Yin yiwuwar ba zai yuwu ba: Siyasar Harkar Hadin Kai a cikin Yanke Shawara

By Richard Sandbrook, Oktoba 6, 2020

daga Ci gaban Blog na gaba

Challengesalubalen sun bayyana da yawa. Samun makaman nukiliya a cikin iko kafin su hallaka mu, hana rikice-rikicen yanayi da nau'in halittu da ba a san su ba, ta hanyar nuna kishin kasa na hannun dama, da sake kirkirar kwangilar zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar tabbatar da bambancin launin fata da na aji, da kuma samar da juyin juya halin sarrafa kai a cikin hanyoyin tallafi na zamantakewar al'umma: wadannan matsaloli masu nasaba da juna rikicewa cikin rikitarwarsu da kuma cikas na siyasa ga canje-canjen tsarin da ake buƙata.

Ta yaya masu gwagwarmaya masu ci gaba za su iya amsawa da sauri da sauri? Don sanya al'amura su zama mawuyacin hali, a fahimta mutane suna cikin damuwa da matsalolin yau da kullun na rayuwa tare da cutar. Mecece dabarar da ta fi dacewa a cikin waɗannan mawuyacin halin? Shin za mu iya sanya abin da ba zai yiwu ba?

Siyasa Kamar Yadda Aka saba

Dogaro da siyasar zabe da kuma mika bayanai masu kayatarwa ga zababbun jami'ai da shahararrun kafafan yada labarai ayyuka ne da suka zama dole, amma bai isa ya zama ingantaccen tsari ba. Girman canje-canjen da ake buƙata ya isa sosai ga ci gaban siyasa kamar yadda aka saba. Ba da shawarwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun gamu da tofin Allah tsine daga kafofin watsa labaru masu zaman kansu da jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da shawara da kuma yakin neman ra'ayoyin jama'a sun shayar da su, kuma suna kalubalantar tsarin aiki na har ma da jam'iyyun masu ci gaba (kamar su Labour na Burtaniya, da Democratic Party a Amurka) , waɗanda cibiyoyinsu ke buƙatar matsakaici don yin kira zuwa tsakiyar siyasa. A halin yanzu, muryoyin populism na hannun dama suna da ƙarfi. Siyasa kamar yadda aka saba ba ta isa ba.

Taken 'Tawayen inarshe taken' tawaye ko ƙarewa 'yana nuna mu a cikin siyasa mafi inganci - muddin aka fahimci tawaye a iyakance ga ayyukan siyasa marasa ƙarfi wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya. Amma ayyukan da kansu zasu kasance wani ɓangare ne na babban tsari na gina tallafi tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke karɓar jama'a da gina haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi ta yadda ba za a iya watsi da saƙon saƙo ba. Za'a iya gina haɗin kai kawai a kan shirin da ya haɗu da makasudin motsi-al'amari guda ɗaya. Muna buƙatar maye gurbin cacophony na muryoyi tare da karin waƙa guda.

Da ake bukata: hangen nesa

Gina irin wannan hadadden motsi babban aiki ne. 'Masu ci gaba' sun hada da dimbin masu sassaucin ra'ayi - masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu rajin kare demokradiyya, masu ra'ayin gurguzu, masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata, 'yancin dan adam da masu tabbatar da adalci na tattalin arziki, wasu kungiyoyin kwadago, mata da yawa, da yawa daga cikin' yan asalin kasar, amma yawancinsu ba masu gwagwarmayar yanayi bane. mafi yawan masu son zaman lafiya. Masu ci gaba sun sami da yawa game da sabani. Sun bambanta game da yanayin matsalar asali (shin tsarin jari hujja ne, neoliberalism, mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka, tsarin wariyar launin fata, ikon mulkin mallaka, cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya marasa aiki, rashin daidaito, ko wasu hadewa?), Don haka sun bambanta akan rdaidaita mafita. Kwanan nan zuwan Ci gaban Duniya ƙaddara don haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin masu ci gaba a duniya duk da rarrabuwa, alama ce maraba. "Ismasashen Duniya ko inarewa ”, taken tsokana na taronta na farko a watan Satumba na 2020, ya tabbatar da burinta.

