Asashen Soja Ba Sa Taɓa Amfani

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktoba 13, 2020

Idan, kamar ni, kuna da halin rashin kyau na nuna rashin gaskiyar shari'ar da aka yi don yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban, kuma kun fara shawo kan mutane cewa yaƙe-yaƙe ba ainihin don kawar da makaman ɓarna ne da suke yaɗuwa ba, ko kawar da 'yan ta'addan da suke samarwa, ko kuma yada dimokiradiyyar da suka dakile, galibi mutane za su tambaya "To, to, menene yaƙe-yaƙe?"

A wannan gaba, akwai kuskure guda biyu. Isaya shine a ɗauka cewa akwai amsa guda ɗaya. Sauran shine a ɗauka cewa amsoshin dole duk suna da ma'ana. Amsawa ta asali da na bayar a gazillion times ita ce, yaƙe-yaƙe don riba da ƙarfi da bututun mai, don kula da burbushin halittu da yankuna da gwamnatoci, don ƙididdigar zaɓe, ci gaban aiki, da ƙididdigar kafofin watsa labarai, biya ga kamfen ɗin “gudummawar,” don rashin ingancin tsarin yanzu, kuma ga mahaukaci, mummunan son zuciya ga iko da mummunan halin baƙuwar ɗabi'a.

Mun san cewa yaƙe-yaƙe ba ya haɗuwa da yawan jama'a ko ƙarancin albarkatu ko kuma duk wasu abubuwan da wasu ke amfani da su a makarantun Amurka don ƙoƙarin ɗora laifin yaƙe-yaƙe akan waɗanda ke fama da su. Mun san cewa yaƙe-yaƙe ba zai yiwu ba tare da wuraren kera makamai. Mun san cewa yaƙe-yaƙe suna da alaƙa sosai tare da kasancewar mai. Amma suna haɗuwa da wani abu kuma hakan yana ba da amsar ta daban don tambayar abin da yaƙe-yaƙe ke: asasai. Ina nufin, duk mun san shekaru da yawa yanzu cewa sabbin masu ba da izinin Amurka sun hada da rufe ƙasashe daban-daban tare da asali, kuma manufofin sun haɗa da kula da wasu adadi na dindindin da manyan ofisoshin jakadanci. Amma yaya idan yaƙe-yaƙe ba wai kawai yunƙurin sabon tushe ba ke motsa shi ba, amma har ma yana motsawa cikin mahimmin ɓangare ta kasancewar wanzuwar sansanonin yanzu?

A cikin sabon littafinsa, Amurka na War, David Vine ya ambaci bincike daga Sojojin Amurka wanda ke nuna cewa tun daga shekarun 1950s, kasancewar kasancewar sojan Amurka yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen sojojin Amurka. Itacen inabi yana gyara layi daga Field of Dreams don komawa ga filin ƙwallon baseball amma zuwa tushe: “Idan kun gina su, yaƙe-yaƙe za su zo.” Itacen inabi kuma ya ba da misalai marasa adadi na yaƙe-yaƙe da ke haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda ke haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda ke haifar da asashe wanda ba kawai ya haifar da ƙarin yaƙe-yaƙe ba har ma yana aiki don tabbatar da kuɗin ƙarin makamai da runduna don cika tushen, yayin samar da ƙarancin lokaci guda - duk waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarfi ga ƙarin yaƙe-yaƙe.

