by Robert Levering, Oktoba 17, 2017
daga Waging Nonviolence
Ken Burns da Lynn Novick's jerin PBS, “Yaƙin Vietnam,” ta cancanci kyautar Oscar saboda kwatancen ta'addancin yaki da laifukan masu yaki. To amma kuma ta cancanci a soki lamirin yadda ta ke nuna gwagwarmayar yaki da yaki.
Miliyoyin mu sun shiga yaƙin yaƙin. Na yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin mai shirya manyan zanga-zanga na ƙasa da kuma ƙanana da yawa. Duk wani kamanni tsakanin motsin zaman lafiya da na samu da wanda jerin Burns/Novick ke nunawa ya zo daidai gwargwado.
Biyu daga cikin 'yan uwana masu fafutuka, Ron Young da kuma Steve Ladd yana da irin wannan halayen ga jerin. Masanin tarihi Maurice Isserman ya ce Fim ɗin "dukkanin yaƙi da yaƙi ne." Wani masanin tarihi Jerry Lembcke ya ce masu yin fim suna amfani da dabarar “daidaitawar ƙarya” don ci gaba da tatsuniyoyi game da yaƙin yaƙi.
Wadannan suka suna da inganci. Amma ga masu adawa da yau, jerin PBS sun rasa labarin da ya fi dacewa na zamanin Vietnam: Yadda gwagwarmayar yaki ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen iyakancewa da kuma taimakawa wajen kawo karshen yakin.
Ba za ku taɓa tsammani daga wannan jerin ba cewa yawancin Amirkawa sun hau kan tituna don nuna rashin amincewa da yakin a rana ɗaya (15 ga Oktoba, 1969) kamar yadda aka yi aiki a Vietnam a cikin shekaru 10 na yakin (kimanin 2 miliyan biyu). Kuma ba za ku gane cewa yunkurin zaman lafiya, a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Charles DeBenedetti, “mafi girman adawa na cikin gida ga gwamnatin yaƙi a tarihin al’ummar masana’antu na zamani.”
Maimakon yin bikin juriyar yaƙin, Burns, Novick da mawallafin jerin Geoffrey C. Ward suna rage girman girman kai da kuma karkatar da abin da ya kasance mafi girman motsin tashin hankali a tarihin Amurka.
Anti-yaki dabbobi su ne kawai mahalarta taron zaman lafiya wanda Burns da Novick suka danganta da kowane tausayi ko zurfi. John Musgrave, tsohon sojan ruwa wanda ya shiga Vietnam Veterans Against War, ya bayyana canjinsa. Mun kuma ji sheda mai motsi na tsohon soja John Kerry a gaban Majalisa: "Yaya kuke neman mutum ya zama mutum na ƙarshe da ya mutu don kuskure?" Kuma muna gani muna jin ta bakin sojojin da suka yi watsi da lambobin yabo a matakan Capitol. Masu yin fim ɗin za su yi kyau, duk da haka, don bayyana girman wannan motsi na juriya na GI, kamar 300-plus jaridu na ƙasa da kuma yawancin gidajen kofi na GI.
Don haka, abin takaici ne yadda ’yan fim ba su yi hira da ko da wani daftarin aiki ba. Idan sun yi haka, za mu iya jin dalilin da ya sa dubun-dubatar samari suka yi kasada har na tsawon shekaru biyar a gidan yari maimakon yaki a Vietnam. ’Yan fim ɗin ba za su sha wahalar samun ko ɗaya ba domin akwai aƙalla daftarin daftarin aiki 200,000. Wasu 480,000 kuma sun nemi matsayin ƙin yarda da imaninsu a lokacin yaƙin. A zahiri, an ba da ƙarin mazan CO a cikin 1971 fiye da waɗanda aka tsara a waccan shekarar.