Wane shiri ne aka fi dacewa don haɗuwa da damuwar ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba? Green New Deal (GND) ana ƙara ɗaukarsa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa. The Bayanin Tsalle, mai gabatar da wannan shirin a Kanada, ya ƙunshi yawancin abubuwan. Sun hada da sauya sheka zuwa kashi 100% na makamashi mai sabuntawa nan da 2050, gina al'umma mai adalci a yayin aiwatarwa, samar da mafi girma, da sabbin nau'ikan, haraji, da kuma wani yanki na mara baya don tallafawa sauye-sauyen da ake bukata da kuma zurfafa dimokiradiyya. Green New Deals, ko shirye-shirye masu suna iri ɗaya, an karɓe su sosai, daga Yarjejeniyar Kore ta Turai, zuwa ta wasu gwamnatocin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba da yawa da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Matsayin babban buri ya bambanta, duk da haka.

Sabon Sabon Kore yana ba da hangen nesa mai sauƙi. Ana tambayar mutane su yi tunanin duniya - ba Utopia ba, amma duniya ce da za a cimma - wannan kore ne, mai adalci ne, dimokiradiyya ne kuma wadatacce ne don tallafawa rayuwa mai kyau ga kowa. Azancin yana madaidaici. Bala'in yanayi da ke tafe da ƙarancin nau'ikan halittu suna buƙatar canjin yanayin muhalli, amma ba za a cimma wannan ba sai da zurfafa canje-canje na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a. GND ya ƙunshi ba kawai sake fasalin tattalin arziƙi ba don samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska a cikin shekaru goma ko biyu, amma har ma da canji na adalci zuwa ɗorewa wanda yawancin jama'a ke cin gajiyar sauyin tattalin arziki. Ayyuka masu kyau ga waɗanda suka ɓace a cikin miƙa mulki, ilimi kyauta da sake horarwa a duk matakan, kula da lafiyar duniya, ba da izinin jama'a kyauta da kuma adalci ga indan asali da ƙungiyoyin wariyar launin fata sune wasu shawarwarin da ke tattare da wannan shirin haɗin gwiwa.

Misali, GND da Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez da Ed Markey suka tallafawa a cikin hanyar a Ƙuduri a cikin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka a cikin 2019, yana bin wannan dabarar. An yi tir da shi a matsayin makircin gurguzu, shirin ya fi kusa da a Sabon Kasuwanci na Rooseveltian don karni na 21. Yana kira ne ga shirin 'shekara 10' don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%, manyan saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arzikin maras carbon, da ayyuka ga duk waɗanda suke son yin aiki. Tare da sauye-sauyen sune matakan da ke da mahimmanci a cikin jihohin jin daɗin Yammaci: kiwon lafiya na duniya, ba da ilimi mafi girma, samar da gidaje masu araha, haɓaka haƙƙoƙin aiki, garantin aiki, da magunguna don wariyar launin fata. Yin aiwatar da dokokin adawa da amintaka, idan aka ci nasara, zai raunana ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa na oligopolies. Zamu iya yin jayayya game da matakin canjin tsarin da ake buƙata. Duk wani shiri mai tasiri, duk da haka, dole ne ya sami tallafi ta hanyar hangen kyakkyawan rayuwa, ba tsoro kawai ba.

Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, musamman masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi na dama, sun zama masu musun canjin yanayi, a wani bangare a kan cewa yaki da canjin yanayi dokin Trojan ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu. Tabbas suna da gaskiya cewa GND aiki ne na ci gaba, amma ko ya zama dole aikin gurguzu ne. Ya dogara sashi kan ma'anar mutum game da gurguzanci. Saboda haɗin kai a cikin motsi daban-daban, wannan muhawara ɗaya ce ya kamata mu guje mata.

