a cikin wata bayani a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2018, mai gabatar da kara na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC), Fatou Bensouda, ta yi gargadin cewa wadanda ke da alhakin kisan Falasdinawa a kusa da iyakar Gaza da Isra'ila na iya gurfanar da ICC. Ta ce:
“Yana cikin matukar damuwa na lura da tashin hankali da tabarbarewar yanayi a Zirin Gaza dangane da zanga-zangar gama gari da aka yi kwanan nan. Tun daga 30 ga Maris din 2018, aƙalla Falasdinawa 27 Sojojin Isra'ila suka kashe, tare da wasu sama da dubu da suka ji rauni, da yawa, sakamakon harbe-harben ta amfani da harsasai masu rai da kuma harsasan roba. Rikici kan fararen hula - a cikin yanayi irin wanda ya mamaye Gaza - na iya zama laifuka a ƙarƙashin dokar Rome… “
Ta ci gaba:
"Ina tunatar da dukkan bangarorin cewa halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu yana karkashin bincike na farko ne daga Ofishina (duba ƙasa). Duk da yake gwajin farko ba bincike bane, duk wani sabon laifin da ake zargi da aikatawa a cikin yanayin halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu na iya zama na binciki Ofishin na. Wannan ya shafi abubuwan da suka faru a makonnin da suka gabata da kuma duk wani abin da zai faru nan gaba. ”
Tun bayan gargadin da mai gabatar da kara ya yi, yawan mace-macen Falasdinawa da wadanda suka jikkata ya karu, an kashe 60 a ranar 14 ga Mayu ranar da Amurka ta sauya ofishin jakadancinta daga Tel Aviv zuwa Kudus. Zuwa 12 ga Yuli, a cewar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hadin Kan Harkokin Jin Kai (UN OCHA), An kashe 'yan Palasdinawa 146 kuma 15,415 sun ji rauni tun lokacin da zanga zangar suka fara a ranar 30 Maris. Daga cikin wadanda suka jikkata, 8,246 na bukatar kulawar asibiti. Sojan Isra’ila daya ya rasa ransa sakamakon harbin bindiga da ke fitowa daga Gaza. Babu wani farar hula ‘yan Isra’ila da aka kashe sakamakon zanga-zangar.
Wadannan zanga-zangar, waɗanda ke neman kawo ƙarshen haramtacciyar Isra'ila da Gaza da kuma 'yancin dawowa' yan gudun hijirar, ya faru a cikin makonni da suka kai ga 70th ranar tunawa da Nakba, lokacin da, kamar yadda Isra’ila ta kafu, kusan Falasdinawa 750,000 aka kora daga gidajensu kuma ba a taba barin su komawa ba. Kimanin 200,000 daga cikin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijirar aka tilasta su shiga Gaza, inda su da zuriyarsu ke rayuwa a yau kuma kusan 70% na yawan mutanen Gaza miliyan 1.8, waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali a ƙarƙashin mummunan toshe tattalin arziki da Isra'ila ta sanya fiye da shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ba ƙaramin abin mamaki ba ne cewa dubban Falasɗinawa sun kasance a shirye don kasada rayuwa da ƙafafu don yin zanga-zanga game da yanayin su.
Palestine ta ba da izini ga ICC
Gargadin da mai gabatar da kara ya yi daidai ne. Kotun ta ICC na iya yin shari'ar mutanen da ake zargi da laifukan yaki, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kare dangi idan aka ba ta ikon yin hakan. Hukumomin Falasdinu sun ba ta ikon a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2015 ta hanyar gabatar da a sanarwar zuwa ICC a karkashin Mataki na 12 (3) na dokar ICC ta Roma "ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin jihar ta Falasdinu ta amince da hukuncin Kotun don dalilan ganowa, gurfanar da shari'a da kuma yanke hukunci da mawallafa da masu aikata laifuka a cikin ikon Kotun ta aikata a yankin Palasdinawa da aka mallaka, ciki har da Urushalima ta gabas, tun daga Yuni 13, 2014 ".
Ta hanyar amincewa da amincewar kotun ICC a wannan rana, hukumomin Palasdinawa sun yi tsammanin zai yiwu ICC ta tuhumi ma'aikatan soji na Isra'ila akan ayyukan da aka yi a ranar ko kuma bayan wannan ranar, ciki har da lokacin da ake gudanar da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama, sojojin Isra'ila a kan Gaza a watan Yuli / Agusta 2014, lokacin da aka kashe Palasdinawa fiye da dubu biyu.
