Taimako na Soja ya cutar da Yancin Bil Adama a Kasashe bayan rikici

daga Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya, Yuli 25, 2020

Wannan binciken yana taƙaitawa da yin tunani akan binciken mai zuwa: Sullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Sanya makamai ga zaman lafiya: Taimakon tsaro na ƙasashen waje da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasashe masu fama da rikici. Tsaro da Zaman Lafiya, 31 (2). 177-200. DOI: 10.1080 / 10242694.2018.1558388

Alamomin Magana

A cikin kasashe bayan rikici:

• Canza wurin makamai da taimakon sojoji daga kasashen waje (gaba daya ana alakanta su da taimakon tsaro na kasashen waje) suna da alaƙa da mummunan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da keta haƙƙin haƙƙin mutuntaka kamar azabtarwa, kisan gilla, ɓacewa, ɗaurin siyasa da kisa, da kisan kare dangi / siyasa.
• Taimako na Harkokin Harkokin Mulki (ODA), wanda aka bazu a matsayin taimako na soja, an danganta shi da ingantacciyar yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam.
• Limitedarancin zaɓuɓɓukan dabarun da ke akwai ga shugabannin ƙasa a cikin lokacin rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice suna taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa taimakon tsaro na ƙasashen waje ke haifar da mummunan sakamakon haƙƙin ɗan adam - wato, yana sa ya sauƙaƙa shugabannin su zaɓi saka hannun jari a cikin jami'an tsaro bisa ga saka hannun jari a cikin wadatar jama'a Kayayyakin aiki a zaman wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki, hakan zai sa a sami rarrabuwar kawuna.

Summary

Taimakon kasashen waje ga kasashen da ke rikici bayan rikici wata alama ce ta hada hannu a duniya don karfafa zaman lafiya a irin wannan yanayin. Dangane da binciken da Patricia Sullivan, Leo Blanken, da Ian Rice suka yi, kwanannan binciken abubuwan taimako ne. Suna jayayya cewa taimakon tsaro na kasashen waje yana da alaƙa da matsa lamba a cikin ƙasashe bayan rikici. Taimakon da ba na soja ba, ko Taimakawa na Tallafawa Kananan Hukumomi (ODA), yana da alaƙa da akasin haka — da kyau hulɗa da kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don haka, nau'in taimakon na ketare yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan “ingancin zaman lafiya” a ƙasashe bayan rikici.

Taimakon tsaro na kasashen waje: “Duk wani tanadi da gwamnati ta ba da izini na makamai, kayan soja, kudade, horo na soja, ko wasu iya aiki da kayayyaki da aiyuka ga rundunar tsaro ta gwamnatin waje.”

Marubutan sun samo waɗannan sakamakon ne ta hanyar nazarin 171 waɗanda rikici ya ƙare tun daga 1956 zuwa 2012. Ana nazarin waɗannan yanayin a matsayin rukuni-shekara a cikin shekaru goma bayan kawo ƙarshen rikici tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyar adawa a cikin ƙasa. Sunyi kokarin danne ikon jihar ta hanyar kare martabar kare hakkin dan adam wanda yakai matakan keta hakkin mutuntaka kamar azabtarwa, kisan gilla, bacewar mutum, daurin fursunoni da kisa, da kisan kare dangi / siyasa. Girman yana gudana daga -3.13 zuwa +4.69, inda ɗimbin daraja ke wakiltar mafi kyawun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don samfurin da aka haɗa a cikin bayanan, sikelin yana gudana daga -2.85 zuwa +1.58. Bayanan za suyi la'akari da kasancewar sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya, daukacin kayan cikin gida, da sauran abubuwanda suka dace.

Mabuɗan maɓallin canji masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da bayanai akan ODA, wanda yake mai sauƙin samu ne, da taimakon tsaro, wanda yake da wahalar samu. Yawancin ƙasashe ba sa sakin bayani kan taimakon soja kuma a gaskiya ba su da isasshen iko don bayar da izinin haɗawa cikin tarin bayanai. Koyaya, Cibiyar Binciken Binciken Zaman Lafiya ta Stockholm (SIPRI) ta samar da bayanai wanda ya kiyasta girman shigo da makamai na duniya, wanda marubutan suka yi amfani da wannan binciken. Sun yi taka tsantsan cewa wannan hanya ta auna taimakon tsaro da alama za ta iya yin watsi da sahihancin cinikin sojoji tsakanin kasashen.

Sakamakon bincikensu yana nuna cewa taimakon tsaro na ƙasashen waje yana da alaƙa da ƙananan matakan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 0.23 a cikin darajar kare 'yancin ɗan adam (sikelin wanda yake daga -2.85 zuwa +1.58). Don kwatantawa, idan wata ƙasa ta sami sabon rikici mai tashe, ƙimar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ragu da maki 0.59 akan wannan sikelin. Wannan kwatanci na bayar da misali mai mahimmanci ga darajar Matar da ta kare hakkin Dan Adam sakamakon taimakon sojoji. ODA, a gefe guda, yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ɗan adam. A cikin samar da dabi'un da aka annabta don ƙididdigar Kare Hakkin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasashe bayan rikici, ODA "ya bayyana inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru goma bayan dakatar da rikici."