Muna buƙatar, a cikin jimla, don samar da saƙo mai bege cewa kyakkyawan duniya ba zai yiwu ba kawai amma har ilayau. Ba shi da amfani, ko da fa'ida ce, kawai a tsaya a kan yadda yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam yake. Don mayar da hankali kan mummunan shine haɗarin gurguntar da nufin. Kuma wa'azi ga tubabbun na iya sanya mu jin dadi; Koyaya, yana aiki ne kawai don gina haɗin kai tsakanin ƙarami kuma mafi yawan marasa tasirin tasiri. Dole ne mu koyi shiga cikin talakawa (musamman matasa) a cikin wannan, hukunci, shekaru goma. Ba zai zama da sauki ba domin mutane suna samun bayanai daga dukkan bangarorin kuma suna nan daram akan barazanar coronavirus. Hankali a hankali gajere ne.

Muna buƙatar samun mafarki, kamar Martin Luther King, da kuma kamar King, dole ne a faɗi wannan mafarkin a sauƙaƙe, mai ma'ana kuma mai gaskiya. Tabbas, ba mu da cikakken taswirar hanya don canji kawai. Amma mun yarda kan alkiblar da dole ne mu shugabanta, da kuma karfin zamantakewarmu da hukumar da za ta ciyar da mu gaba zuwa waccan kyakkyawar duniyar. Dole ne mu yi kira zuwa ga zukata da kuma tunanin mutane. Nasara zata dogara ne akan hadadden yunkuri na motsi.

Siyasar Harkar Hadin Kai

Yaya irin wannan haɗin gwiwa zai kasance? Shin tunani ne cewa ci gaba na motsi na motsi na iya bunkasa, a ciki da tsakanin ƙasashe, don ƙaddamar da ajanda kamar Yarjejeniyar Sabon Kore ta Duniya? Challengealubalen yana da girma, amma a cikin yankin da yiwuwar.

Wannan zamanin shine, bayan duk, ɗayan tawaye ne da aiwatar da tushen ƙasa a duk duniya. Rikicin tattalin arziki da muhalli mai dimbin yawa yana haifar da adawa ta siyasa. Zanga-zanga mafi girma tun daga 1968 ta ɓarke ​​a cikin 2019, kuma wannan guguwar ta ci gaba a cikin 2020, duk da annoba. Zanga-zangar ta mamaye nahiyoyi shida da kasashe 114, abin da ya shafi dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma mulkin kama-karya. Kamar yadda Robin Wright lura a cikin The New Yorker a cikin watan Disambar 2019, 'Motsi ya bayyana cikin dare, ba tare da wani wuri ba, yana haifar da fushin jama'a a duniya - daga Paris da La Paz zuwa Prague da Port-au-Prince, Beirut, zuwa Bogota da Berlin, Catalonia zuwa Alkahira, da Hong Kong, Harare, Santiago, Sydney, Seoul, Quito, Jakarta, Tehran, Algiers, Baghdad, Budapest, London, New Delhi, Manila har ma da Moscow. A haɗe, zanga-zangar ta nuna tarin siyasa da ba a taɓa gani ba. '. Misali, Amurka tana fuskantar rikice-rikicen cikin gida mafi girma tun bayan shekarun 1960 na 'yancin jama'a da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki, wanda aka harbe shi da kisan da' yan sanda suka yi wa Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Ba'amurke George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020. Zanga-zangar ba wai kawai ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai yawa a duniya ba, amma har ila yau sun tattara goyon baya sosai a wajen al'ummar bakar fata.

Kodayake masu tayar da hankali na cikin gida (kamar ƙaura a cikin kuɗin wucewa) sun kunna babbar zanga-zangar rashin ƙarfi a duk faɗin duniya, zanga-zangar ta haifar da mummunan fushi. Jigo na gama gari shi ne cewa mashahuran bautar kai sun karɓi iko da yawa kuma sun ba da manufofi zuwa girman kai. Shahararrun 'yan tawaye sun nuna, sama da duka, buƙatar sake fasalin kwangilolin zamantakewar jama'a da dawo da halal.