Littafin Vine na baya shine Base Nation: Ta yaya Sojojin Amurka suka Bayar da Ƙasashen Amurka da Duniya?. Wannan cikakken taken nasa shine Ofasar Yakin: Tarihin Duniya na Rikici mara iyaka na Amurka, Daga Columbus zuwa Islamic State. Ba haka ba ne, cikakken bayani game da kowane yaƙin Amurka, wanda zai buƙaci dubban shafuka. Hakanan ba matsawa bane daga batun tushe. Tarihi ne na rawar rawar asali da aka taka kuma har yanzu suna taka rawa a cikin ƙarni da gudanar da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Akwai, a bayan littafin, jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka, da sauran rikice-rikice waɗanda saboda wasu dalilai ba alamun yaƙi ba ne. Lissafi ne wanda ke gudana a hankali tun daga farkon Amurka zuwa yau, kuma wannan baya nuna cewa yaƙe-yaƙe da ativean ƙasar Amurka ba su kasance ba ko kuma ba yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasashen waje ba ne. Lissafi ne da ke nuna yaƙe-yaƙe masu nisa a duniya da ke jiran cikar “bayyananniyar ƙaddara” zuwa gabar yammacin Amurka, da kuma nuna ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe da ke faruwa a wurare da yawa lokaci ɗaya kuma daidai ta hanyar faruwar manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a wasu wurare. Yana nuna gajeren yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsayi (kamar yaƙi na shekara 36 da Apache) wanda ke ba da sanarwar yau da kullun cewa yaƙin Afganistan a yanzu shi ne yaƙin Amurka mafi tsawo, kuma hakan yana ba da ra'ayin ba'a cewa shekarun 19 da suka gabata na yaƙi wani sabon abu ne kuma daban. Yayinda Ofishin Nazarin Majalisar Wakilai ya taba ikirarin Amurka ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali tsawon shekaru 11 na kasancewarta, wasu masana sun ce daidai adadin shekarun lumana ba komai a yanzu.

-Ananan aljanna na keɓaɓɓu na Amurka da aka yafa a duk faɗin duniya kamar yadda sansanonin soji ke ƙyamar al'ummomin da ke kan steroid (da Apartheid). Mazaunan su galibi ba sa samun kariya daga gurfanar da masu aikata laifi saboda abubuwan da suka aikata a wajen ƙofofin, yayin da kawai aka yarda da mazaunan cikin su yi aikin yadi da tsaftacewa. Balaguro da jin daɗin rayuwa babbar fa'ida ce ga sojojin da aka ɗauka da kuma kula da kasafin kuɗaɗen kula da membobin Majalisar Wakilai zuwa ƙasashen duniya. Amma ra'ayi cewa tushen suna ba da kariya, cewa suna aikata akasin abin da Eisenhower ya yi gargaɗi game da shi, ya kusan kusa da gaskiya. Ofaya daga cikin manyan kayayyakin sansanonin Amurka a cikin wasu ƙasashen mutane shine baƙin cikin da Vine ke tunatar da mu mazaunan Amurka da suka riga mu ji game da mamayar sojojin Burtaniya na mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka. Wa) annan sojojin na Burtaniya ba su da doka, kuma masu mulkin mallaka sun yi rajistar irin koke-koken ganima, fyade, da fitinar da mutanen da ke kusa da sansanonin Amurka suka kwana shekaru da yawa yanzu.

Basesasashen waje na Amurka, nesa da farkon ɓullowa a cikin 1898, sabuwar ƙasa ce ta buɗe a Kanada kafin sanarwar 1776 ta Independence kuma ta girma cikin sauri daga can. A Amurka akwai samfuran soja na 800 na yanzu ko na baya tare da kalmar “Fort” a cikin sunayensu. Sun kasance sansanonin soja a cikin yankin ƙasashen waje, kamar yadda sauran wurare ba su da adadi ba tare da “kagara” a cikin sunayensu na yanzu ba. Sun riga sun mamaye yan mulkin mallaka. Sun tsokano baya. Sun haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe. Kuma waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun haifar da ƙarin asali, kamar yadda iyakokin ke turawa waje. A lokacin yakin samun 'yanci daga Birtaniyya, kamar a lokacin manyan yakin da yawancin mutane suka ji, Amurka ta ci gaba da yin kananan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, a wannan batun da' Yan Asalin Amurkawa a cikin kwarin Ohio, yammacin New York, da sauran wurare. A inda nake zaune a Virginia, an ambaci wuraren tarihi da manyan makarantu da birane don mutanen da aka yaba wa da faɗaɗa daular Amurka (da daular Virginia) yamma yayin “Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.”

Babu wani ginin gini ko yin yaƙi da ya taɓa bari. Don Yaƙin 1812, lokacin da Amurka ta ƙone Majalisar Dokokin Kanada, bayan haka Birtaniyya ta ƙone Washington, Amurka ta gina sansanonin tsaro a kusa da Washington, DC, waɗanda ba su cika manufar su ba kamar yadda yawancin sansanonin Amurka a duniya ke yi. An tsara ƙarshen don laifi, ba kariya ba.

