Shiga Soja A Fadin Duniya

By CJ Hinke
An cire daga Free Radicals: Tsohon War a cikin Kurkuku by CJ Hinke, mai zuwa daga ranar shahadar 2016.

Abin sha'awa, a cikin ƙarni na 21, kusan rabin ƙasashen duniya suna yin aikin soja. A cewar Wikipedia, ƙasashen da ke cikin wannan jerin suna iya ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin soja.

A kowane hali, ana buƙatar rajista amma aikin soja bazai zama ba; Wannan al'ada tabbas za ta samar da adadin masu ƙi. A wasu lokuta, wasu nau'ikan bautar ƙasa wajibi ne waɗanda kuma ke haifar da ƙi.

Ƙasashe masu tauraro * suna lissafin tanadi don madadin sabis ko ƙin yarda da lamiri wanda keɓancewar kuma zai haifar da ƙin yarda; A wasu lokuta, haƙƙin ƙin yarda da imaninsu yana cikin tsarin mulki. Gazawar gwamnatoci don ba da ƙin yarda ko kuma wani aikin dabam na imanin imaninsu ya ci karo da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil’adama ta Duniya (Mataki na 18) da Alƙawari na Ƙasashen Duniya kan ‘Yancin Jama’a da Siyasa (Mataki na 18), wanda kusan dukan waɗannan ƙasashe-ƙasashen suna cikin sa.

Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1978 ya fito karara a cikin kudurinsa mai lamba 33/165 wanda ya amince da “yancin kowane mutum na kin aikin soja ko ‘yan sanda.” A cikin 1981, UNHRC ta sake goyan bayan ƙin yarda da lamiri a cikin Resolution 40 (XXXVII). A cikin 1982, an sake maimaita wannan a cikin Resolution 1982/36.

An fara sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Masu Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A/RES/53/144 a shekara ta 1984 kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita a hukumance a shekarar 1998 a bikin cika shekaru 50 na Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya.

Bugu da ƙari, Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1987 a ƙuduri na 1987/46 ta tsai da shawara cewa “ya kamata a ɗauki ƙin yarda da imanin da ake yi a matsayin ’yancin yin lamiri da addini.” An sake tabbatar da hakan a cikin ƙudurin UNHCR mai lamba 1989/59, yana mai cewa “dukkan ƙasashe membobin suna da alhakin haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴancin yanci da kuma cika wajibcin da suka ɗauka a ƙarƙashin wasu dokoki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya daban-daban, Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma dokar jin kai” da kuma “an yi kira ga Membobin Kasashe da su ba da mafaka ko amintacciyar hanyar wucewa zuwa wata Jiha” ga wadanda suka ki saboda imaninsu. Kudirin UNHCR na 1991 na 1991/65 ya amince da “hanyar matasa wajen ɗaukaka da kuma kare ’yancin ɗan adam, haɗe da batun ƙin shiga soja saboda imaninsu.”

Kudirin UNHRC na 1993 mai lamba 1993/84 shima ya fito karara wajen tunatar da kasashe membobin kudurorin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka gabata.

An sake nanata hakan a shekara ta 1995 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 1995/83 da ta amince da “yancin kowa ya ƙi shiga soja saboda imaninsa a matsayin halal na ’yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini.”

UNHCR ta sake yin haka a cikin 1998 ta hanyar UNHCR Resolution 1998/77 wanda ya sake jaddada cewa "jihohi, a cikin doka da aikinsu, ba dole ba ne su nuna wariya ga wadanda ba su yarda da aikinsu ba dangane da sharuɗɗansu ko sharuɗɗan hidima, ko kowane tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, jama'a ko jama'a ko jama'a. ’yancin siyasa,” yana tunatar da jihohi da tsarin aikin soja na tilas, inda ba a riga an yi irin wannan tanadin ba, na shawarar da ta ba wa waɗanda suka ƙi saboda imaninsu, na wasu nau’o’in madadin hidima da suka dace da dalilan ƙin yarda da imaninsu. -magaci ko na farar hula, bisa maslahar jama'a ba na hukumci ba, "ya kuma jaddada cewa ya kamata Jihohi su dauki matakan da suka dace don kaurace wa daure wadanda ba su yarda da imaninsu ba, da kuma ci gaba da hukunta wadanda suka kasa yin aikin soja, ya kuma tuna cewa. ba wanda za a sake daurawa wani laifi ko kuma a hukunta shi bisa laifin da aka riga aka yanke masa ko kuma a wanke shi bisa ga wani laifi. rawa tare da doka da tsarin hukunta kowace ƙasa."

