Ta yaya Ayyukan Sojoji a Somaliya 25 Years Ago tasiri ayyukan a Afghanistan, Iraki, Syria da Yemen Yau

By Ann Wright, Agusta 21, 2018.

Kwanaki da yawa da suka wuce, wani dan jarida ya tuntube ni game da wani rubutu mai taken "Sha'anin shari'a da hakkin dan adam na ayyukan sojan UNOSOM" da na rubuta a shekarar 1993, shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata. A lokacin, ni ne shugaban Rukunin Adalci na ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Somalia (UNOSOM). An sake neman na daga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don yin aiki a matsayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Somalia dangane da aikin da na yi a watan Janairun 1993 tare da sojojin Amurka don sake kafa tsarin ‘yan sandan Somaliya a kasar da ba ta da gwamnati.

Tambayar jarida ta tunatar da manufar dabarun yaki da manufofi na sojojin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Clinton, Bush, Obama da Jakadancin da suka dawo da ayyukan US / UN a Somaliya shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka wuce.

A ranar 9,1992 Disamba, watan da ya cika na mulkinsa, George HW Bush ya aika da Sojojin Ruwa 30,000 na Amurka zuwa Somaliya don buɗewa don yunwa ga Somaliyawa layukan samar da abinci waɗanda militiasan tawayen Somaliya ke sarrafawa wanda ya haifar da matsanancin yunwa da mutuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. A watan Fabrairun 1993, sabuwar gwamnatin Clinton ta juya ayyukan jin kai ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma an hanzarta janye sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, a cikin watan Fabrairu da Maris, ??? UN ta sami damar ɗaukar recruitan ƙasashe kawai don ba da gudummawar sojojin soja ga sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kungiyoyin mayakan sa kai na Somaliya sun lura da filayen jiragen sama da tashoshin jiragen ruwa kuma sun tabbatar da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na da kasa da sojoji 5,000 yayin da suke kirga yawan jiragen da ke daukar sojoji da kuma fitar da dakaru cikin Somaliya. Shugabannin yakin sun yanke shawarar kai hari kan sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da suke cikin karfi a kokarin tilasta wa tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ficewa daga Somalia. Hare-haren 'yan bindiga a Somaliya sun karu a lokacin bazarar 1993.

Kamar yadda Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi amfani da hare-haren soji a watan Yuni, yawan ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun damu sosai game da ragowar albarkatu daga ayyukan agaji don yaki da 'yan tawaye da kuma karin fararen hula a Somalia a lokacin aikin soja.

Mafi shahararren shugaban mayakan sa kai na Somaliya shi ne Janar Mohamed Farah Aidid. Aidid tsohon janar ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na gwamnatin Somaliya, shugaban United Somali Congress wanda kuma daga baya ya jagoranci Somali National Alliance (SNA). Tare da sauran kungiyoyin adawa masu dauke da makamai, sojojin Janar Aidid sun taimaka wajen fatattakar shugaban kama-karya Mohamed Siad Barre a lokacin yakin basasar Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1990.

Bayan da Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi ƙoƙari su rufe gidan rediyon Somalia, a ranar Yunin 5, 1993, Janar Aidid ya kara yawan hare-haren da ake kaiwa dakarun soji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin da dakarunsa suka kashe sojojin Pakistan da suka kasance daga cikin Taron zaman lafiya na MDD, kashe 24 da ciwo 44 rauni.

Kwamitin Tsaron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya mayar da martani kan harin da aka kai wa sojojin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuduri mai lamba 837 wanda ya ba da izinin "dukkan matakan da suka dace" don cafke wadanda ke da alhakin harin kan sojojin na Pakistan. Babban hafsan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Somalia, Admiral Jonathan Howe mai ritaya na Amurka, ya sanya dala 25,000 a kan Janar Aided, wanda shi ne karo na farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da wani abu.

Takardar da na rubuta ya samo asali ne daga shawarar da aka samu na sa jirage masu saukar ungulu na sojojin Amurka su fasa wani gini da aka fi sani da Abdi House a Mogadishu, Somalia yayin farautar Janar Aidid. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin, wani aikin sojan Amurka da ya yi kan Janar Aidid ya yi sanadin mutuwar sama da 'yan Somaliya 60, galibinsu dattawa da ke ganawa don tattauna yadda za a kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin' yan bindiga da sojojin Amurka / UN. 'Yan jaridar hudu Dan Elton, Hos Maina, Hansi Kraus da Anthony Macharia wadanda suka je wurin don bayar da rahoto game da tsananin matakin sojojin Amurka da ke faruwa a kusa da otal dinsu mutane ne da suka taru suka kashe kuma suka tarar da yawancin dattawan da suke girmamawa sun mutu.

Bisa ga tarihin 1^st Bataliya na 22^nd Sojojin da suka kai samamen, “a awanni 1018 a ranar 12 ga Yuni, bayan tabbatar da abin da aka sa gaba, jiragen yaki masu saukar ungulu guda biyu na Cobra sun harba makamai masu linzami TOW goma sha shida a cikin gidan Abdi; Hakanan an yi amfani da bindigogin sarkar na 30-milimita don yin tasiri sosai. Kowannensu daga cikin Cobras din ya ci gaba da harba wuta a cikin gidan har zuwa awanni 1022. " A ƙarshen mintoci huɗu, aƙalla an harba makamai masu linzami samfurin anti-tank 16 TOW da dubunnan igwa masu linzami 20mm a cikin ginin. Sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da cewa suna da bayanan sirri daga masu ba da bayanan da aka biya cewa Aidid zai halarci taron.