Wannan ba shi ne karo na farko da hukumomin Falasdinawa ke yunkurin ba wa kotun ta ICC ikon ta hanyar bayyana irin wannan ba. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2009, jim kaɗan bayan Gudanar da Gudanar da Ayyuka, na farko na manyan hare-hare uku na Isra'ila a Gaza, sun yi makamancin haka sanarwar. Amma wannan bai samu karbuwa daga mai shigar da kara na ICC ba, saboda a wancan lokacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta amince da Falasdinu a matsayin kasa ba.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Nuwambar Nuwamba na 2012 lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta wuce Neman 67 / 19 (ta kuri'u 138 zuwa 9) baiwa Falasdinu 'yancin masu sanya ido a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin "kasar da ba mamba ba" da kuma kayyade yankunanta ya zama "yankin Falasdinawa da aka mamaye tun shekarar 1967", wato Yammacin Gabar Kogin (gami da Gabashin Kudus) da Gaza . Saboda wannan, Mai gabatar da kara ya iya karbar tayin Falasdinu na ikon a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2015 kuma ya bude binciken farko a cikin “halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu” a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2015 (duba Kwamitin watsa labarai na ICC, 16 Janairu 2015).
Bisa ga Kotun Kotu ta ICC, Manufar irin wannan gwajin farko ita ce "tattara duk bayanan da suka dace don isa ga cikakkiyar masaniyar ko akwai wani dalili mai ma'ana don ci gaba da bincike". Fiye da shekaru uku wannan gwajin farko tana ci gaba. A takaice dai, Mai gabatar da kara bai yanke hukunci ba game da ci gaba da cikakken bincike, wanda a karshe zai iya kai ga gurfanar da mutane. Mai gabatar da kara Rahoton shekara ta 2017 da aka buga a watan Disamba na 2017 bai ba da wata alamar da za a yi wannan shawarar ba.
(Jiha tana ba da iko ga Kotun ICC ta hanyar zama wata ƙungiya ta dokar Rome. A ranar 2 ga Janairun 2015, hukumomin Falasɗinu sun ajiye takaddun da suka dace don wannan dalilin ga Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, wanda sanar a ranar 6 ga Janairun 2015 cewa dokar Rome "za ta fara aiki ga Kasar Falasdinu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2015". Don haka, da a ce hukumomin Falasɗinu sun zaɓi wannan hanyar don ba da ikon ICC, Kotun ba za ta iya gurfanar da laifukan da aka aikata ba kafin 1 ga Afrilu 2015. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa hukumomin Falasɗinu suka zaɓi hanyar "sanarwa", wanda ke nufin cewa laifukan da aka aikata a ko bayan 13 Yuni 2014, gami da lokacin Operation kariya, ana iya gurfanar da shi.)
"Magana" da Falasdinu a matsayin jam'iyya
A fahimta, shugabannin Palasdinawa sun yi takaicin yadda sama da shekaru uku suka shude ba tare da wani ci gaban a bayyane da aka samu ba wajen gurfanar da Isra’ila kan laifukan da ake zargi da aikatawa a yankunan Falasdinawa da ta mamaye tsawon shekaru. Wadannan laifukan sun ci gaba ba kakkautawa tun daga watan Janairun 2015 lokacin da mai gabatar da kara ta fara binciken farko, kisan da sojojin Isra’ila suka yi wa sama da fararen hula dari a kan iyakar Gaza tun daga 30 ga Maris din da aka fi gani.
Shugabannin Falasdinawa sun kasance suna ba wa mai gabatar da kara rahotanni na wata-wata da ke bayanin abin da suke ikirarin laifuka ne da Isra’ila ke ci gaba da yi. Kuma, a cikin yunƙurin hanzarta al'amura, a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2018 Falasdinu ta yi tsari “game da”A matsayin jam’iyya ta kasa game da“ halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu ”ga Kotun ICC a karkashin Labarai na 13 (a) da 14 na dokar Rome:“ Kasar Falasdinu, kamar yadda yake a Labarai na 13 (a) da 14 na Dokar Rome ta Duniya Kotun Laifuka, tana nufin halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu don Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara kuma ta bukaci Mai gabatar da kara da ya bincika, daidai da ikon Kotun na wucin gadi, wanda ya gabata, wanda ke gudana da na gaba a cikin laifukan kotun, wanda aka aikata a dukkan sassan yankin kasar Falasdinu. ”
Ba a san dalilin da ya sa ba a yi haka ba da zarar Falasdinu ta zama jam’iyya ta Jiha a cikin watan Afrilu na 2015. Har ila yau, ba a san ko "gabatar da" yanzu zai hanzarta ci gaba zuwa bincike - a cikin ta amsa zuwa "mai ba da shawara", Mai gabatar da kara ya nuna cewa jarrabawa na farko zai gudana kamar yadda ya rigaya.
