A cikin 1940, Amurka ta yanke shawarar Sarautar Duniya

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Nuwamba 3, 2020

Stephen Wertheim na Gobe, Duniya yayi nazarin sauyawa a cikin manyan manufofin manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka wanda ya faru a tsakiyar 1940. Me yasa a wannan lokacin, shekara daya da rabi kafin harin da Japan ta kai a kan Philippines, Hawaii, da sauran wurare, shin ya zama sananne a cikin manufofin manufofin kasashen waje don bayar da shawarar mamayar sojojin Amurka na duniya?

A cikin tatsuniyoyin littafin rubutu na makaranta, Amurka cike take da halittun baya masu tayar da kayar baya wadanda ake kira da kebewa a lokacin yakin duniya na daya kuma har zuwa Disamba 1941, bayan haka kuma manyan masu kishin kasa da kasa sun ba da umarni (ko kuma duk muna magana da Jamusanci da wahala ta hanyar magudin zabe na yahoos na fascistic, sabanin wannan maraice).

A zahiri, ba a dafa kalmar "kebewa" har zuwa tsakiyar 1930s sannan kawai a matsayin cin zarafin yaudara da za a yi amfani da shi ga mutanen da suke fatan gwamnatin Amurka ta yi hulda da duniya ta kowace hanya daga yarjeniyoyi zuwa kasuwanci wannan bai hada da militarism ba. Anti-kebewa shi ne kuma wata hanya ce ta izgili da nuna cewa “yin wani abu” yana nufin yin yaki, tallafawa NATO, da kuma inganta “hakkin karewa,” yayin da wani abu ke nufin “yin komai.”

Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin 1920s tsakanin waɗanda suka fi son League of Nations da Kotun Duniya da waɗanda ba su yi hakan ba. Amma babu wani rukuni da ya fi dacewa da rufe duniyar ta da sansanonin sojan Amurka, ko kuma faɗaɗa maƙasudin tunanin Monroe Doctrine zuwa ɗayan ɓangaren, ko maye gurbin ofungiyar institutionasashe tare da wata ƙungiya da za ta bayyana da ƙarya don kafa shugabancin duniya yayin da sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe mamayar Amurka. . Pre-1940 masu kishin ƙasa sun kasance, a zahiri, ajizai ne na ƙasar Amurka. Su, kamar yadda Wertheim ya rubuta, "suna da damar ganin Amurka a matsayin mai karfin fada aji da ke bukatar kamewa." Wadansu, hakika, ba sa bukatar kalmar “yuwuwar” a can.

Me ya canza? An sami hauhawar fasikanci da kwaminisanci. Akwai ra'ayin cewa League of Nations ya gaza. Akwai gagarumar gazawar kokarin kwance damara. Akwai imani cewa duk abin da ya fito daga WWII zai zama daban daban. A watan Satumba 1939, Majalisar kan Harkokin Hulda da Kasashen Waje ta fara yin shirye-shiryen tsara duniya bayan yakin (amma duk da haka). Fadar White House ta cikin Roosevelt a cikin 1940 tana shirin yin bayan yakin duniya wanda ya sami daidaituwar iko da Nazis. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwance ɗamara, aƙalla ga wasu, har yanzu suna daga cikin tunanin. "Dillalin makamai" ga duniya "ba taken take ba ne da aka taba nuna cewa Amurka na nema.

Wertheim yana ganin sauyi a mamayar da Jamus ta yiwa Faransa. Canji ya zo cikin hanzari a cikin Mayu-Yuni, 1940. Majalisa ta ba da kuɗin ƙirƙirar manyan jiragen ruwan ruwa na duniya kuma suka kafa daftarin aiki. Akasin tsohuwar tatsuniyoyi, da farfaganda da Shugaba Roosevelt ya tura, babu wanda ya ji tsoron mamayewar Nazi na Amurka. Ba a kuma jawo Amurka da harbawa da kururuwa cikin nauyin da ke kanta na daukar nauyin duniya ta hanyar mummunan manufofin cikin gida na Nazis ko wata manufa don ceton wadanda suka kamu da cutar daga kisan kare dangin Nazi. Madadin haka, mashahuran manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka sun ji tsoron tasiri kan kasuwancin duniya da dangantakar duniyar da ke dauke da ikon Nazi. Roosevelt ya fara magana game da duniyar da Amurka ta mamaye yanki ɗaya kawai azaman ɗauri.