A shekara ta 2001, Majalisar Turai ta ce “Hakkin ƙin yarda da imanin da yake da shi muhimmin fanni ne na ’yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini” a gaban Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 1960, kowane memba na ƙasa na Tarayyar Turai ya ɗauki aikin soja tare da keɓanta Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, da San Marino. Yanzu an soke shigar da aikin soja a cikin kasashe 25 na EU, wanda ya bar jihohi 15 har yanzu suna aiwatar da aikin soja. Azerbaijan, Belarus, Girka, da Turkiyya ba su da wani madadin sabis na COs.

A shekara ta 2002, UNHRC ta amince da kuduri mai lamba 2002/45 wanda ya yi kira ga Jihohi da su sake duba dokokinsu da ayyukansu na yanzu dangane da kin shiga soja bisa lamirinsu na 1998/77 kuma su yi la’akari da bayanin da aka zayyana a rahoton Babban Hukumar. A shekara ta 2004, UNHCR ta amince da kuduri mai lamba 2004/35 don kare wadanda suka ki saboda imaninsu, kuma a shekara ta 2006, kasashe 2 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince da kuduri mai lamba 102/33 na UNHRC. A cikin 2006, UNHCR ta ba da Rahoton Analytical 4/2006/51, "Game da Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka Game da Masu Ƙarfafa Hidimar Soja."

A cikin 2012, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gabatar da kuduri mai lamba 20/12 a gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "Ci gaba da kare dukkan hakkokin bil'adama"…"ciki har da rashin amincewa da lamiri da kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 34 suka goyi bayansu, da yawa daga cikinsu suna daukar kasashe. Wannan kuduri mai lamba 2013/24 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 17 ya sake maimaita wannan alƙawarin kwanan nan, dangane da ƙudurin 2012 na UNHRC mai lamba 20/12.

Har ila yau, HRC ta buga "Jagororin kan Kariya ta Duniya mai lamba 10" game da da'awar 'yan gudun hijira daga waɗanda suka ƙi saboda imaninsu da waɗanda suka gudu. Daruruwan waɗanda suka ƙi saboda imaninsu daga ƙasashe da yawa sun nemi mafaka a ƙasashe na uku ta amfani da Mataki na 1A (2) na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 da/ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 kan Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira.

Ana iya samun bayyani mai fa'ida mai shafuka da yawa na ƙoƙarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ƙin yarda da imanin imaninsu, ta al'ada da ƙasa. nan.

Amnesty International ta lissafa duk fursunonin CO na duniya a matsayin " fursunonin lamiri."

Shin akwai ‘yan siyasa ne ke saurare ko kuwa wannan duk aikin lebe ne kawai?

Ma'anar ma'anar daftarin "baucewa" sun haɗa da masu arziki waɗanda ke biyan masu maye gurbin yin aikin soja. Duk ƙasashen da ke da sojoji kuma suna da waɗanda suka gudu daga aikin soja. Taimako ko boye masu gudu shima laifi ne.

Dukan ƙasashe suna da ƙanƙanta na Shaidun Jehobah da kuma wasu masu ƙin ɗarika. ’Yan siyasa suna farautar matasa da masu rauni. Muna goyon bayan duk hanyoyin ƙin aikin soja na jama'a da na ɓoye.

Ƙasashen da aka yiwa alama √ an jera su akan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Yaƙin Duniya "Binciken duniya game da shiga aikin soja da kin shiga soja saboda imaninsu. "

Na haɗa da ƙasashen da aikin ya kasance a cikin doka amma a halin yanzu ba a aiwatar da su ba. Waɗannan ƙididdiga, in an samu kwata-kwata, ƙila ba za su yi daidai da ainihin lambobin masu ƙi ba; alkaluma sun bambanta daga 1993-2005. A yawancin lokuta, baƙi mazauna waje suma sun cancanci shiga aikin soja, musamman Amurka.

Ban hada da "'yan jarida" da 'yan tawaye suka tilastawa shiga ba. Al’adar ta yadu a kasashen da ake samun irin wadannan rigingimu.

Lura cewa babu wani bayani da aka yi rikodin ga ƙasashe da yawa. Marubucin ya yi kira ga masu karatu da su samar da duk wani karin bayani don kara cika wannan binciken.

Wannan shine bangon kunya na ƙarni na 21, ainihin jahohin 'yan damfara suna bautar da samarin yaƙi.