Wadanne abubuwa ne suka aikata laifin cin zarafin bil'adama / yaki?
Idan mai gabatar da kara ya ci gaba da bude bincike kan "halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu", to daga karshe ana iya tuhumar mutane da aikata laifukan yaki da / ko laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. Wadannan mutane suna iya kasancewa suna yiwa kasar Isra’ila aiki a lokacin da suka aikata laifin, amma akwai yiwuwar a gurfanar da mambobin kungiyar Hamas da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa.
Mataki na 7 na Dokar Rome ya lissafa ayyukan da suka zama laifi ga ɗan adam. Babban fasalin irin wannan laifin shine aikata shi "wanda aka aikata a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaɗuwa ko tsari na kai tsaye da aka kaiwa kowane farar hula". Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da:
- kisan
- wargajewa
- fitarwa ko karɓar yawan jama'a
- azabtarwa
- da laifin wariyar launin fata
Mataki na 8 na Dokar Rome ya lissafa ayyukan da suka zama “laifin yaƙi”. Sun hada da:
- kashe kisa
- azabtarwa ko magani marar kyau
- lalacewa mai yawa da kuma ƙaddamar da dukiya, ba lallai ba ne ta hanyar dakarun soja
- Haramtacciyar haramtacciyar ko canja wuri ko ƙuntata doka
- karɓar garkuwa
- da gangan kai tsaye kai hare-haren da fararen hula yawanci irin wannan ko a kan 'yan farar hula ba sa kai tsaye a cikin tashin hankali
- da gangan kai tsaye kai hare-haren da fararen hula, wato, abubuwa da ba makasudin manufofin
kuma mutane da yawa more.
Canja wurin fararen fararen hula zuwa yankin da aka shagaltar
Ofaya daga cikin na ƙarshen, a cikin Mataki na 8.2 (b) (viii), shine “canja wuri, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, ta Powerarfin Mallaka na wasu ɓangarorin jama’arta fararen hula zuwa yankin da take zaune”.
A bayyane yake, wannan laifin na yaki yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda Isra’ila ta tura kusan ‘yan kasarta 600,000 zuwa Yammacin Gabar, gami da Gabashin Kudus, yankin da ta mamaye tun shekarar 1967. Don haka, akwai shakku sosai kan cewa laifukan yaki, kamar yadda Dokar Rome, an yi aiki da ita - kuma za a ci gaba da jajircewa don nan gaba, tunda ba shi yiwuwa a ce duk wata gwamnatin Isra'ila ta gaba za ta dakatar da wannan aiki na mulkin mallaka da son rai ko kuma za a yi amfani da matsin lamba na kasa da kasa don dakatar da shi.
Dangane da wannan, akwai shari'ar prima facie cewa mutanen Isra'ila da ke da alhakin wannan aikin mulkin mallaka, gami da Firayim Minista na yanzu, suna da laifukan yaƙi. Kuma wataƙila Amurkawa da wasu waɗanda ke ba da kuɗi don aikin za a iya gurfanar da su don taimaka wajan aikata laifukan yaƙi. Dukkansu Jakadan Amurka a Isra’ila, David Friedman, da surukin shugaban na Amurka, Jared Kushner, sun ba da kuɗi don ginin matsuguni.
The Mavi Marmara game da
Tun da farko a cikin watan Mayu 2013 kungiyar tarayyar Comoros, wadda ta kasance wata jam'iyya ce ta Jam'iyyar Roma, ta yi kira ga sojojin Israila da su kai hare-haren. Mavi Marmara jirgi a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2010 ga Mai gabatar da kara. Wannan harin ya faru ne a cikin ruwan kasa da kasa, lokacin da yake wani bangare na ayarin kayan agaji zuwa Gaza, kuma ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fasinjoji fararen hula 9. Da Mavi Marmara an rajista a tsibirin Comoros da kuma a karkashin Sashe na 12.2 (a) na Dokar Roma, ICC tana da iko game da laifukan da aka aikata, ba kawai a cikin ƙasa na wata jiha ba, amma har ma a kan jiragen ruwa ko jiragen sama da aka rajista a cikin wata jiha.
Koyaya, a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014, mai gabatar da kara, Fatou Bensouda, ta ki bude bincike, duk da cewa kammalawa cewa "akwai wata hujja mai mahimmanci da za ta yi imani cewa laifukan yaki a ƙarƙashin ikon Kotun Kasa ta Duniya ... an aikata a kan daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa, Mavi Marmara, lokacin da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila suka hana 'yanci Gaza Freedom Flotilla a kan 31 May 2010.