Amurka ta buƙaci mamaye duniya don wanzu a cikin irin tsarin duniya da take so. Kuma kawai tsarin duniya da yake so shine wanda ta mamaye. Shin masu shirin Amurka sun fahimci wannan buƙatar yayin da suke kallon abubuwan da ke faruwa a Turai? Ko kuwa sun fahimci yiwuwar ta yayin da suke kallon gwamnatin Amurka tana kera makamai kuma shugaban na Amurka ya sami sabbin sansanonin mulkin mallaka? Wataƙila wasu daga kowane. Wertheim ya yi daidai don kiran hankalinmu ga gaskiyar cewa jami'an Amurka ba su yi magana game da mamayar duniya ba gaba daya kafin 1940, amma akwai wani lokaci da suka yi magana game da mamaye komai kasa da abin da suke da makamai da sojoji don sarrafawa? Tabbas muryoyin ba duka sun kasance masu karfin fada aji bane, kuma a koyaushe akwai wata al'ada ta adawa da mulkin mallaka, amma shin ta taba bayar da gudummawa sosai ga wadanda ta kwace har sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da jiragen sama da rediyo suka kirkiro wani sabon daula (kuma an sanya wasu yankuna jihohi amma wasu sun fi lessan 'yanci)?

Gwamnatin Amurka da masu ba ta shawara ba kawai sun gano cewa za su iya mulkin duniya ba kuma suna bukatar su yi mulkin duniya, amma kuma - a cikin kalaman Janar George V. Strong, babban hafsan Sojan Rarraba Yakin Yakin - Jamus na da nuna "babban fa'idar laifi akan tsaron." Yakin kare da ya dace ya kasance mummunan yaƙi, kuma burin da aka yarda da shi shine abin da Henry Luce ya kira sararin zama kuma Hitler ya kira Lebensraum. Manyan Amurkawa sun yi imani cewa ta hanyar yaƙi ne kawai za su iya shiga kasuwancin da ya dace da kuma alaƙar su. Mutum na iya ɗaukar wannan azaman kallon hankali bisa la'akari da haɓakar fasikanci, kodayake wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke yin kallon suna da dabi'un fascistic, matsalar da ke faruwa da Jamus kamar ta wanzu gare su ne kawai da zarar ta mamaye wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba Rasha ba, kuma akwai shakku kaɗan cewa da Amurka ta rayu cikin ɗorewa, a cikin gida, ba da agaji, da wadatar zuci, da girmama dukkan ɗan adam, da ba za ta iya lura da buƙata ta ɓarna a cikin duniyar da ke kewaye da ita ba - da ba ta wuce lura da shi ba har tsawon shekaru 75. .

A farkon 1941, wani Ba'amurke masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai suna Harold Vinacke ya yi tambaya, "Lokacin da Amurka ke da dubunnan jiragen sama, dakarunta masu yawa, da kera injina yadda ya kamata, da kuma jiragen ruwanta na teku biyu, me za a yi amfani da su?" Jami'ai suna ta yin tambaya iri daya ta hanyar Madeline Albright da Donald Trump, tare da amsar gaba daya ana samunsu a fili kamar sauran "gaskiya" masu kishin kasa. A lokacin bazara 1941, Roosevelt da Churchill sun ba da sanarwar ƙungiya ta gaba a cikin Yarjejeniyar Atlantika.

Idan munafunci shine yabon cewa kyautatawa na biyan kyawawan halaye, to akwai sauran kyawawan halaye a cikin al'ummar Amurka da kuma yadda take fahimtar manufofin kasashen waje a lokacin WWII, saboda babban abin da masu shirya makircin bayan yaki suka yi shine yadda za'a siyar da mamayar duniya ga jama'ar Amurka ( kuma ba zato ba tsammani duniya, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci kansu) kamar kasancewa wani abu banda abin da ya kasance. Amsar, ba shakka, ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (tare da Bankin Duniya, da sauransu). Karamin Sakataren Gwamnati Sumner Welles ya bayyana yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara haka: “abin da muke bukata shi ne a ba karamar karamar jihohi abinci: wata kungiyar da za a iya wakiltarsu a ciki kuma a ji kansu a matsayin mahalarta.” A cikin kalmomin Roosevelt kafin halittar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, dukkan kasashe amma hudu, a cikin kungiyar da za ta ci gaba a duniya, kawai za su “hura iska ne.”

Roosevelt ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa kasancewar irin wannan ƙungiyar ta ɓoye za ta ba ta damar yin yaƙin maimakon Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, ma'ana cewa shugaban Amurka zai iya ƙaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe yadda yake so - wani abu kamar abin da muka gani a cikin shekaru 75 da suka gabata NATO lokaci-lokaci tana cikawa don rashin aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Roosevelt ya yi amannar cewa Amurka ta sanya hannu kan dan sandan duniya lokacin da ta kayar da Hitler. Babu Roosevelt ko Wertheim da suka ambaci cewa Soviet Union sun yi 80% na kayar da Hitler, bayan sun yi kusan 0% na ƙirƙirar shi.

Amma tabbas aikin dan sanda na duniya zai iya yin murabus, duk yadda mutum ya shiga cikinsa. Abin tambaya yanzu shine yaya. Harkokin kudi da na hukuma da na watsa labarai da kuma yakin neman cin hanci da rashawa duk suna aiki ne kan rusa rundunar sojan, kamar yadda akidar adawa da “kebewa.” Amma tabbas ba zai cutar da sanin rashin gaskiya a cikin akida ba da kuma cewa ba koyaushe yake tare da mu ba.