Ko da mafi muni, "Yaƙin Vietnam" ya kasa ba da labarin tsarin tafiyar da tsarin daftarin aiki wanda ya girma zuwa irin wannan rabbai cewa daftarin da kansa ya zama wanda ba zai iya aiki ba kuma wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa Nixon ya ƙare daftarin. A cikin "Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658-1985," Stephen M. Kohn ya rubuta: "A ƙarshen Yaƙin Vietnam, Tsarin Sabis na Zaɓaɓɓen ya raunana kuma ya yi takaici. Yana da wuya a shigar da maza cikin soja. Ana ƙara yin tsayin daka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma shaharar juriya tana ƙaruwa. Daftarin ya kasance duk sai matattu. "
Gurguntar da tsarin ba shine kawai babbar nasarar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da aka tsallake daga almara Burns/Novick ba. Fim din ya nuna al'amuran daga Maris a Pentagon a 1967, inda fiye da masu zanga-zangar 25,000 suka fuskanci dubban sojojin Sojoji. Amma ba ya gaya mana cewa zanga-zangar Pentagon da kuma gwagwarmayar yaki da yakin basasa na daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa Johnson ya ki amincewa da bukatar Janar Westmoreland na neman karin dakaru 206,000 da kuma dalilin da ya sa shugaban da kansa ya ki sake tsayawa takara a wani wa'adin watanni shida kacal bayan haka. . (Kwamitin tunawa da zaman lafiya na Vietnam shine gudanar da taron 20-21 ga Oktoba a birnin Washington, DC don bikin cika shekaru 50 na tattakin.)
Hakazalika, fim ɗin ya nuna faifan fim daga duka Moratorium a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1969 (muzanazar da suka jawo mutane sama da miliyan biyu a ɗaruruwan garuruwa da cibiyoyin karatu) da kuma Tattaunawa a Washington a wata mai zuwa, wanda ya zana maci fiye da rabin miliyan ( zanga-zangar mafi girma guda ɗaya a tarihin Amurka har zuwa Maris na Mata a farkon wannan shekara). Abin takaici, Burns da Novick ba su gaya mana game da tasirin faɗuwar motsin zaman lafiya ba: Ya tilasta Nixon ya watsar da shirye-shiryensa na jefa bama-bamai na Arewacin Vietnam da / ko amfani da makaman nukiliya na dabara. Ba a san wannan labarin ba a lokacin, amma masana tarihi da yawa sun rubuta game da shi bisa ga hirarraki da jami'an gwamnatin Nixon, takardu daga lokacin da kaset na Fadar White House.
Wata damar da aka rasa: Muna ganin wuraren zanga-zangar da aka yi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar - da kuma a harabar jami'o'i - dangane da mamayar Cambodia da kashe-kashen da aka yi a Jihar Kent da Jihar Jackson. Wannan fashewa ta tilasta Nixon ya janye daga Cambodia da wuri, wani batu Burns da Novick sun kasa fada.
A halin yanzu, al'amuran da suka shafi sakin Daniel Ellsberg na Takardun Pentagon a cikin 1971 ba su bayyana a fili cewa matakin da Nixon ya yi ya kai ga Watergate kai tsaye ba kuma ya yi murabus. Da Burns da Novick kuma sun yi hira da Ellsberg, wanda ke da rai kuma a California, da sun gano cewa mafi girman aikin rashin biyayya na jama'a a lokacin yaƙin ya samo asali ne daga misalin da masu adawa da gwamnati suka kafa.
A ƙarshe, fim ɗin bai yi bayanin cewa Majalisa ta yanke kuɗin yaƙin ba musamman saboda yunƙurin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Sabis na Abokan Amurka da Indochina Peace Campaign, ko IPC, karkashin jagorancin Tom Hayden da Jane Fonda. Kar ka dauki maganata. A cikin shaidar da ya yi a gaban Majalisa shekara ta bayan faduwar Saigon, jakadan Amurka na karshe a Kudancin Vietnam ya zargi yunkurin neman zaman lafiya da yunkurin kawar da kudaden da ake bukata don dakile harin Arewacin Vietnam na karshe. Ba tare da ambaton ƙoƙarin da IPC ke yi ba yana da ban mamaki musamman tunda kawai ɗan gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya da aka yi hira da shi a cikin jerin shine Bill Zimmerman, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya IPC. Muna jin ra'ayoyi daga Zimmerman game da wasu batutuwa daban-daban, amma babu komai game da kungiyar da ya bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin tarihinsa.
