da David Swanson, Bari muyi kokarin dimokra] iyya, Mayu 31, 2021
Da ace wasa nake yi, ko kadan. Littafin Malcolm Gladwell, Mafia Bomber, ya ce Haywood Hansell da gaske Iblis ne ya jarabce shi sa’ad da ya ƙi ya ƙone biranen Japan da ƙasa. An maye gurbin Hansell, kuma Curtis LeMay ya jagoranci harin bama-bamai na Amurka a Japan a lokacin WWII. LeMay, Gladwell ya gaya mana, ba kowa bane illa Shaiɗan. Amma abin da ake buƙata sosai, Gladwell ya yi iƙirari, shine lalata na Shaiɗan - shirye-shiryen ƙone da gangan ƙila miliyan ɗaya ko kusan maza, mata, da yara don haɓaka sana'ar mutum. Wannan kawai kuma ba wani abu ba ne zai iya samun nasarar yakin da sauri, wanda ya haifar da wadata da zaman lafiya ga kowa da kowa (sai dai matattu, ina tsammanin, da duk wanda ke da hannu a duk yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba ko talauci). Amma a ƙarshe, WWII yaƙi ne kawai, kuma Hansell-Jesus ya ci nasara mafi girma saboda burinsa na bama-bamai na bama-bamai a yanzu ya cika (idan kun yi daidai da kisan kai da makami mai linzami kuma kuna son yin la'akari da ainihin harin bama-bamai. an yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru don kashe yawancin mutanen da ba su ji ba su gani ba yayin da suke haifar da makiya fiye da yadda suke kawar da su).
Gladwell ya fara ƙazantar ƙazantacciyar yaƙinsa ta hanyar yarda cewa ɗan gajeren labarinsa na farko, wanda aka rubuta tun yana yaro, hasashe ne game da rayuwar Hitler da dawowa don samun ku - a wasu kalmomi, ainihin labarin farfagandar yakin Amurka na shekaru 75. Sai Gladwell ya gaya mana cewa abin da yake ƙauna mutane ne masu son zuciya - ko da sun damu da wani abu mai kyau ko wani abu marar kyau. Da dabara da kuma in ba haka ba Gladwell ya gina shari'ar lalata, ba kawai lalata ba, a cikin wannan littafi. Ya fara da da'awar cewa ƙirƙirar bam na gani ya warware ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin fasaha 10 na rabin karni. Matsalar ita ce yadda za a jefa bam daidai. A bisa ɗabi'a, wannan bacin rai ne, ba matsala ba ce, kamar yadda Gladwell ya dunƙule shi, da yadda ake warkar da cututtuka ko samar da abinci. Har ila yau, ganin bam din ya kasance babban gazawar da ba ta magance wannan matsala da ake zaton tana da matukar muhimmanci ba, kuma Gladwell ya ba da labarin gazawar tare da wasu da dama a cikin wani rafi na SNAFUs masu birgima da ya ɗauka a matsayin wani nau'i na halayen haɓaka hali na ƙarfin hali, ƙarfin hali, da Kiristanci.
Manufar "Mafia Bomber" (mafia, kamar Shaiɗan, kasancewa kalmar yabo a cikin wannan littafin) ya kamata ya guje wa mummunan yakin duniya na WWI ta hanyar shirya yakin iska maimakon. Wannan, ba shakka, ya yi aiki mai ban mamaki, tare da WWII ya kashe mutane da yawa fiye da WWI ta hanyar hada yakin kasa da iska - ko da yake babu kalma ɗaya a cikin littafin game da yakin duniya a WWII ko kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet, saboda wannan shine Littafin Amurka game da manyan tsararraki da suka yi yaƙi mafi girma ga Amurka Babba; kuma mafi girman hutu ya zo a babbar jami'a (Harvard) tare da nasarar gwajin babban kayan aikin Shaiɗan Mai Cetonmu, wato Napalm.