Zamu iya kawai hango abubuwan motsawar motsi wanda abubuwanda suke motsawa gaba da sharhi zuwa ga hadadden shirin canjin tsarin. Manyan igiyoyin sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin yanayi / na muhalli, Blackan rayuwar baƙar fata da kuma babban motsi don nuna wariyar launin fata / asalin ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi don adalci na tattalin arziki, gami da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, da motsi na zaman lafiya. Na riga na yi ishara zuwa ga motsi yanayi. Kodayake masu ra'ayin muhalli suna nuna bambancin akidar, canjin yanayi da gujewa da bukatar aiwatarwa cikin hanzari da saurin gaske sun juya mutane da yawa zuwa ga manufofin siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. kamar yadda zanga-zangar ta fadada a duniya, Green New Deal yana da ƙarar gani.  

Bukatun neman canjin tsari suma sun taso a karkashin tutar Black Rayuwa Matter. 'Kare' yan sanda 'mayar da hankali ga bukatun ba wai kawai kan fatattakar wasu' yan sanda masu wariyar launin fata ba amma kirkirar sabbin tsare-tsare don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata. 'Soke haya' ya shiga cikin bukatar ɗaukar gidaje a matsayin haƙƙin jama'a, ba kawai kaya ba. Amsar rikicin ita ce tsaka-tsakin juna, tare da tallafi ga Matsalar Rayuwar Baƙi daga kowane rukuni na rarrabuwar kawuna tare da zanga-zangar gami da yawancin fararen fata. Amma shin shari'ar adalci ta launin fata na iya zama wani ɓangare na babban motsi don canjin adalci? Da tushen wariyar launin fata, gami da rawar da sojojin kasuwa ke takawa a rarrabuwar kawuna da rarrabuwar jama'a, suna ba da shawarar haduwar abubuwan sha'awa. Martin Luther King ya ba da tabbaci ga wannan ra'ayin a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 wajen bayyana ma'anar baƙin tawaye a waccan lokacin: Tawayen, in ji shi, 'yafi gwagwarmaya don' yancin Negroes…. Bayyana munanan abubuwa ne da suke da tushe a cikin dukkanin tsarin zamantakewarmu. Yana bayyana tsari maimakon naƙasa sama-sama kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa sake gina al'umma da kanta shine ainihin batun da za'a fuskanta. … Tilastawa Amurka fuskantar duk wasu lamuranta masu alaƙa - wariyar launin fata, talauci, son kai, da son abin duniya '. Hadin gwiwar da ke tsakanin juna ya gina hadin kai a kan wannan fahimta ga canjin tsarin.

Manufofin masu gwagwarmayar yanayi da kungiyoyin adalci-launin fata sun mamaye abubuwa da yawa da ke fitowa daga motsi na adalci da zamantakewar jama'a. Wannan rukunin ya hada da kungiyoyi daban-daban kamar kungiyoyin kwadago na kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin 'yan asali (a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka musamman), mata masu fafutuka, masu rajin kare hakkin dan-Adam, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin hadin kai, kungiyoyin addinai na addinai daban-daban, da kuma kungiyoyin da suka shafi kasa da kasa adalci da ya shafi haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da kuma arewa-neman canjin albarkatu don magance muhalli da sauran rashin adalci. GND ya haɗu da buƙatu da haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata, 'yan asalin ƙasa da ƙananan kabilu. Green jobs, garantin aiki, gidaje a matsayin amfanin jama'a, masu inganci da kuma kula da lafiyar duniya sune kawai wasu canje-canje marasa canji. Kamar yadda labarin kwanan nan a cikin New York Times wanda aka nuna, hagu a tushe yana sake fasalin siyasa a duk duniya.

