By Nicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, Nuwamba 29, 2019
Yayinda Amurkawa ke zaune don cin abincin godiya, 'yan Iraki suna makoki An kashe masu zanga-zangar 40 da 'yan sanda da sojoji suka yi a ranar alhamis a Baghdad, Najaf da Nasiriyah. An kashe kusan masu zanga-zangar 400 tun daruruwan dubban mutane sun hau kan tituna a farkon Oktoba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana rikicin Iraki a "Zubar da jini," Firayim Minista Abdul-Mahdi ya sanar da yin murabus, kuma Sweden ta bude bincike da Ministan Tsaron Iraki Najah Al-Shammari, wanda dan asalin Sweden ne, saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil adama.
Bisa lafazin Al Jazeera, "Masu zanga-zangar na neman murkushe wani rukunin siyasa da ake gani da rashawa da bautar da ikon ƙasashen waje yayin da Iraki da yawa ke fama da talauci ba tare da ayyuka ba, ko kiwon lafiya ko ilimi." Kawai 36% na yawan mutanen da ke Iraki suna da ayyuka, kuma duk da gibin da ke tsakanin jama'a a karkashin mamayar Amurka, burbushin burbushinta har yanzu yana amfani da mutane da yawa fiye da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda ya fi muni a yayin tashin hankali da rikice-rikicen koyarwar girgiza ta Amurka.
Rahoton kasashen yamma ya dace ya jefa Iran a matsayin wacce take kan gaba a kasashen waje a Iraq a yau. Amma yayin da Iran ta sami babban tasiri kuma shine daya daga cikin masu niyyar na zanga-zangar, mafi yawan mutanen da ke mulkin Iraq a yau har yanzu su ne tsoffin wadanda suka yi hijira Amurka ta tashi a ciki tare da sojojin mamaya a 2003, "zuwa Iraki da aljihun wofi don cikawa" kamar yadda wani direban tasi a Baghdad ya gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto na Yamma a lokacin. Hakikanin abin da ya haifar da rikicin siyasa da tattalin arzikin Iraki wanda ba ya da iyaka shi ne wadannan tsoffin 'yan gudun hijirar da suka ci amanar kasarsu, cin hanci da rashawa da suka yi katutu da kuma haramtacciyar rawar da Amurka ta taka wajen ruguza gwamnatin Iraki, mika su gare su da kuma ci gaba da rike su a karagar mulki tsawon shekaru 16.
Cin hanci da rashawa na jami'an Amurka da na Iraqi a lokacin mamayar Amurka shine da kyau rubuce. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1483 ya kafa Asusun Ci gaba na $ 20 biliyan don amfani da Iraqin da aka karɓa a baya, kudaden da suka rage a cikin shirin "mai don abinci" na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sabon kudaden shiga na Iraki. Wani binciken da KPMG da wani babban jami'in sa ido ya gudanar ya gano cewa jami'an Amurka da na Iraki ne suka sace kudin kasar da yawa.
Jami'an kwastan na Labanon sun gano dala miliyan 13 dalar Amurka a cikin jirgin saman ministan cikin gida na Iraki-Amurkan Falah Naqib. Shugaban 'yan sanda mai aikata laifi Paul Bremer ya ci gaba da yin asarar dala miliyan $ 600 ba tare da wani takaddama ba. Ma'aikatar gwamnatin Iraki tare da ma'aikatan 602 sun tattara albashi na 8,206. Wani jami'in Sojan Amurka ya ninka farashin kan kwangilar sake gina asibiti, kuma ya gaya wa daraktan asibitin karin kudin shi ne “kunshin fansho.” Wani dan kwangilar Amurka ya ci dala miliyan 60 kan kwangilar dala miliyan 20 don sake gina masana'antar siminti, kuma ya gaya wa jami’an Iraki cewa su yi matukar godiya da Amurka ta kubutar da su daga hannun Saddam Hussein. Wani dan kwangilar bututun mai na Amurka ya caji dala miliyan 3.4 na ma'aikatan da ba sa tare da su "sauran tuhumce-tuhumcen da ba su dace ba." Daga cikin kwangilolin 198 wanda babban mai binciken ya duba, 44 kawai suna da takardu don tabbatar da aikin da aka yi.