Mawallafin sun yi bayanin tasirin taimakon sojoji a kan murkushe jihohi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan zabin dabarun da shugabannin kasa ke samu a kasashen da suka fito daga tashe-tashen hankula na makamai. Waɗannan shugabannin ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da hanyoyi biyu don tabbatar da iko: (1) mai da hankali kan kiyaye kayan jama'a ga mafi yawan mutane - kamar saka hannun jari ga ilimin jama'a - ko (2) mai da hankali kan adana kayayyaki masu zaman kansu don ƙaramin adadin mutanen da ake buƙata don adana su. ikon - kamar saka hannun jari ga jami’an tsaro domin bunkasa karfin tuwo a jihar. Ganin yadda matsalar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kasashen bayan rikici, dole ne shugabanni su yanke shawara mai tsauri game da yadda ake raba kudaden. A saukake, taimakon tallafin harkokin tsaro na kasashen waje ya dace da sikelin irin wannan danniya, ko kuma hanya ta biyu, da zata zama mai jan hankali ga gwamnatoci. A takaice, marubutan sun yi jayayya cewa "tallafin tsaro na kasashen waje ya ragewa gwamnati kwarin gwiwar saka hannun jari a kayayyakin gwamnati, da rage farashin danniya, da kuma karfafa bangaren tsaro dangane da sauran ma'aikatun gwamnati."

Marubutan suna nuna misalai a cikin manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka don nuna wannan batun. Misali, taimakon tsaro da Amurka ta bayar ga Koriya ta Kudu bayan yakin Koriya ya ci gaba da haifar da wani mummunan yanayi wanda ya aikata take hakkin dan Adam har sai zanga-zangar da aka yi ta haifar da gwamnatin dimokaradiyya shekaru da yawa. Marubutan sun danganta waɗannan misalai zuwa babbar tattaunawa game da “ingancin zaman lafiya” a ƙasashe bayan rikici. Thearshen tashin hankali na yau da kullun hanya ɗaya ce ta ma'anar zaman lafiya. Koyaya, marubutan suna jayayya cewa danniya na rashin yarda, wanda taimako na tsaro ke karfafawa, musamman a cikin ayyukan take hakkin dan adam kamar "azabtarwa, kisan gilla, tilasta bacewar mutane, da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na siyasa," mara kyau ne "ingantaccen zaman lafiya" duk da cewa karshen yakin basasa.

Sanarwa da Aiki

“Ingancin zaman lafiya” da ke kankama bayan yaƙin yana da muhimmanci matuƙar mahimmanci saboda haɗarin sake dawo da rikici ya yi yawa. Dangane da bayanan da Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Oslo (PRIO) ta tattara (duba “Juyin Juya Hali”A cikin Karatun), kashi 60% na dukkan rikice-rikicen makamai suna faruwa a cikin shekaru goma bayan an kawo karshen tashin hankali sakamakon“ rashin damuwa ”a lokacin yakin. Mayar da hankali kan kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali, ba tare da cikakken jajircewa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam ko shirin yadda ƙasar za ta iya magance yanayin tsarin da ya haifar da yaƙi ba, na iya kawai ƙara tsananta halin da ake ciki da yanayin tsarin da zai haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali .

Ayyukan na kasa da kasa da nufin kawo karshen yaki da hana sake dawo da rikici rikici na bukatar yin la’akari da yadda ayyukansu zasu iya yin tasiri ga wadannan sakamakon. Kamar yadda muka tattauna a baya Narke bincike, "Kasancewar Policean Sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hade da zanga-zangar nuna rashin tausayi a cikin Kasashe bayan Yaƙin basasa, ”Mafita ta sojoji, ko a aikin tsaro ko kiyaye zaman lafiya, yana haifar da mummunan sakamako ga 'yancin ɗan adam, kamar yadda tsarin sojoji ke haifar da tasirin tashe-tashen hankula da ke haifar da tashin hankali a matsayin karɓar furucin siyasa. Wannan fahimta tana da muhimmanci kwarai da gaske ga yadda gwamnatocin kasashe - musamman na kasashe masu karfin fada a ji suke kamar Amurka - suke daukar nauyin taimakonsu na kasashen waje, musamman ganin cewa sun fi son aikin soja ko kuma ba na soja ba ga kasashen bayan rikici. Maimakon ƙarfafa zaman lafiya da dimokiraɗiyya, wanda taimakon ƙasashen waje ke niyyar yi, yana nuna cewa taimakon tsaro yana da tasirin da akasin haka, yana ƙarfafa danniya da ƙara haɓaka sake tashe-tashen hankula na makamai. Da yawa sun yi gargadi game da amfani da manufar Amurka ta ketare, gami da daidaikun mutane a cikin Sashen Tsaro da hukumomin leken asirin (duba “Matsalolin Foreignasashen waje na itasashen waje don Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka”Cikin Ci gaba da Karatu). Sun yi tambaya kan yadda dogaro kan sojoji da hanyoyin magance milki suka shafi yadda ake jin Amurka a duniya. Yayinda tsinkaye suna da mahimmanci ga huldar kasa da kasa da manufofin waje, taimakon tsaro na ketare, mafi asasi, yana lalata manufofin kirkirar duniyar zaman lafiya da demokraɗiyya. Wannan labarin ya nuna cewa dogaro ga taimakon tsaro azaman wani nau'in taimakon ƙasashen duniya yana da munin sakamako ga ƙasashe masu karɓa.

Tabbatacciyar shawarar bada shawara daga wannan labarin ita ce ta ƙara ODA ba soja ba zuwa ƙasashe da suka fito daga yaƙi. Taimakon da ba na soja ba zai iya tayar da hankali wajen kashe kudaden a shirye-shiryen jindadin zamantakewar al'umma da / ko hanyoyin tabbatar da adalci da ake buƙata don magance damuwar da ta ƙarfafa yaƙi tun farko kuma hakan na iya ci gaba a ƙarshen bayan yaƙi, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen zaman lafiya. Motsawa daga dogaro kan kashe kudaden sojoji da taimakon tsaro, a bangarorin manufofin cikin gida da waje, yana ci gaba da kasancewa hanya mafi kyau don tabbatar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa. [KC]

Karatun Karatu

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