Duk da haka, ta yanke shawarar cewa "shari'ar da ake ganin zata iya tasowa daga binciken wannan lamarin ba zai zama 'isasshen karfin' da zai tabbatar da hukuncin da kotun ta ICC ta yi ba". Gaskiya ne cewa Mataki na 17.1 (d) na Dokar Rome ya buƙaci shari'ar ta kasance "ta isa zuwa ƙimar ƙarin hukuncin Kotun".
Amma, lokacin da ofungiyar Comoros ta nemi Kotun ta ICC don sake nazarin shawarar mai gabatar da ƙara, Kotun Shari'a ta ICC amincewa aikace-aikacen kuma ta nemi mai gabatar da kara ya sake shawara game da shawarar da ta ba ta fara bincike. A ƙarshe, alƙalai tabbatar cewa mai gabatar da kara ya yi kura-kurai da yawa a cikin kimantawa da yiwuwar wadanda za su iya faruwa idan an gudanar da bincike sannan ya bukace ta da ta sake shawara game da matakin da ta dauka na kin fara bincike da wuri-wuri. Duk da wadannan kalamai masu zafi daga bakin alkalan, mai gabatar da kara ya daukaka kara kan wannan bukatar ta "sake tunani", amma rokon nata ya kasance ƙi ta Kotun daukaka kara ta ICC a Nuwamba Nuwamba 2015. Don haka ta zama wajibi ta "sake tunani" game da shawarar da ta yanke a watan Nuwamba na 2014 na rashin hawa bincike. A watan Nuwamba 2017, ta sanar cewa, bayan da ya dace da "sake dubawa", ta yi jingina ga yanke shawara ta farko a Nuwamba 2014.
Kammalawa
Shin binciken farko na mai gabatar da kara game da “halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu” zai sha wahala iri daya? Da alama ba zai yiwu ba. A kan kansa, yin amfani da wuta mai rai da sojojin Isra’ila kan fararen hula a kusa da kan iyaka da Gaza ya fi tsanani fiye da harin sojan Isra’ila a kan Mavi Marmara. Kuma akwai wasu lokuta masu dacewa da yawa wadanda za a iya cewa laifuffukan yaki ne da wasu Isra’ilawa suka aikata, misali, ta hanyar shirya tura ‘yan Isra’ila zuwa yankunan da ta mamaye. Don haka, akwai yiwuwar mai gabatar da kara zai gano cewa an aikata laifukan yaki, amma babban mataki ne daga wannan don gano mutanen da ke da alhakin kuma a shigar da kara a kansu domin a gurfanar da su da kuma sammacin da ICC ta bayar don su kama.
Koyaya, koda kuwa ana tuhumar mutane, da wuya su taba fuskantar shari'a a Hague, tunda ICC ba za ta iya gwada mutane a ɓoye ba - kuma, tun da Isra'ila ba ta cikin ƙungiyar ICC, ba ta da hurumin mika mutane ga Kotun ICC Koyaya, kamar Shugaban Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir, wanda kotun ta ICC ke tuhuma da kisan kare dangi a shekarar 2008, ya nuna cewa mutane za su guji yin tafiye-tafiye zuwa jihohin da ke cikin kotun don kada a kama su kuma a mika su.
Ƙarshen bayanin
A ranar 13 Yuli, wata Kotun Shari'a ta ICC ta bayar da "Yanke shawara game da Bayani da Bayyanawa ga wadanda ke faruwa a cikin Falasdinawa”. A ciki, Majalissar ta umarci gwamnatin ta ICC “da kafa, da zaran za a iya aiwatar da shi, tsarin sanar da jama'a da kuma gudanar da ayyukan wayar da kai don amfanin wadanda abin ya shafa da al'ummomin da abin ya shafa a halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu" da kuma "kirkirar wani shafi mai bayani kan Shafin yanar gizo na kotu, musamman ga wadanda abin ya shafa da Falasdinu".
Lokacin da aka bayar da umurnin, Chamber ya tuna muhimmancin da wadanda ke fama da shi a Kotun, kuma ya yi la'akari da wajibi a Kotun don a yarda da ra'ayoyin da masu damuwa da wadanda ke fama da su a matsayin masu dacewa, ciki har da lokacin aikin jarrabawa na farko. Dokar ta yi alkawarin cewa "lokacin da kuma idan mai gabatar da kara ya yanke shawarar bude wani bincike, to, a cikin mataki na biyu, za a ba da ƙarin umarnin".
Wannan matakin da ba a saba gani ba na Kotun Pre-Trial, wanda ke nuna cewa wadanda ke fama da laifukan yaki sun wanzu a Falasdinu, an dauke shi ne ba tare da mai gabatar da kara na ICC ba. Shin wannan zai iya zama mata hankali a hankali don fara bincike na yau da kullun?