Amurka "biyan diyya" da ke rarraba kudi don ayyukan Iraki ta dala miliyoyin daloli a tsabar kudi. Babban sufeto-janar ne kawai ya bincika yanki daya, a kusa da Hillah, amma ya gano dala miliyan 96.6 ba a sani ba a wannan yankin shi kaɗai. Agentaya daga cikin wakilin Amurka ba zai iya yin lissafin $ 25 miliyan ba, yayin da wani zai iya yin lissafin $ 6.3 miliyan kawai daga $ 23 miliyan. Authorityungiyar 'Yan Gudanar da Kula da Kayan' 'sun yi amfani da wakilai irin waɗannan a duk Iraq kuma "share" asusun su lokacin da suka bar ƙasar. Agentaya daga cikin wakilin da aka kalubalanci ya dawo washegari tare da $ 1.9 miliyan a cikin kuɗin da aka ɓace.
Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta kuma fitar da dala biliyan 18.4 don sake ginawa a Iraki a shekarar 2003, amma ban da dala biliyan 3.4 da aka karkatar da su zuwa “tsaro,” kasa da dala biliyan daya daga ciki aka taba bayarwa. Amurkawa da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kamfanonin mai na Amurka sun yi kamar 'yan fashi a Iraki, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Shirye-shiryen da kamfanonin mai na yamma suka tsara tare da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa Cheney a 2001 yana da niyyar hakan, amma doka ta bai wa kamfanonin Yammacin Turai masu saurin rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar "samar da kayayyaki" (PSAs) masu daraja da dubun biliyoyin a kowace shekara a fashe da ansu rubuce-rubucen hari kuma majalisar dokokin Irakin ta ki amincewa da ita.
A ƙarshe, a cikin 2009, shugabannin Iraki da mashaya 'yar Amurka su sun yi watsi da PSAs (a wannan lokacin) ... kuma sun gayyaci kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje don yin tayin "yarjejeniyar sabis na sabis" (TSAs) ya cancanci $ 1 zuwa $ 6 kowace ganga don haɓaka haɓakawa daga matatun mai na Iraki. Shekaru goma bayan haka, samarwa ya ninka zuwa 4.6 miliyan ganga kowace rana, na 3.8 miliyan ana fitarwa. Daga fitar da mai daga Iraki kusan $ 80 biliyan a kowace shekara, kamfanonin kasashen waje tare da TSA suna samun dala biliyan 1.4 kawai, kuma manyan kwangilolin da kamfanonin Amurka ba su riƙe su ba. Nationalungiyar Ma'aikatar Man Fetur ta China (CNPC) tana samun kusan $ 430 miliyan a 2019; BP ya sami dala miliyan 235; Petronas na Malaysia $ 120 miliyan; Lukoil na Rasha na $ 105 miliyan; da ENI $ 100 miliyan na Italiya. Mafi yawan kudaden shiga na Iraki har yanzu suna gudana ne ta hannun Kamfanin Kamfanin Man na Kasa (INOC) ga gwamnatin da ke mara wa Amurka baya a Bagadaza.
Wani abin gado a cikin mamayar Amurka shine tsarin zaben Iraki da aka hada da kuma cinikin doki wanda bai dace ba wanda aka zaba reshe na zartarwa na gwamnatin Iraqi. The An zabi zaben 2018 An fara takara tsakanin bangarorin 143 cikin kungiyoyin hadin gwiwar 27 ko "jeri," hade da sauran bangarori masu zaman kansu na 61. Abin mamaki, wannan yana kama da wanda aka watsa, mai shimfidawa da yawa tsarin siyasa Birtaniya ta kirkiro don sarrafa Iraq da kuma cire Shi'anci daga mulki bayan tawayen Iraki na 1920.