The zaman lafiya motsi yana haifar da wani ɓangaren ƙawancen ƙaƙƙarfan tushe. A cikin 2019, haɗarin haɗari ko musayar nukiliya da gangan ya hau zuwa matsayi mafi girma tun 1962. The Bulletin na Atomic Scientists ta motsa shahararriyar ranar nan ta Doomsday agogo zuwa dakika 100 kafin tsakar dare, tana mai nuni da yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma ja da baya daga sarrafa makamai a matsayin yana kara fadada hatsarin yakin nukiliya. Kula da makamai da yarjejeniyoyin kwance ɗamara, waɗanda aka yi shawarwari cikin wahala a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, suna faɗuwa, saboda galibin halin Amurka. Duk manyan kasashen da ke da karfin nukiliya - Amurka, Rasha da China - suna zamanantar da makamansu na nukiliya. A cikin wannan yanayi, Amurka a ƙarƙashin Trump na neman jan hankalin ƙawayenta su shiga cikin ta a cikin sabon Yakin Cacar Baki da nufin China. Ayyuka masu tsoratarwa da maganganun maganganu da ake nufi da Venezuela, Iran da Cuba da kuma yawan neman taimako ga rikice-rikicen cyber da ke haifar da rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sun sa ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya ko'ina.

Manufofin yunkurin wanzar da zaman lafiya, da hadewar ta a matsayin motsi a Arewacin Amurka karkashin inuwar World Beyond War, sun jawo shi kusa da sauran bangarorin uku na hadaddiyar kawancen. Manufarta ta yanke kasafin kuɗi na tsaro, soke sabbin sayen makamai, da kuma tura kuɗin da aka saki don tsaron ɗan adam yana nuna damuwa game da haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a da lalata abubuwa. An bayyana tsaron ɗan adam azaman faɗaɗa haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a da mahalli. Saboda haka alaƙa da manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma. Bugu da kari, alakar da ke tsakanin canjin yanayi da matsalolin tsaro sun kawo yanayin da motsi na zaman lafiya cikin tattaunawa. Ko da karamin musayar makaman nukiliya zai fara damuna ta nukiliya, tare da sakamakon da ba za a iya fadawa ba saboda fari, yunwa da masifa ta gama gari. Akasin haka, canjin yanayi, ta hanyar lalata hanyoyin rayuwa da mayar da yankuna masu zafi ba za a iya zama da su ba, yana lalata jihohi masu rauni kuma yana ta daɗa rikice-rikicen kabilanci da sauran rikice-rikice. Aminci, adalci da dorewa ana ƙara ganin cewa suna da alaƙa da ba za a iya raba su ba. Wannan shine asalin ƙawancen haɗin gwiwa da tallafawa juna ga zanga-zangar kowane motsi.

Yin Abinda Bazai Yiwuwaba

Muna rayuwa ne a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, muna fuskantar manyan kalubale wadanda ke kawo cikas ga makomar dukkan nau'ikan halittu. Siyasa kamar yadda aka saba a cikin mulkin dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi kamar ba za ta iya fahimtar girman kalubalen ba ko kuma daukar matakin da ya dace wajen sarrafa su. Haɓakar ƙungiyar mawaƙan masu son mulkin mallaka, tare da ra'ayoyinsu na nuna wariyar launin fata, ya haifar da babbar matsala ga ma'ana da daidaito don rikicin ɓangarori da yawa. A cikin wannan yanayin, ƙungiyoyin ci gaba na ƙungiyoyin farar hula suna ci gaba da taka rawar gani wajen turawa ga canje-canjen tsarin da ake buƙata. Tambayar ita ce: shin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi guda ɗaya za a iya gina su game da shirin gama gari wanda zai nisanta da Utopianism da kuma sauyi kawai? Hakanan, motsi na ƙungiyoyi zai sami cikakken horo don ci gaba da kasancewa ba mai tashin hankali ba, mai daidaito ga rashin biyayya ga jama'a? Amsoshin tambayoyin duka dole ne eh - idan har zamu sanya yiwuwar, mai yuwuwa.

Richard Sandbrook farfesa Emeritus ne na Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Toronto. Littattafan baya-bayan nan sun hada da Sake Inganta Hagu a Yankin Kudu ta Kudu: Siyasar Mai Yiwuwa (2014), wani bita da fadada bugu na wayewa a duniya: Jagorar Rayuwa (edita da kuma marubuci, 2014), da Social Democracy a Duniya Kewaye: Asali, Kalubale, Ra'ayoyi (marubucin-marubuci, 2007).