Amma ina gaba da labarin. Kafin Yesu ya bayyana, Martin Luther King Jr. ya yi haka, ba shakka. Ka ga, mafarkin yaƙin iska na jin kai ya kusan kama mafarkin Dr. King na shawo kan wariyar launin fata - ban da kowane dalla-dalla. Gladwell bai yarda cewa wannan kwatancen abin dariya ba ne, amma ya kira Dream of Air Wars "mai ban sha'awa" kuma ya juya nan da nan daga ra'ayin cewa bama-bamai zai kawo zaman lafiya ga tattaunawa game da kasada na fasaha na amoral. Lokacin da Gladwell ya ɗauko wani mai sharhi yana ba da shawarar cewa wanda ya ƙirƙira bam ɗin da ya ƙirƙira shi ga Allah ne, domin duk abin da za mu iya gaya wa Gladwell mai yiwuwa ya yarda. Ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga fyaucewa kan yadda ƙirƙirar bam ɗin zai sa yaƙi ya zama “kusan marar jini,” da kuma ayyukan jin kai na sojojin Amurka da suka kai harin bama-bamai waɗanda suka haɗa da Mafia Bombing da ke ƙulla makirci don bama bama-bamai da samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki (saboda kashe kashe). yawan jama'a da sannu sannu allah ne).
Rabin littafin shirme ne bazuwar bazuwar, amma wasu daga cikinsu sun cancanci maimaitawa. Alal misali, Gladwell ya yi imanin cewa Rukunin Rundunar Sojan Sama a Colorado yana da tsarki musamman, ba wai kawai don yana kama da suna bautar yakin iska ba, amma kuma saboda yana zubar da ruwa lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama - babban nasara da zarar gazawar ta zama nasara, ga alama.
Bayanin yadda aka ƙirƙiri WWII, sabili da haka yadda za a iya kauce masa, an ba da jimlar kalmomi biyar a cikin littafin Gladwell. Ga waɗannan kalmomi guda biyar: "Amma sai Hitler ya kai wa Poland hari." Gladwell yayi tsalle daga wannan zuwa yabon saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen yaƙe-yaƙe da ba a san su ba. Sa'an nan kuma ya tashi a kan muhawara tsakanin tayar da kafet da bam a Turai, a lokacin da ya lura cewa tashin bam ba ya motsa jama'a don hambarar da gwamnatoci (yana yin hakan saboda ba ya damun mutane sosai, da kuma yarda da cewa yana haifar da rikici). ƙiyayya da waɗanda ke yin bama-bamai, da kuma yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa gwamnatoci ba su damu da wahalar da ke cikin iyakokinsu ba, da kuma yin watsi da duk wani aikace-aikacen rashin amfani da bama-bamai ga yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka na yanzu, kuma - ba shakka - sakawa. kamar yadda Birtaniyya ba ta taba jefa bama-bamai ba har sai bayan Jamus ta yi). Har ila yau, babu kalma ɗaya game da mafia na Nazis na bama-bamai daga baya aiki ga sojojin Amurka don taimakawa wajen lalata wurare kamar Vietnam tare da Shaidan na Dupont Better Living through Chemistry.
Ta hanyar muhawara tsakanin kafet bama-bamai (Birtaniya) da kuma bama-bamai na gaskiya (masu jarumta na mafia na Amurka), Gladwell ya yarda cewa bacin rai ne ya jagoranci matsayin Birtaniyya kuma mai sadist da mai hankali. Wannan maganarsa ce ba tawa ba. Ya yarda cewa tsarin Amurka ya gaza sosai bisa ga ka'idodinta kuma ya zama ruɗi ga masu bi na gaskiya (kalmominsa). Duk da haka dole ne mu zauna ta shafi bayan shafi na abin da Holden Caulfield zai kira duk abin da David Copperfield ya yi. Daga ina iyayen mafioso kowane maharin bam suka fito, me suka sa, yaya suka fart. Ba shi da iyaka “mutuntaka” na ƙwararrun masu kisan kai, yayin da littafin ya ƙunshi jimillar ambato guda uku na Jafanawa waɗanda aka kashe na cin nasara kona wuta daga jahannama. Magana ta farko ita ce jumla guda uku game da yadda jarirai suka kone kuma mutane suka yi tsalle a cikin koguna. Na biyu shi ne ƴan kalmomi game da wahalar da matukin jirgin suka sha da warin nama mai ƙonewa. Na uku shine hasashe akan adadin da aka kashe.