Duk waɗannan tsallake-tsallake da ɓarna duk da haka, dole ne mu ba da wannan almara na sa'o'i 18 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan fina-finai na yaƙi da yaƙi a kowane lokaci. "Yaƙin Vietnam" tabbas yana hamayya da "Duk shuru akan Yammacin Gaba." Kamar dai yadda wannan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ke nuna mafarki mai ban tsoro na yaƙin mahara, Burns da Novick sun nuna mummunan yanayi bayan mummunan yanayin gawawwaki da gawawwaki. Ta hanyar maganganun mayaka daga bangarorin biyu, kusan za ku iya jin abin da ya kasance kamar harsashi da shrapnel suna yawo a kanku da kallon yadda abokan ku ke bugun ku yayin da kuke ƙoƙarin kashe wasu mutane.
Kuna iya samun kanku cikin ɓacin rai bayan kallon yaƙe-yaƙe masu banƙyama da al'amuran ciki na ɓarkewar ƙauyuka na Vietnam da aka kona. Abokai na da yawa sun daina kallo bayan abubuwa biyu ko uku saboda sun ga abin ya baci sosai. Duk da haka, ina ƙarfafa ku don duba shi idan ba ku rigaya ba. (Tashoshin PBS za su watsa shirye-shirye a daren Talata zuwa ranar 28 ga Nuwamba.)
Burns da Novick suna yin fiye da nutsar da ku cikin jini. Suna nuna jahilci, jahilci da ƙwaƙƙwaran masu yaƙi. Kuna iya jin kaset na John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson da Robert McNamara suna bayyana cewa tun da farko sun san cewa yakin ba zai iya yin nasara ba kuma karin sojojin fada da tashin bama-bamai ba za su canza sakamakon ba. Amma duk da haka sun yi wa jama'a karya kuma sun tura daruruwan dubban Amurkawa cikin fafatawar, yayin da suke jefa bama-bamai da yawa a kan Vietnam, Laos da Cambodia fiye da adadin bama-bamai da duk maharan suka fashe a yakin duniya na biyu. Hakanan zaka iya jin Richard Nixon da Henry Kissinger suna yin makirci don tsawaita yakin na tsawon shekaru hudu don ya iya yin takara a 1972 ba tare da tabo na rasa Vietnam ga 'yan gurguzu ba.
Janar-janar-janar da kwamandojin fagen fama a Vietnam suna nuna rashin kula da rayuka da gaɓoɓin mutanensu a matsayin shugabanninsu a Washington. Sojoji suna fafutuka sosai don su kame tuddai, inda aka kashe mutane da yawa ko kuma aka raunata su kawai sai shugabanninsu su gaya musu su yi watsi da cin nasara.
Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa, kusan ba tare da togiya ba, sojojin Amurka sun gaya wa ’yan fim cewa yanzu sun yarda cewa yaƙin ba shi da ma’ana kuma suna jin an ci amanarsu. Yawancin muryar goyon bayan gwagwarmayar yaki. Wasu ma suna alfahari sun zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar juriya ta GI bayan sun dawo gida. (Surukina, wanda ya yi yawon buɗe ido biyu a Vietnam kuma daga baya ya shiga Sabis na Sirri, ya bayyana irin wannan ra’ayin sa’ad da ya gaya mani, “Mun kasance masu shayarwa.”)
