A idanun mutane da yawa a duniya, diflomasiyya ya koma baya ga ayyukan soji a manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka. Tsarin drone babban misali ne.
Ta Ann Wright | Yuni 2017.
Sake bugawa Yuni 9, 2017, daga Jaridar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.
Mai girka MQ-9, mai saukar ungulu, a cikin jirgin.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Mafi Kyawu
Ba a fara amfani da sojojin da manufar Amurka ta fara daga Shugaba Donald J. Trump ba; a zahiri, ya koma baya shekaru da yawa. Koyaya, idan kwanakin farko na Trump na 100 a kan karagar mulki duk wata alama ce, ba shi da niyyar rage tafiyar.
A cikin mako guda a cikin watan Afrilu, gwamnatin Trump ta harba makamai masu linzami 59 Tomahawk a cikin filin jirgin saman Siriya, kuma ta jefa bam mafi girma a cikin katun Amurka a kan wadanda ake zargi da lalata hanyoyin ISIS a Afghanistan. Wannan na’urar kara azama ta 21,600-pan wacce ba a taba amfani da ita wajen fada ba - Masallacin Jirgin Sama ko MOAB, wanda aka fi sani da suna "Uwar Duk Bom" - aka yi amfani da shi a gundumar Achin na Afghanistan, inda Sojojin Ruwa na Musamman Sajan Mark De An kashe Alencar mako guda baya. (An gwada bam din sau biyu kawai, a Elgin Air Base, Florida, a 2003.)
Don nuna fifikon sabon fifikon gwamnatin na tilasta yin amfani da diplomasiyya, Janar John Nicholson, kwamandan sojojin Amurka a Afghanistan ya yanke shawarar yin gwaji tare da fashewar bam din. A yabon waccan shawarar, Pres. Trump ya baiyana cewa ya ba da izini ga rundunar sojan Amurka da su gudanar da duk abin da suke so, a ko ina cikin duniya - wanda hakan ke nufin ba tare da tuntubar kwamitin tsaro na kasa ba.
Shine kuma ke sanar da hakan. Trump ya zabi janar-janar domin manyan mukamai biyu na tsaron kasa kamar yadda al’ada ta cika da fararen hula: Sakataren Tsaro da mai ba da shawara kan harkar tsaro. Har yanzu tsawon watanni uku a cikin gwamnatinsa, ya bar daruruwan manyan mukamai na gwamnatin farar hula a Jiha, Tsaro da sauran wurare.
Kyaramar Shaky Incre
Membobin New York Air National Guard's 1174th Fighter Wing Maintenance Group sun sanya chalks akan MQ-9 Reaper bayan ta dawo daga aikin horarwar hunturu a Wheeler Sack Army Airfield, Fort Drum, NY, Feb. 14, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Mafi Kyawu
Yayinda Pres. Trump har yanzu bai fitar da wata manufa ba game da batun kisan gilla na siyasa, ya zuwa yanzu babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa yana shirin sauya al'adar dogaro da kashe-kashen jijiyoyin da magabatan sa suka yi.
Komawa cikin 1976, duk da haka, Shugaba Gerald Ford ya kafa misali na daban lokacin da ya ba da nasa Dokar Hukumomin 11095. Wannan ya ba da sanarwar cewa, “Babu wani ma'aikacin gwamnatin Amurka da zai shiga cikin wani, ko yin niyyar shiga cikin, kisan siyasa.”
Ya kafa wannan haramcin ne bayan da kwamitin Ikklisiya ya gudanar da bincike (Kwamitin Zauren Majalisar Dattawa don Binciken Ayyukan Gwamnati tare da Mutunta Ayyukan leken asiri, wanda Sen. Frank Church, D-Idaho ya jagoranta) da Kwamitin Pike (takwararsa ta House, wanda wakilin Rep. Otis ya jagoranta) G. Pike, DN.Y.) ya baiyana sararin irin kisan da cibiyar leken asiri ta tsakiya ta yi wa shugabannin kasashen waje a cikin 1960s da 1970.
Tare da wasu 'yan banda, shugabannin na gaba da yawa sun amince da dakatarwar. Amma a cikin 1986, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ba da umarnin kai hari kan gidan Muammar Gaddafi na Libya a Tripoli, a cikin ramuwar gayya game da harin bam da aka kai a cikin gidan wasan dare a Berlin wanda ya kashe wani ma'aikacin Amurka da wani Ba’amurke biyu da jikkata 229. A cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan na 12, jiragen saman Amurka sun sauke nauyin 60 na bam na Amurka akan gidan, kodayake sun gaza kashe Gaddafi.