√ Abkhazia
√ Albaniya* - Maimaita kararraki
√ Algeria
√ Angola
√ Armeniya* – Masu gudun hijira 16,000; Kotun EU ta amince da ƙarar Shaidun Jehobah da Kotun Ƙauyen ’Yan Adam (2009)
√ Ostiriya*
√ Azerbaijan* - 2,611 (2002) a gidan yari
√ Belarus* - 30% sun ƙi shiga aikin soja; 1,200-1,500 masu gudun hijira / hamada a kowace shekara; Kashi 99% na masu shiga aikin na nuna rashin lafiya, suna fakewa
√ Benin
√ Bhutan
√ Bolivia – Masu gudun hijira 80,000; Daftarin gudun hijira & 'yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje
√ Bosniya*
√ Brazil*
√ Bermuda*
√ Burundi
Ƙasar Cape Verde
√ Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
√ Chadi*
√ Chile - 10,000 marasa rajista
√ Kasar Sin
√ Colombia* - 50% daftarin kaucewa; Shigar da tilasci, COs da ake tuhuma da ficewa; Sojoji & 'yan sanda rashin biyayya & gudu 6,362 masu hidima
√ Kongo*
√ Kuba
√ Curacao & Aruba
Ƙasar Cyprus
√ Denmark * - 25 daftarin ƙididdiga a kowace shekara
√ Jamhuriyar Dominican
√ Ecuador - 10% na hamadar da aka yi wa aiki
√ Masar - 4,000 daftarin kaucewa
√ El Salvador* - Draft gudun hijira & 'yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje
√ Equatorial Guinea
√ Eritrea - 12 daftarin fursunoni, gwaji na sirri, tsarewa mara iyaka, azabtarwa; Babu kulawar likita, mace-mace a tsare; Kurkuku & taƙaitaccen hukuncin kisa don gudu daga ƙasar; Shigar da tilas, sabis mara iyaka; Ya soke zama ɗan ƙasa, kasuwanci & lasisin tuƙi, fasfo, takaddun aure, katunan shaidar ƙasa, hana bizar fita; Shaidun Jehobah uku a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari’a ba shekaru 14+
√ Estoniya*
√ Finland* - fursunoni 3 masu tsattsauran ra'ayi
√ Gabon
√ Jojiya* - 2,498 masu gudun hijira
√ Jamus*
√ Ghana
√ Girka * - Daruruwan jama'a sun ƙi daftarin aiki, masu adawa da Yaƙin Gulf; Maimaita kararraki; Bayan kurkuku, shekaru biyar dakatar da hakkin jama'a: hana zabe, zaɓe ga majalisa, aiki a cikin farar hula,
sami fasfo ko lasisin kasuwanci; Daftarin ƙaura da yawa a ƙasashen waje
√ Guatemala - 350 COs, kashi 75% na hamadar da aka yi wa aiki, yawan kisan gilla.
√ Gini
√ Guinea-Bissau
√ Herzegovina* - 1,500 COs
√ Honduras - 29% masu tserewa, 50% masu gudun hijira
√ Indonesia
√ Iran - Yawancin daftarin aiki da masu gudun hijira, ba za su dawo ba sai bayan shekaru 40
√ Irak – Hukuncin kisa ga barin baya, yanke kunne, alamar goshi
√ Isra'ila - Adadin masu kishin kasa da yakin mamayar Falasdinu; Ƙimar daftarin aiki ta fara a makarantar sakandare; COs na fuskantar kotunan soji-soja, maimaita hukunci; Mata na iya zama COs amma ba maza ba; Daftarin da yawa masu gujewa, daftarin hijira & 'yan gudun hijira
√ Ivory Coast
√ Jordan
√ Kazakhstan – 40% masu gudun hijira, masu gudun hijira 3,000
√ Kuwait - Yaɗuwar daftarin aiki
√ Kyrgyzstan
√ Laos - Yaɗuwar daftarin aiki
√ Latvia*
√ Lebanon
√ Libya
√ Lithuania*
√ Madagascar
√ Mali
Yaɗuwar ƙaura
√ Mauritania
Ƙasar Mexico
√ Moldova* - 1,675 COs, an hana ɗaruruwa
Mongolia
√ Montenegro* – An tuhumi masu gujewa 26,000; 150,000 daftarin gudun hijira
√ Maroko – ‘yan gudun hijira 2,250, an kashe jami’ai biyar
√ Mozambik - Tilastawa, ficewa daga jama'a
√ Myanmar*
√Nagorny Karabakh
√ Netherlands* - Kin aiki zuwa Afghanistan
√ Nijar
√ Koriya ta Arewa - Hukuncin kisa ga daftarin gujewa da ficewa
√ Norway* - 2,364 COs, 100-200 masu kin bin gaskiya
√ Paraguay* - Tilastawa; 6,000 COs, 15% na masu shiga aikin
√ Peru - Tilastawa
√ Philippines - Marasa rajista na tarihi guda biyu; Tilastawa ’yan bindigar ‘yan tawaye su yi rajista
√ Poland* - Roman Katolika sun musanta matsayin CO (Poland Katolika ne 87.5%)
Qatar - An sake shigar da aikin soja a cikin 2014