A yau, wannan tsarin lalacewa ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko a hannun 'yan Shi'a masu lalata da' yan siyasa Kurdawa wadanda suka kwashe shekaru da dama suna gudun hijira a Yammacin Turai, tare da yin aiki tare da Ahmed Chalabi na Majalisar Wakilan Iraki ta Amurka (INC), Ayad Allawi na Iraki da ke UK. National Accord (INA) da bangarori daban-daban na Jam'iyyar 'yan Shi'a Dawa Party. Gudun jefa kuri'a ya ragu daga 70% a 2005 zuwa 44.5% a 2018.
Ayad Allawi da INA sune kayan aikin CIA mara fata juyin mulkin soja a Iraki a 1996. Gwamnatin Iraki ta bibiyi dalla-dalla game da makircin da aka yi a gidan rediyo da ke rufe wanda daya daga cikin maharan ya mika kuma ya kama dukkanin jami’an CIA a cikin Iraki a sanadin juyin mulkin. Ta kashe jami'an soji talatin sannan ta daure wasu karin dari, ta bar CIA ba tare da leken asirin dan adam daga cikin Iraki ba.
Ahmed Chalabi da INC sun cika wannan karon da wasu labaran karya da ke nuna cewa jami'an Amurka masu ba da goyon baya ne suka shiga dakin binciken kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka don tabbatar da mamayewar Iraki. A Yuni 26th 2002, INC ta aika da wasika ga Kwamitin Dattawa na Majalisar Dattawa don yin harba don ƙarin tallafin Amurka. Tace shirinta na tattara bayanai "shine asalin mabubbuga." Tarihin 108 game da tatsuniyar Iraki mai taken "Makamai na lalata jama'a" da alaƙa da Al-Qaeda a cikin jaridun Amurka da jaridu na duniya.
Bayan mamayar, Allawi da Chalabi sun zama manyan membobin Majalisar mamaye ta Iraqi. An nada Allawi a matsayin Firayim Minista na gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Iraki a 2004, sannan an nada Chalabi Mataimakin Firayim Minista da Ministan Mai a gwamnatin rikon kwarya a 2005. Chalabi ya kasa samun kujera a zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta 2005, amma daga baya aka zabe shi a majalisar ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai karfin iko har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2015. Allawi da INA har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin cinikin dawakai na manyan mukamai bayan kowane zabe, duk da cewa ba su taba samun sama da kashi 8% na kuri’un ba - kuma kashi 6% ne kawai a cikin 2018.
Waɗannan su ne manyan ministocin sabuwar gwamnatin Iraki da aka kafa bayan zaɓen 2018, tare da wasu bayanai game da asalin ƙasashensu na yamma:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - Firayim Minista (Faransa). An haife shi a Baghdad a 1942. Mahaifi minista ne na gwamnati a karkashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniyya. Rayuwa a Faransa daga 1969-2003, samun Ph.D a cikin siyasa a Poitiers. A Faransa, ya zama mai bibiyar Ayatollah Khomeini kuma memba a cikin Majalisar koli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke jagorantar juyin juya halin Musulunci a Iraki (SCIRI) a 1982. Ya kasance wakilin SCIRI a cikin Kurdistan na Iraqi na wani lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan mamayewa, ya zama Ministan Kudi a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Allawi a cikin 2004; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa daga 2005-11; Ministan Man fetur daga 2014-16.
Barham Salih - Shugaba (UK & US). Haihuwar Sulaymaniyah a 1960. Ph.D. a Injiniya (Liverpool - 1987). Shiga Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) a 1976. An daure shi na makonni 6 a 1979 kuma ya bar Iraki zuwa wakilin PUK na Ingila a Landan daga 1979-91; shugaban ofishin PUK a Washington daga 1991-2001. Shugaban Gwamnatin Yankin Kurdawa (KRG) daga 2001-4; Mataimakin Firayim Minista a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Iraki a 2004; Ministan Tsare-tsare a cikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya a 2005; Mataimakin PM daga 2006-9; Firayim Minista na KRG daga 2009-12.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - Ministan Harkokin Waje (Birtaniya da Amurka). An haife shi a Najaf a 1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. a Injiniyan Sadarwa (Kudancin California), Farfesa a Jami'ar Northeast a Boston 1995-2003. Bayan mamayewa, ya zama Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar kuma mai Gudanar da Shiri a Majalisar Gwamnonin Iraki; Ministan Sadarwa a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi a 2004; Daraktan tsare-tsare a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje, da mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga VP Abdul-Mahdi daga 2005-10; da Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 2010-18.