Burns da Novick ya kamata kuma a yaba da haɗa sojojin Vietnam da yawa a bangarorin biyu na yakin basasa. Ta hanyar mutunta "abokan gaba," fim din ya wuce hukuncin kisa na Amurka a Vietnam kuma ya zama zargin yaki da kansa. Musamman ma wani jami'in Arewacin Vietnam yana magana kan yadda rundunarsa ta shafe kwanaki uku a cikin makoki bayan rasa fiye da rabin mutanensa a wani fada da aka yi da jini. (Ba su yi aiki mai kyau ba don nunawa adadin da ya shafi fararen hula 'yan Vietnam, duk da haka.)
Har ila yau, muna ganin yadda shugabannin Arewacin Vietnam suka yi kama da takwarorinsu a Washington ta hanyar yin ƙarya ga ƴan ƙasarsu akai-akai da kuma aika dubun dubatar matasansu a hare-haren kunar bakin wake da ba su da damar samun nasara. Hakazalika, masu shirya fina-finai suna yin kasa a gwiwa don bayyana wanda ya yi yakin. Kamar yadda yawancin sojojin Amurka ke aiki ajin ko kuma 'yan tsiraru, Arewacin Vietnam ya ƙunshi kusan manoma da ma'aikata. A halin yanzu, 'ya'yan Hanoi's elites sun je yankunan lafiya na Moscow don ci gaba da karatunsu. Komawa cikin Amurka, yaran manyan aji na farar fata da masu gata sun sami tsaro a cikin ɗalibin su da sauran daftarin aiki.
Masu daukar ma'aikata na soja ba za su kyamaci ganin kowane daya daga cikin masu neman aikinsu ya kalli wannan jerin gwanon ba. Wadanda suka zauna a cikin dukkanin sassan 10 za su sami lokaci mai wuyar fahimtar bambance-bambance tsakanin yakin Vietnam da na Iraki ko Afghanistan. Jigogi gama gari suna da yawa: ƙarya, yaƙe-yaƙe marasa ma'ana, tashin hankali mara tunani, cin hanci da rashawa, wauta.
Abin baƙin ciki shine, yawancin masu kallo za su ji ƙaƙƙarfan damuwa da rashin taimako a ƙarshen wannan fim ɗin. Shi ya sa ya kamata a yi hasashe a cikin irin wannan ta'asa da rashin kima da ake yi wa harkar samar da zaman lafiya. Don nasarar gwagwarmayar yaki da Vietnam yana ba da bege kuma yana kwatanta ƙarfin juriya.
Ba kasafai ba a tarihi 'yan kasa suka yi tasiri wajen kalubalantar yaki. Sauran rikice-rikice na Amurka da ba a yarda da su ba sun sami masu zanga-zangar su - yakin Mexico, Civil and Spanish-American, yakin duniya na daya, da kuma kwanan nan yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan. ‘Yan adawa dai sun kaure ne jim kadan bayan an tura sojoji aiki. Ba haka ba ne a yanayin Vietnam. Babu wani dalili na antiwar da ya haifar da motsi kusan mai girma, ya jure tsawon lokaci ko kuma ya cika kamar gwagwarmayar yakin Vietnam.
Ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta Vietnam ta ba da misali mai ban sha'awa na ƙarfin ƴan ƙasa da ke son tsayawa tsayin daka ga gwamnati mafi ƙarfi a duniya a lokacin yaƙi. Labarinsa ya cancanci a ba da gaskiya da cikakken bayani.
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Robert Levering ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya yaƙi na yaƙin Bietnam na cikakken lokaci tare da ƙungiyoyi kamar AFSC da Sabon Kwamitin Tattarawa da Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Zaman Lafiya da Adalci. A halin yanzu yana aiki a kan wani littafi mai suna "Resistance and the Vietnam War: The Nonviolent Movement wanda ya gurgunta daftarin aiki, ya dakile yunkurin yaki yayin da yake taimakawa shugabanni biyu" da za a buga a cikin 2018. Yana kuma aiki tare da tawagar 'yan uwanta masu adawa. kan wani shirin da za a fitar a shekarar 2018 mai taken “Yaran Da Suka Ce A'A! Resistance Draft da Yaƙin Vietnam. "