Shekaru goma sha biyu daga baya, a cikin 1998, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin harba makamai masu linzami na 80 a kan wuraren al-Qaida a Afghanistan da Sudan, a cikin ramuwar gayya kan fashewar ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka a Kenya da Tanzania. Gwamnatin Clinton ta barata da matakin ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa bullar kisan gilla ba ta shafi wasu mutane da gwamnatin Amurka ta zartar da alaka da ta'addanci.
Kwanaki bayan al-Qaida ta aiwatar da Sept. 11, 2001, hare-hare akan Amurka, Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu kan "binciken" wanda ya ba da damar Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya ta aiwatar da "ayyukan ta'addanci" don kashe Osama bin Laden da rusa cibiyar ta'addanci. Lauyoyin Fadar White House da lauyoyin CIA sun bayar da hujjar cewa wannan doka ta tsarin mulki ne bisa dalilai biyu. Da farko, sun yarda da matsayin gwamnatin Clinton cewa EO 11905 bai hana Amurkawa daukar mataki kan 'yan ta'adda ba. Fiye da fushin, sun ayyana cewa dokar hana kisan siyasa ba ta zartar ba a lokacin yakin.
Aika a cikin Drones
Amincewa da gwamnatin shugaba Bush ta hana sanya niyya a kisan kai ko kisan gilla a siyasance ya sake gurbata manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. Hakan kuma ya bude kofa ga amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuka wajen aiwatar da kashe-kashen da aka shirya (wata mummunar dabi'a ta kisan kai).
Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta kasance tana yin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na sararin samaniya (UAVs), tun daga 1960s, amma azaman dandamali ne kawai ba mai kulawa ba. Bayan bin 9 / 11, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Cibiyar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya sun yi amfani da "drones" (kamar yadda aka ambace su da sauri) don kashe duka shugabannin da ƙafafun sojojin al-Qaida da Taliban.
Amurka ta kafa sansanoni a Afghanistan da Pakistan don hakan, amma bayan wasu jerin hare-haren jiragen sama wadanda suka kashe fararen hula, gami da wani babban taron da suka hallara don bikin aure, gwamnatin Pakistan ta ba da umarnin a 2011 cewa za a cire jiragen saman Amurka da na sojojin Amurka. daga Shafin Sama na Shamsi. Ko ta yaya, ana ci gaba da aiwatar da kisan gilla a Pakistan ta hanyar jiragen sama marasa matuka a wajen kasar.
A cikin 2009, Shugaba Barack Obama ya zaɓe inda magabacin sa ya bari. Kamar yadda jama'a da majalisa ke kara damuwa game da amfani da jiragen sama da CIA ke sarrafawa da masu aikin soji da ke nisan mil 10,000 nesa da mutanen da aka umurce su da su kashe, Fadar White House ta tilasta bisa hukuma ta amince da shirin kisan gilla da kuma bayyana yadda mutane suka zama makasudin shirin.
Maimakon a maimaita shirin, duk da haka, gwamnatin Obama ta ninka sau biyu. Ainihin sanya dukkan maza da ke da shekaru a matsayin soja a cikin yajin aiki na kasashen waje a matsayin mayaƙa, saboda haka za a iya kai hari ga abin da ake kira "yajin aiki." buga, ”zai iya haɗawa da Americanan ƙasar Amurka.
Wannan yiwuwar ka'idojin ba da daɗewa ba ta zama gaskiya mara kyau. A watan Afrilu 2010, Pres. Obama ya ba da izinin CIA ta "kai hari" Anwar al-Awlaki, Ba'amurke ɗan asalin imam kuma tsohon limami a masallacin Virginia, don kisan kai. Kasa da shekaru goma da suka gabata, Ofishin Sakataren Sojojin ya gayyaci imam don shiga cikin hidimar auratayya tsakanin 9 / 11. Amma daga baya al-Awlaki ya zama mai sukar "yaki da ta'addanci," ya koma mahaifinsa mahaifinsa na Yemen, ya kuma taimaka wa membobin kungiyar al-Qaida.
Amincewar da gwamnatin Bush din ta yi game da dokar hana kai wa mutane hari ta bude kofa ga amfani da motocin haya marasa matuka wajen aiwatar da kisan gilla.