Tun ma kafin ya fado daga sama, an nuna LeMay a matsayin kisan da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Amurka suke yi a wani atisayen dana bama-bamai a wani jirgin ruwan Amurka a gabar tekun Yamma. Babu wata kalma game da LeMay ko Gladwell la'akari da wannan matsala.
Yawancin littafin wani gini ne ga shawarar LeMay na ceto ranar ta hanyar kona mutane miliyan. Gladwell ya buɗe wannan mahimmin sashe ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa ’yan adam sun taɓa yin yaƙi, wanda kawai ba gaskiya ba ne. Al’ummomin ’yan Adam sun yi shekara dubu ba tare da wani abu da ya yi kama da yaƙi ba. Kuma babu wani abu da ya yi kama da yaƙi na yanzu a cikin kowace al'ummar ɗan adam fiye da rabuwar dangi na biyu da suka gabata dangane da wanzuwar ɗan adam. Amma yaki dole ne ya zama na al'ada, kuma yiwuwar rashin samun shi dole ne ya kasance daga tebur, idan za ku tattauna mafi yawan dabarun ɗan adam-shaidan-arian don cin nasara da shi * da kuma zama mai ladabi.
Baturen sun kasance masu bakin ciki, ba shakka, yayin da Amurkawa suka kasance masu taurin kai da aiki. Wannan ra'ayi mai yiwuwa ne, domin Gladwell ba wai kawai ya kawo sunan ko ba da sunan ko kyakkyawan labarin ga ɗan Jafananci ɗaya ba, amma kuma bai faɗi wani abu da wani Ba'amurke ya faɗi game da mutanen Japan ba - ban da yadda suke. wari lokacin konewa. Amma duk da haka sojojin Amurka sun kirkiro gel mai danko mai danko, sannan suka gina wani birni na jabu a kasar Japan a Utah, sannan suka jefar da gyale mai danko a cikin birnin suna kallon yadda yake konewa, sannan suka yi irin wannan abu ga garuruwan Japan na hakika yayin da kafafen yada labaran Amurka suka ba da shawarar lalata kasar Japan, kwamandojin Amurka. Ya ce bayan yakin, Jafananci za a yi magana ne kawai a cikin jahannama, kuma sojojin Amurka sun aika da kasusuwan sojojin Japan gida ga budurwarsu.
Gladwell ya inganta yanayin tunanin da ake zaton shaidanunsa masu tayar da bama-bamai ne ta hanyar kirkiro shi, yana hasashen abin da suke tunani, yana sanya kalmomi a bakunansu har ma da mutanen da aka rubuta ainihin kalmomi daga cikinsu. Ya kuma yi tsokaci amma da sauri ya goge LeMay yana gaya wa ɗan jarida dalilin da ya sa ya ƙone Tokyo. LeMay ya ce zai rasa aikinsa kamar mutumin da ke gabansa idan bai yi gaggawar yin wani abu ba, kuma abin da zai iya ke nan ke nan. Tsarin tsari: matsala ta gaske wacce littattafai kamar wannan ta tsananta.