Fuad Hussein - Ministan Kudi & Mataimakin PM (Netherlands da Faransa). An haife shi a Khanaqin (garin Kurdawa mafi rinjaye a lardin Diyala) a 1946. Ya Shiga Unionungiyar Daliban Kurdawa da Kurdiya Democratic Party (KDP) a matsayin ɗalibi a Baghdad. Ya zauna a Netherlands daga 1975-87; Ph.D. wanda bai kammala ba a cikin Dangantaka ta Duniya; tayi aure da wata mata kirista bature. An nada shi mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Kurdawa a Paris a 1987. Ya halarci tarurrukan siyasa na gudun hijira na Iraki a Beirut (1991), New York (1999) & London (2002). Bayan mamayar, ya zama mai ba da shawara a ma'aikatar ilimi daga 2003-5; da Shugaban Ma’aikata na Masoud Barzani, Shugaban KRG, daga 2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Ministan Mai & Mataimakin PM (UK). Haihuwar Karbala a shekarar 1945. B.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. a cikin Injiniyan Man Fetur (Kwalejin Imperial, London). Ya Shiga Kamfanin Basra Petroleum Co a shekara ta 1973. Darakta Janar na Injiniya sannan Tsara a Ma'aikatar Mai ta Iraki daga 1989-92. An daure shi na tsawon watanni 3 kuma aka rage masa daraja a 1992, amma bai bar Iraki ba, sai aka sake nada shi Darakta Janar na Tsare-tsare a 2001. Bayan mamayar, an kara masa girma zuwa Shugaba na Ma’aikatar Mai; Ministan Mai a gwamnatin rikon kwarya a 2004; an zabe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a 2005 kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin mutum 3 wanda ya tsara gaza dokar mai; shugaban Kwamitin Mai ba da shawara na Firayim Minista daga 2006-16.
Manjo Janar (Retd) Najah Al-Shammari - Ministan Tsaro (Sweden). An haife shi a Baghdad a 1967. Daya ne kawai dan Sunni a cikin manyan ministocin. Jami'in soja tun 1987. Ya rayu a Sweden kuma yana iya kasancewa memba na Allawi na INA kafin 2003. Babban jami'i a cikin sojojin Amurka na musamman na Iraqi da ke samun horo daga INC, INA da Kurdish Peshmerga daga 2003-7. Mataimakin kwamandan '' ta'addanci game da ta'addanci '' ya tilasta 2007-9. Matsayi a Sweden 2009-15. Swedishan ƙasar Sweden tun 2015. A gwargwadon rahoto karkashin bincike don amfanin yaudarar a Sweden, kuma a yanzu don laifuka a kan bil'adama a cikin kisan fiye da masu zanga-zangar 300 a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2019.
A cikin 2003, Amurka da kawayenta ba za a iya bayyanawa ba, tsarin tashin hankali a kan mutanen Iraki. Kwararrun masana lafiyar jama'a sun aminta da cewa shekaru uku na farko na yaki da mamayar sojoji sun yi asarar kudin su 650,000 Iraqi yana raye. Amma Amurka ta yi nasarar kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana ta tsoffin' yan Shi'a da ke zaune a Yammacin Turai da Kurdawa a yankin Green Green da ke Bagadaza, tare da sarrafa kudaden shiga na Iraki. Kamar yadda muke gani, da yawa daga cikin ministocin cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi da Amurka ta nada a 2004 suna ci gaba da mulkin Iraq a yau.