A kan Satumba 30, 2011, wani jerin gwanon jirgin sama ya kashe al-Awlaki da wani Ba’amurke, Samir Khan – wanda ke tafiya tare da shi a Yemen. Jiragen saman Amurka sun kashe dan al-Awlaki dan 16 mai shekaru, Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, wani Ba’amurke, kwanaki 10 bayan wani hari a kan gungun samari a kusa da wata musayar wuta. Gwamnatin Obama ba ta fayyace komai ba game da ko dan 16 mai shekaru da aka yi niyya daban saboda shi dan Al-Awlaki ne ko kuma idan an yi masa "yajin" yajin aikin, wanda ya dace da bayanin saurayi na soja. Koyaya, yayin wani taron manema labarai na fadar White House, wani wakilin jaridar ya tambayi mai magana da yawun Obama Robert Gibbs yaya zai kare kashe-kashen, musamman ma mutuwar wani ba’amurke dan Amurka da aka “yi niyya ba tare da tsari ba, ba tare da fitina ba.”
Amsar Gibbs ba ta taimaka wa hoton Amurka a duniyar Musulmi ba: “Zan ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ku mallaki mahaifin da ya fi ku kula idan har da gaske suna kula da lafiyar yaransu. Ba na tunanin zama dan ta’adda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na al-Qaida shine hanya mafi kyau da zaku ci gaba da kasuwancin ku. ”
A Janairu 29, 2017, al-Awlaki 'yar 8 mai shekaru, Nawar al-Awlaki, an kashe shi a wani harin kwamandan Amurka a Yemen wanda umarnin magajin Obama, Donald Trump.
A halin da ake ciki, kafofin watsa labarai na ci gaba da ba da rahoton abin da ke faruwa na kisan fararen hula a hare-haren bama-bamai a cikin yankin, wadanda ke yawan kai hari a kan bikin aure da jana'iza. Yawancin mazaunan yankin da ke kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan na iya jin karar fashewar jiragen saman da ke kewaya yankin su a kowane lokaci, suna haifar da rauni ga duk wadanda ke zaune a yankin, musamman yara.
An soki gwamnatin Obama game da dabarar “bugun-sau-biyu” - ta harba wani makami mai linzami a gida ko kuma wani makami mai linzami, sannan ya harba wani makami mai linzami na biyu a cikin kungiyar da ta taimaka wa wadanda suka ji rauni a farkon. kai hari. Sau da yawa, wadanda ke tsere don taimaka wa mutanen da aka tarko a cikin rukunin gine-ginen da suka rushe ko motocin masu hura wuta, mutanen gari ne, ba sojoji ba.
Tsarin Kara Karfafawa
Dalilin da aka saba bayarwa na amfani da jiragen sama shi ne, kawar da bukatar “takalmi a doron ƙasa” - duk sauran membobin rundunar sojojin ko kuma ma'aikatan rundunar CIA - a cikin wurare masu haɗari, don haka hana asarar rayukan Amurkawa. Jami'an Amurka sun kuma ce leken asirin da UAVs ke tattarawa ta hanyar sanya ido sosai yana sa yajin aikin su zama daidai, tare da rage yawan fararen hula. (Hagu bai aminta ba, amma kusan tabbas wani mai karfafa gwiwa ne, shine gaskiyar cewa amfani da jiragen sama yana nufin cewa babu wani da ake zaton 'yan bindiga da ake zargi da rai ne, don haka gujewa siyasa da sauran rikice rikice.
Ko da waɗannan ikirarin gaskiya ne, amma, ba su magance tasirin dabarar a kan manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka ba. Babban abin damuwa shine gaskiyar cewa drones suna ba da damar shugabannin ƙasa suyi tambayoyin yaƙi da zaman lafiya ta hanyar zaɓin zaɓi wanda zai iya ba da hanya ta tsakiya, amma a zahiri yana da sakamako masu illa na dogon lokaci ga manufofin Amurka, da na al'ummomin a karshen karbar.
Ta hanyar yin amfani da haɗarin asarar ma'aikatan Amurka daga wannan hoton, masu aiwatar da manufofin Washington na iya fuskantar gwaji don amfani da ƙarfi don warware matsalar rashin tsaro maimakon sasantawa da ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa. Haka kuma, ta yanayin su, UAVs na iya zama mai yiwuwa su tsokani ɗaukar fansa akan Amurka fiye da tsarin makami na al'ada. Ga mutane da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asia, jiragen sama suna wakiltar wani rauni na gwamnatin Amurka da sojoji, ba ƙarfi ba. Shin bai kamata jarumawa su yi gwagwarmaya a ƙasa ba, suna tambaya, maimakon su ɓoye a bayan maraƙin mara nauyi a sararin sama, wanda matashi ke sarrafa shi a kujera dubun mil mil mil?