Kwanaki goma bayan Yaƙin 1812 ya ƙare, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta ba da sanarwar yaƙi da Arewacin Afirka na Algiers. A lokacin ne, ba a cikin 1898 ba, cewa Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka suka fara kafa tashoshin jiragen ruwa a nahiyoyi biyar - wanda ta yi amfani da su yayin 19^th karni don kai hari kan Taiwan, Uruguay, Japan, Holland, Mexico, Ecuador, China, Panama, da Koriya.

Yakin basasar Amurka, wanda aka yi saboda Arewa da Kudu sun iya yarda kan fadada mara iyaka amma ba a kan bawa ko matsayin kyauta na sabbin yankuna ba, yaki ne kawai tsakanin Arewa da Kudu, amma kuma yakin da Arewa ta yi da Shoshone , Bannock, Ute, Apache, da Navajo a Nevada, Utah, Arizona, da New Mexico - yakin da ya kashe, ya mamaye yanki, ya kuma tilasta dubban mutane zuwa sansanin tattara sojoji, Bosque Redondo, irin wanda daga baya zai karfafawa Nazis

Sabbin sansanonin suna nufin sabbin yaƙe-yaƙe fiye da tushe. An dauki Presidio a San Francisco daga Mexico kuma ana amfani da shi wajen kai hari kan Philippines, inda za a yi amfani da sansanoni wajen kai hari Koriya da Vietnam. Tampa Bay, wanda aka ɗauka daga Sifen, aka yi amfani da shi don kai hari Cuba. Guantanamo Bay, wanda aka ɗauka daga Cuba, an yi amfani da shi don kai hari Puerto Rico. Da sauransu. Zuwa 1844, sojojin Amurka sun sami damar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyar a cikin China. -Asashen Duniya na Burtaniya na Shanghai a 1863 sun kasance "Chinatown sun juya baya" - kamar asusun Amurka a duk faɗin duniya a yanzu.

Kafin WWII, har ma da yawancin fadada tushen WWI, yawancin sansanoni basu dawwama. Wasu sun kasance, amma wasu, gami da yawancin a Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean, an fahimci su na ɗan lokaci ne. WWII zai canza duk wannan. Matsayin tsoho na kowane tushe zai kasance na dindindin. Wannan ya fara ne da kasuwancin FDR na tsofaffin jiragen ruwa zuwa Biritaniya don musayar sansanoni a cikin yankunan mulkin mallaka takwas na Burtaniya - babu ɗayansu da ke da wata magana a cikin lamarin. Babu kuma Majalisa, kamar yadda FDR ke aiki shi kaɗai, wanda ya haifar da mummunan tarihi. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Amurka ta gina kuma ta mamaye shigarwa 30,000 a kan sansanonin 2,000 a kowace nahiya.

Wani sansani a Dhahran, Saudi Arabiya, ya kamata ne don yakar 'yan Nazi, amma bayan Jamus ta mika wuya, har yanzu an kammala ginin sansanin. Har yanzu man yana nan. Bukatar jiragen sama su sauka a wannan yanki na duniya yana nan. Bukatar tabbatar da sayan ƙarin jirage har yanzu yana nan. Kuma yaƙe-yaƙe zai kasance a can kamar yadda ruwan sama yake bi gajimare.

WWII kawai ya ƙare ne kawai. An ajiye manyan sojoji a cikin dindindin. Henry Wallace ya yi tunanin ya kamata a mika sansanonin kasashen waje ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Madadin haka ya yi saurin ficewa daga filin. Vine ta rubuta cewa daruruwan kungiyoyin "Ku dawo da Daddy" an kirkiresu a duk fadin Amurka. Duk basu samu yadda suke so ba. Madadin haka sai aka fara sabuwar al'ada ta jigilar iyalai don su hada kai da kakaninsu a sana'o'in din-din-din - wani yunkuri da nufin rage fyade na mazauna yankin.