Amma galibi Gladwell yana manne da ɗabi'a akan hotonsa na LeMay ta hanyar kawar da Jafananci fiye da yadda Napalm ya yi. A cikin wani sashe na yau da kullun kamar wasu a cikin littafin, Gladwell ya jiyo 'yar LeMay tana iƙirarin cewa mahaifinta ya damu da ɗabi'a na abin da yake yi saboda ya tsaya a kan titin jirgin sama yana kirga jiragen kafin su tashi su jefa bam a Japan. Ya damu da yawa zasu dawo. Amma babu wani ɗan Jafanawa da abin ya shafa a kan titin jirginsa - ko a cikin littafin Gladwell don wannan batu.
Gladwell ya yaba da halin LeMay a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗabi'a da kuma amfanar duniya, yayin da yake iƙirarin cewa muna sha'awar ɗabi'ar Hansell saboda ba za mu iya taimaki kanmu da gaske ba, alhali kuwa wani nau'in lalata ne na Nietzschean da rashin ɗa'a da muke buƙata, ko da - a cewar Gladwell. - ya ƙare ya zama mafi kyawun aiki a ƙarshe. Amma ya kasance?
Labarin gargajiya yayi watsi da tashin bama-bamai na dukkan biranen kuma ya yi tsalle kai tsaye zuwa nuking na Hiroshima da Nagasaki, yana da'awar ƙarya cewa Japan ba ta riga ta shirya mika wuya ba kuma makaman nukiliya (ko aƙalla ɗaya daga cikinsu kuma kada mu kasance masu tsayawa game da wannan na biyun. daya) ceton rayuka. Wannan labarin al'ada ya cika. Amma Gladwell yana ƙoƙarin maye gurbinsa da wani labari makamancin haka da aka ba shi sabon fenti na makami. A cikin sigar Gladwell watannin da aka kona birni bayan gari ne suka ceci rayuka da kawo ƙarshen yaƙin kuma suka yi aiki mai wuya amma abin da ya dace, ba bama-bamai na nukiliya ba.
Tabbas, kamar yadda aka gani, babu kalma ɗaya game da yiwuwar kauracewa tseren makamai na shekaru da yawa tare da Japan, bayan da aka zaɓa ba don gina yankuna da sansani da barazana da takunkumi. Gladwell ya ambaci wucewar wani mutum mai suna Claire Chennault, amma ba kalma ɗaya ba game da yadda ya taimaki Sinawa a kan Jafananci kafin Pearl Harbor - da yawa game da yadda gwauruwarsa ta taimaka wa Richard Nixon ya hana zaman lafiya a Vietnam (yakin Vietnam da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe. bai kasance da gaske a cikin tsallen Gladwell daga Shaiɗan ya ci yaƙin WWII zuwa Yesu ya ci nasarar yaƙin bama-bamai na taimakon kai tsaye).
Ana iya kaucewa duk wani yaki. Kowane yaki yana buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai don farawa. Ana iya dakatar da duk wani yaki. Ba za mu iya faɗi ainihin abin da zai yi aiki ba. Za mu iya cewa ba a gwada komai ba. Za mu iya cewa yunkurin da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na gaggauta kawo karshen yakin da kasar Japan ta yi ya samo asali ne daga burin kawo karshen yakin tun kafin Tarayyar Soviet ta shiga ta kawo karshensa. Za mu iya cewa mutanen da suka tafi kurkuku a Amurka maimakon shiga cikin WWII, wasu daga cikinsu sun kaddamar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na shekarun da suka gabata daga cikin ɗakunan kurkukun, za su zama mafi kyawun halayen fiye da Gladwell's ƙaunataccen pyromanical chemists da kuma masu yankan sigari.
A kan abu ɗaya Gladwell yayi gaskiya: mutane - ciki har da mafiosi bama-bamai - suna manne da imaninsu. Imani da marubutan Yammacin Turai suka fi so na iya zama bangaskiyar yakin duniya na biyu. Yayin da farfagandar bama-bamai ta nukiliya ke shiga cikin matsala, bai kamata mu yi mamakin cewa wani ya samar da wannan abin banƙyama na soyayyar kisan kai a matsayin labari na baya ba.