Drones sun ba da damar shugabannin ƙasa su yi tambayoyi game da yaƙi na yaƙi da zaman lafiya ta hanyar zaɓin zaɓi wanda ya nuna bayar da hanya ta tsakiya, amma a zahiri yana da sakamako masu illa na dogon lokaci ga manufofin Amurka.
Tun daga 2007, aƙalla ƙungiyar 150 ta NATO ta kasance '' harin wuce gona da iri '' daga membobin rundunar sojan Afghanistan da na policean sanda na ƙasa waɗanda ke horar da su. Yawancin 'yan Afghanistan da ke aikata wannan "kore kan shudi" kashe ma'aikatan Amurkawa, da suttura da farar hula, sun fito ne daga yankuna na kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan inda hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka suka mayar da hankali. Suna ɗaukar fansa don mutuwar danginsu da abokai ta hanyar kashe masu horar da sojojin Amurka.
Har ila yau, fushi game da jiragen sama ya harzuka a cikin Amurka. A watan Mayu 1, 2010, Faisal Shahzad-Ba-Ba'amurke yayi ƙoƙari ya tashi bam din mota a cikin Times Square. A cikin karar da ya gabatar, Shahzad ya ba da hujjar farautar fararen hula ta hanyar gaya wa alkalin, “Lokacin da jirgin bai yi nasara a Afghanistan da Iraki ba, ba sa ganin yara, ba sa ganin kowa. Sun kashe mata, yara; suna kashe kowa. Suna kashe duk musulmai. ”
Kamar yadda na 2012 rundunar Sojan Amurka ke daukar mafi yawan matukan jirgi na sama sama da matukan jirgi na jirgin sama na gargajiya-tsakanin 2012 da 2014, sun shirya don kara matukan jirgi na 2,500 kuma suna tallafawa mutane ga shirin drone. Wannan kusan shine ninki yawan jami'an diflomasiyya na Ma'aikatar Jiha a cikin shekaru biyu.
Majalisa da kafofin watsa labaru sun nuna damuwa kan shirin sun sa gwamnatin Obama ta amince da taron na yau Talata wanda shugaban ya jagoranta don gano wadanda ke shirin kisa. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, "Ta'ammali da Talata" ya zama wata alama ta manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka.
Bai Wuce Ba
Ga mutane da yawa a cikin duniya, manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka sun kasance mafi rinjaye na shekarun 16 da suka gabata ta hanyar ayyukan soja a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, da kuma manyan lamuran soja da ƙasa a Yankin gabashin Asiya. A matakin duniya, kokarin Amurka a fagen tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, al'adu da 'yancin ɗan adam ya bayyana ga koma bayan yaƙi na ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe.
Ci gaba da amfani da jiragen yaki marasa matuka wajen aiwatar da kisan gilla zai kara dagula shakkuwar kasashen waje da niyyar Amurkawa da amincinsu. Ta hakan ne yake taka leda a hannun abokan adawar da muke kokarin kayar dasu.
A yayin yakin neman zabensa, Donald Trump ya yi alkawarin cewa koyaushe zai sanya “Amurka ta farko,” kuma ya ce yana son ficewa daga harkar canji. Bai yi latti ya ci gaba da wannan alkawarin ba ta hanyar koyo daga kura-kuran magabata da kuma sauya ci gaba da amfani da manufar harkokin wajen Amurka.
Ann Wright ya shafe shekaru 29 a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da kuma Reserve Army, yana mai ritaya a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka. Ta yi aiki shekaru 16 a cikin Ofishin Harkokin Waje a Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Saliyo, Micronesia da Mongolia, kuma ta jagoranci ƙaramin ƙungiyar da ta sake buɗe ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Kabul a watan Disamba 2001. Ta yi murabus a cikin watan Maris 2003 da ke adawa da yaƙin Irak, kuma marubucin littafin nan Dissent: Voices of Conscious (Koa, 2008). Tana magana ne a duniya game da girke-girke na manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka kuma ta kasance mai taka rawa a fagen yakar Amurka.
Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a wannan labarin mallaki ne na marubucin kuma ba su yin daidai da ra'ayi na Ma'aikatar Harakokin Wajen, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ko gwamnatin Amurka.