Tabbas, sojojin Amurka sun ragu sosai bayan WWII, amma ba kusan gwargwadon yadda ya kasance bayan wasu yaƙe-yaƙe ba, kuma yawancin hakan ya juya da zaran an fara yaƙi a Koriya. Yaƙin Koriya ya haifar da ƙaruwa 40% a sansanonin Amurka na ƙasashen waje. Wadansu na iya kiran yakin Koriya wani mummunan dabi'a ko mummunan laifi, yayin da wasu kuma za su kira ta da kunnen doki ko batanci, amma daga mahangar ginin tushe da kafa ikon masana'antar kera makamai a kan gwamnatin Amurka, shi ya kasance, daidai kamar yadda Barack Obama ya yi iƙirari a lokacin shugabancinsa, an sami gagarumar nasara.

Eisenhower ya yi magana game da hadadden masana'antar soja da ke lalata gwamnati. Daya daga cikin misalai da yawa da Vine ya bayar shine na alaƙar Amurka da Portugal. Sojojin Amurka sun so sansanoni a Azores, don haka gwamnatin Amurka ta amince ta goyi bayan mai mulkin Portugal, mulkin mallaka na Portugal, da mambobin NATO na Portugal. Kuma mutanen Angola, Mozambique, da Cape Verde sun la'anci - ko kuma a ce, bari su inganta ƙiyayya ga Amurka, a matsayin farashin da za a biya don kiyaye Amurka "ta hanyar kariya" ta jerin sansanonin duniya. Itacen inabi ya ambaci shari'oi 17 na ginin tushe na Amurka wanda ke raba mutanen gida a duk duniya, halin da ake ciki kai-tsaye tare da littattafan rubutu na Amurka da ke ikirarin cewa shekarun cin nasara sun ƙare.

NATO tayi aiki don sauƙaƙe gina sansanonin Amurka a Italiya, wanda Italian mightasar ba zasu taɓa tsayawa ba idan da an kira sansanonin “basesasunan Amurka” maimakon a tallata su a ƙarƙashin tutar ƙarya ta “sansanonin NATO”

Bases suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa a duk faɗin duniya, tare da zanga-zangar yawanci ana bi. Zanga-zangar adawa da sansanonin Amurka, galibi masu nasara, galibi ba sa cin nasara, sun kasance babban ɓangare na karnin da ya gabata na tarihin duniya wanda ba a cika koyar da shi ba a Amurka. Hatta sanannen alamar zaman lafiya an fara amfani da ita a zanga-zangar wani sansanin sojan Amurka. Yanzu sansanonin suna yadawa a duk Afirka har zuwa iyakokin China da Rasha, yayin da al'adun Amurka suka saba da yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun da “specialungiyoyi na musamman” ke yi da jiragen saman mutum-mutumi, ana kera makaman nukiliya kamar mahaukaci, kuma ko dai ba a tambayar militarism na manyan jam’iyyun siyasar Amurka biyu.

Idan yaƙe-yaƙe sun kasance - a wani ɓangare - don sansanonin sojan, shin bai kamata har yanzu mu tambayi abin da tushen yake ba? Itacen inabi ya ba da labarin masu binciken majalisar wakilai suna yanke shawara cewa yawancin sansanonin ana ajiye su ta wurin “rashin ƙarfi.” Kuma ya ba da labarin wasu jami'an soji da ke cikin tsoro (ko, mafi dacewa, rashin hankali) wanda ke ganin ƙirƙirar yaƙi a zaman wani nau'i na kariya. Waɗannan duka abubuwan gaske ne na gaske, amma ina tsammanin sun dogara ne da babbar nasara don mamaye duniya da riba, haɗe tare da shirye-shiryen zamantakewar al'umma (ko ɗoki) don samar da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Wani abu da ban taɓa tunanin wani littafi ya mai da hankali akansa ba shine rawar sayar da makamai. Waɗannan sansanonin suna ƙirƙirar abokan cinikin makamai - masu ƙyama da jami'an “dimokiradiyya” waɗanda zasu iya zama dauke da makamai da horarwa da kuma samarda kudade da kuma dogara dasu sojojin Amurka, suna sa gwamnatin Amurka ta kasance ta dogara ga masu cinikin yaƙin.

Ina fatan kowane mutum a duniya ya karanta Amurka na Yaƙi. a World BEYOND War mun yi aiki don rufe sansanoni babban fifiko.