Sojojin Amurkan sun tura sojojin Iraki da har abada wadanda ke adawa da mamayewa da mamaye mamaye da sojojinsu na kasarsu. A cikin 2004, Amurka ta fara horar da babban adadin Iraki yansanda na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, da rukunin rundunonin sojan da ba a kwato su daga rundunar Badar Brigade ta SCIRI mutuwar mutane a Baghdad a watan Afrilu 2005. Wannan Sarautar da Amurka ta yiwa ta'addanci an ba da labarin a cikin bazara na 2006, tare da gawawwakin mutane da yawa kamar yadda waɗanda aka cutar 1,800 waɗanda aka kawo a cikin Baghdad morgue kowane wata. Wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Iraqi tayi nazari Jikin 3,498 na taƙaitaccen hukuncin kisan da aka gano tare da gano 92% daga cikinsu kamar yadda mutanen da sojojin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida suka kama.
Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ta sa ido "Kai hari-abokan gaba" a duk lokacin da aka mamaye shi kuma aka gano cewa sama da kashi 90% suna adawa da manufofin sojojin Amurka da kawayenta, ba hare-haren “bangaranci” kan fararen hula ba. Amma jami'an Amurka sun yi amfani da labarin “tashin hankali tsakanin mazhabobi” don aibata aikin mutuwar ma’aikatan cikin gida da Amurkan ta horar da su a kan 'yan Shi'a masu zaman kansu kamar na Muqtada al-Sadr Sojojin Mahdi.
Gwamnatin Iraki da ke zanga-zangar adawa da ita a yau har ila yau ita ce ke jagorantar wannan kungiyar ta Iraki mai goyon bayan Amurkawa wadanda suke ta yada bayanan karya game da mamaye mamayar kasarsu a 2003, sannan kuma suka ɓoye a bayan bangon Green Zone yayin da Amurka sojojin da ƙungiyoyin mutuwa yanka jama'arsu su mai da ƙasar amintacciya "saboda lalataccen gwamnatinsu.
Kwanan nan sun sake yin rawar farin ciki kamar na Amurka boma-bamai, roka kuma manyan bindigogi sun rage mafi yawan Mosul, birni na biyu na Iraki, zuwa kango, bayan shekaru goma sha biyu na mamayar, rashawa da danniyar danniya. koro mutanen ta a cikin hannun Islamic State. Rahotonnin leken asirin Kurdawa sun bayyana cewa fiye da 40,000 fararen hula an kashe su a cikin halakar Amurka-Amurka da aka yi a Mosul. A kan yanayin fada da Daular Islama, Amurka ta sake kafa wani sansanin soji na dakaru sama da sojojin 5,000 na Amurka a tashar iska ta Al-Asad a lardin Anbar.
Ana kiyasta tsadar sake gina Mosul, Fallujah da sauran garuruwa da garuruwa $ 88 biliyan. Amma duk da dala biliyan 80 a kowace shekara a fitarwa na mai da kuma kasafin kuɗi na sama da dala biliyan 100, gwamnatin Iraki ba ta ware kuɗi ba kwata-kwata don sake gini. Kasashen waje, galibi kasashen larabawa masu arziki, sun yi alkawarin dala biliyan 30, gami da dala biliyan 3 kawai daga Amurka, amma kadan daga ciki ya kasance, ko kuma ana iya bayarwa.
Tarihin Iraki tun 2003 ya kasance bala'i mai ƙarewa ga mutanenta. Da yawa daga cikin sababbin mutanen Iraki da suka girma a cikin ruɗami da hargitsi da mamayar Amurkawa da suka bari a gaba tana ganin cewa ba su da abin da za su yi hasara sai jininsu da rayukansu, kamar yadda suke kai kan tituna su kwato mutuncinsu, makomarsu da kuma mulkin kasarsu.
Hannun jini na jami'an Amurka da 'yan kwastomominsu na Iraki a duk wannan rikicin yakamata su kasance gargadi ga Amurkawa game da sakamakon mummunan bala'in da ke tattare da manufofin kasashen waje ba bisa ka’ida ba dangane da takunkumi, barace-barace, barazanar da amfani da karfin soji don kokarin aiwatar da dokar. nufin yaudarar shugabannin Amurka kan mutane a duk faɗin duniya.
Nicolas JSDavies ne marubucin Blood On Our Hands: Ƙasar Amirka da Rushewar Iraq. Dan jarida ne mai zaman kansa kuma mai bincike na CODEPINK.