√ Rasha * - 1,445 COs kowace shekara, 17% kin amincewa; Kariyar Kotun Koli (1996); Buda, Shaidun Jehovah sun ware; Masu gudun hijira 30,000 da masu gudun hijira 40,000; Daftarin gudun hijira & 'yan gudun hijira
√ Senegal
√ Serbia* – COs 9,000; 26,000 daftarin masu tserewa da masu gudu; 150,000 daftarin gudun hijira a kasashen waje
√ Seychelles
√ Singapore – Daruruwan Shaidun Jehobah sun ƙi, watanni 12-24 ana tsare da sojoji; Maimaita jimloli; An ci tarar masu bin absolutist da yanke musu hukunci
√ Slovenia*
√ Somalia - COs sun dauki 'yan gudun hijira
√ Koriya ta Kudu - 13,000 CO fursunoni, 400-700 a kowace shekara; 5,000 daftarin ƙi, maimaita jimloli; Daftarin 'yan gudun hijira & hijira a kasashen waje
Sudan ta Kudu
√ Spain* - Dubban masu kin amincewa da daftarin jama'a, adawa da Yaƙin Gulf
√ Srpska* - Yaɗuwar daftarin ƙaura & ƙauracewa
√ Sudan – 2.5 miliyan daftarin daftarin aiki, tilasta rajista, ciki har da jami'o'i; An haramta wa mazan da suka kai shekarun shiga aikin yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje
√ Switzerland* - 2,000 COs a kowace shekara; 100 absolutist refusers a kowace shekara, 8-12 watanni jumla; Shari'a ta kotunan soja-Martial
√ Syria – An kebe Yahudawa
√ Taiwan
√ Tajikistan – Yaɗuwar daftarin ƙaura da ƙauracewa
√ Tanzaniya
√ Thailand - 30,000 daftarin daftarin aiki, abubuwan da suka faru na kin amincewa da daftarin jama'a
√ Transdniestria*
√ Tunusiya* - Tilastawa shiga, ficewa da yawa
√ Turkiyya - 74 jama'a sun ƙi daftarin aiki, maimaita jumla; COs sun ɗauki masu gudu; Rage soja ko "bare jama'a daga aikin soja" laifi; 60,000 daftarin masu gujewa a kowace shekara; ’Yan adawa da aka daure a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira; Daftarin 'yan gudun hijira & hijira a kasashen waje
√ Yankunan Turkawa - 14 da aka ayyana COs
√ Turkmenistan - Muhimman ƙauracewa daftarin aiki, 20% gudu, 2,000 masu gudu; Duka, barazanar fyade
√ Uganda - Tilastawa, gami da yara sojoji; Yaɗuwar ƙaura
√ Ukrain* - COs na addini kawai: Bakwai Day Adventists, Baptists, Adventists-Reformists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Charismmatic Kiristoci; 2,864 COs; Abubuwan da suka faru na kin amincewar sahihiyar jama'a; 10% yarda, 48,624 daftarin masu gujewa; Daftarin 'yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje
Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa - An sake shigar da aikin yi a shekarar 2014
United Kingdom - Yariman sarauta ya yi kira ga shiga aikin soja a watan Mayu 2015
√ Amurka* - Dubun miliyoyin daftarin da aka yi watsi da su sun kasa yin rajista, sun kasa bayar da rahoton canje-canjen adireshin; Dubban masu ƙi; tuhume-tuhume 20 ne kawai, aka yanke musu hukunci daga kwanaki 35 zuwa watanni shida; Laifin makirci ga waɗanda suka ba da taimako, abet, shawara; gidan yari na shekaru biyar, tarar $250,000; Sojoji sun ki yarda da gudu; An tuhumi ƴan hamada da laifin yaƙi; Draft da masu gudun hijira
√ Uzbekistan*
√ Venezuela - Tilastawa Tilastawa, yaɗuwar daftarin aiki da ficewa; 34 jama'a absolutist ƙin yarda, 180 CO gudun hijira a kowace shekara
√ Vietnam - Yaɗuwar daftarin ƙaura da ƙauracewa
√ Yammacin Sahara
√ Yemen - Muhimmin daftarin gudu da kauracewa
√ Zimbabwe*

Adadin masu ƙi, inda aka sani, sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin ƙasashe. A cikin wasu, ƙila za a sami ɗan hannu kaɗan kawai. Wannan dintsin kuma ya cancanci a kiyaye shi - kuna iya zama ɗaya daga cikinsu! A cikin kowace ƙasa da ke aikin shiga aikin soja, akwai masu ƙi da fursunoni. A duk inda kasa ke rike da sojoji, tun daga kasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa mafi yawan 'yan ta'adda, to akwai wadanda ba su yarda da imaninsu ba, da masu gudun hijira.