IS.
- 'Yan Libiya miliyan 1.2 (19%) tun lokacin da gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai suka tsoma baki a cikin boren 2011 kan Moammar Gadhafi wanda ke rura wutar yakin basasa da ke gudana;
- Siriyawa miliyan 7.1 (37%) tun lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara yaƙi da Islamicungiyar Islama a cikin 2014.
Yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar daga yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin binciken sun gudu zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya mafi girma, musamman Turkiya, Jordan da Lebanon. Kimanin miliyan 1 suka isa Jamus; dubban daruruwa sun gudu zuwa wasu ƙasashe a Turai da kuma zuwa Amurka. Yawancin Filipins, Libya da Yemen sun ƙaura cikin ƙasashensu.
Clinic Anthropology Clinic yayi amfani da ingantattun bayanan duniya wadanda ake dasu, daga UNHCR, da Cibiyar Kula da Kaura ta Cikin Gida, da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya don Hijira da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Tattaunawa game da Harkokin Agaji. An ba da tambayoyi game da daidaitattun bayanan ƙaura a cikin yankunan yaƙi, hanyar lissafi ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Lissafi na 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka a sauƙaƙe na iya ninka sau 1.5 zuwa 2 fiye da yadda binciken ya nuna, wanda zai samar da kimanin mutane miliyan 41 zuwa miliyan 45 da suka rasa muhallansu. 'Yan Siriyan miliyan 7.1 da suka rasa matsugunansu suna wakiltar wadanda aka raba da muhallansu daga larduna biyar na Siriya inda sojojin Amurka suke yi yaƙi da aiki tun shekarar 2014 da farkon yakin da Amurka ta yi da kungiyar IS a Syria.
Aarancin tsarin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya zai haɗa da ƙaura daga dukkan lardunan Siriya tun daga 2014 ko kuma farkon 2013 lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara tallafawa kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Siriya. Wannan na iya ɗaukar jimillar tsakanin miliyan 48 da miliyan 59, kwatankwacin girman ƙaurawar Yaƙin Duniya na II.
Kimanin miliyan 37 na asibitin ma na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne saboda bai hada da miliyoyin da suka rasa muhallansu ba yayin wasu yake-yake na bayan-9/11 da rikice-rikicen da suka shafi sojojin Amurka.
Sojojin yaƙi na Amurka, jiragen sama da sa ido, horo na soja, sayar da makamai da sauran taimakon masu goyan bayan gwamnati sun taka rawa a rikice-rikice a kasashen da suka hada da Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Nijar, Najeriya, Saudi Arabiya (wadanda ke da nasaba da yakin Yemen), Sudan ta Kudu, Tunisia da Uganda. A cikin Burkina Faso, alal misali, akwai 560,000 suka rasa muhallinsu mutane a ƙarshen 2019 yayin da ake ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya.
Lalacewar ta hanyar yin kaura ya kasance mai zurfin gaske a duk ƙasashe 24 da sojojin Amurka suka girka. Rasa gidan mutum da al'umma, tare da sauran asara, ya talauta mutane ba wai kawai ta fuskar tattalin arziki ba har ma da tunanin mutumtaka, zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa. Illolin yin gudun hijirar ya fadada ne ga al'ummomin da suka karbi bakuncinsu da kuma kasashe, wadanda za su iya fuskantar nauyi masu daukar nauyin 'yan gudun hijirar da wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu, ciki har da karuwar tashin hankali tsakanin al'umma. A gefe guda kuma, al'ummomin masu karbar bakuncin galibi suna amfanuwa da isowa daga mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu saboda yawan al'ummu, haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki da taimakon kasa da kasa.
Tabbas, sauyawa bangare ɗaya ne kawai na lalata yaƙi.
A Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan da Yemen kadai, an kiyasta kimanin 755,000 zuwa 786,000 fararen hula da mayakas sun mutu sakamakon faɗa. Arin jami'an sojan Amurka 15,000 da 'yan kwangila sun mutu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na 9/11. Adadin mutuƙar a kowane bangare a Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan da Yemen na iya kaiwa Miliyan 3-4 ko fiye, gami da waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon cuta, yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe. Adadin wadanda suka ji rauni da tashin hankali ya fadada cikin dubban miliyoyin.
Daga qarshe, cutarwar da yaki ya haifar, gami da miliyan 37 zuwa miliyan 59 da suka rasa muhallinsu, ba za a iya lissafa su ba. Babu lamba, komai girmanta, da zai iya ɗaukar girman lalacewar da aka yi asara.
Mabuɗan maɓalli: David Vine, ofasar Yakin: Tarihin Duniya na Rikice-rikice marasa iyaka na Amurka, daga Columbus zuwa Islamic State (Oakland: Jami'ar California Press, 2020); David Vine, "Lissafin Militaryasashen Sojan Amurka na roadasashen Waje, 1776-2020," Jami'ar Amurka Taskar Nazarin Dijital; Rahoton Tsarin tushe: Shekarar Kasafin Kudin shekarar 2018; Takaitaccen Bayanan Kayayyakin Kayayyaki na Gaskiya (Washington, DC: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka, 2018); Barbara Salazar Torreon da Sofia Plagakis, Misalan Amfani da Sojojin Amurkan a ,asashen Waje, 1798–2018 (Washington, DC: Sabis ɗin Binciken Majalisar, 2018).
Lura: Wasu sansanoni kawai sun mamaye wani yanki na 2001-2020. A tsayin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka a Afghanistan da Iraq, akwai sama da sansanoni 2,000 a ƙasashen waje.