A cikin 1982-1984, Na kasance Babban Sojan Amurka mai koyar da Dokar Yakin Kasa da kuma Taron Geneva a Cibiyar JFK na Yaki na Musamman, Fort Bragg, North Carolina inda ɗalibana suka kasance Specialungiyar Musamman ta Amurka da sauran rundunoni na Musamman. Daga gogewar da nake da ita na koyar da dokokin kasa da kasa kan yadda ake gudanar da yaki, na damu matuka game da tasirin aikin soja a Abdi House da kuma halin kirki a ciki kamar yadda na samu karin bayanan aikin.

A matsayina na Babban Shugaban Sashin Shari’a na UNOSOM, na rubuta takardar don bayyana damuwata ga babban jami’in Majalisar a Somalia, Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jonathan Howe. Na rubuta: “Wannan aikin soja na UNOSOM ya tayar da mahimman batutuwan da suka shafi doka da hakkin dan adam daga mahangar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Batun ya sauka ne kan ko umarnin da kwamitin sulhu ya bayar (bayan kisan da sojojin Aidid suka yi wa sojojin Pakistan din) yana ba UNOSOM damar 'daukar duk matakan da suka dace' kan wadanda ke da alhakin hare-hare kan sojojin UNOSOM da ke nufin UNOSOM ta yi amfani da karfi mai kisa a kan duka mutanen da ba su da damar mika wuya a cikin duk wani gini da ake zargi ko sanannun kayan aikin SNA / Aidid ne, ko kuma Kwamitin Tsaro ya ba da izinin mutumin da ake zargi da alhakin kai hare-hare kan sojojin UNOSOM zai sami damar da sojojin UNOSOM za su tsare shi kuma ya bayyana kasancewar su a wani kayan aikin SNA / Aidid sannan a yanke hukunci a kotun tsaka tsaki don a tantance ko su ke da alhakin hare-hare kan sojojin UNOSOM ko kuma sun kasance mazauna ne (na wucin gadi ko na dindindin) na wani gini, da ake zargi ko kuma sanan cewa kayan aikin SNA / Aidid ne. ”

Na yi tambaya ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta yi wa mutane fintinkau kuma “shin ya kamata Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta rike kanta a kan wani babban halayyar da za a bi wajen aiwatar da aikin agaji don kare kayan abinci a Somalia? ' Na rubuta cewa, “Mun yi imani a matsayin batun siyasa, dole ne a ba da sanarwa a takaice game da rugujewar gini da mutane ke ciki. Ta fuskar shari'a, da halaye da kuma 'yancin ɗan adam, muna ba da shawara game da gudanar da ayyukan soja da ba da sanarwar kai hari ga mazaunan gine-gine. "

Kamar yadda mutum zai iya zargi, yarjejeniyar da ke tambayar halal da halaye na aikin soja bai yi daidai da shugaban ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba. A zahiri, Admiral Howe bai sake magana da ni ba yayin sauran lokacin da na rage tare da UNOSOM.

Duk da haka, mutane da dama a cikin hukumomin agaji da kuma a cikin tsarin MDD sun damu da cewa haɗin hawan helicopter ya kasance mai amfani da karfi kuma ya mayar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa wani bangare mai rikici a yakin basasar Somalia. Yawancin ma'aikatan ma'aikatan UNOSOM sun yi farin ciki sosai da na rubuta rubutun kuma daya daga cikinsu ya sa shi zuwa Washington Post inda aka rubuta shi a cikin wani rahotanni mai suna 4, 1993, "Kamfanin dillancin labaran MDD ya yi kira ga sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiyar Somalia. "

Mafi yawan bayan haka, duba baya, rahotanni na tarihin soja ga 1^st Battalion na 22^nd Sojoji sun yarda da cewa harin da aka kai ranar 12 ga Yuli a kan ginin Abdi da kuma asarar rayuka da aka yi bisa lalataccen bayanan sirri ne ya haifar da fushin Somaliya wanda ya haifar da asara mai yawa ga sojojin Amurka a watan Oktoba na 1993. “Wannan harin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Birgediya na Farko suka gudanar. wataƙila itace ƙarshen ciyawar da ta kai ga kwanton baunar bataliyar Ranger a watan Oktoba na 1993. Kamar yadda wani shugaban SNA ya ba da labarin hare-haren 12 ga Yuli a Bowden's Black Hawk Down: “Abu daya ne duniya ta shiga tsakani domin ciyar da wadanda ke fama da yunwa, har ma ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taimakawa Somalia kafa gwamnatin lumana. Amma wannan harka ta aikawa da Rangers ta Amurka tana kutsawa cikin garinsu tana kashewa tare da sace shugabanninsu, wannan ya yi yawa ”.

Rundunar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1995 rahoton Somaliya ya nuna harin da aka kai gidan Abdi a matsayin take hakkin bil'adama kuma babban kuskuren siyasa ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. “Baya ga cin zarafin‘ yancin dan adam da dokar jin kai, harin da aka kai gidan Abdi babban kuskure ne na siyasa. Watan da aka fi sani da cewa sun yi ikirarin wadanda aka kashe fararen hula, daga cikinsu masu ba da shawarar sasantawa, harin gidan Abdi ya zama alama ce ta rashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Somalia. Daga zakaran jin kai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ita kanta a cikin tashar take don abin da ga mai lura da hankali ya zama kamar kisan kai. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma musamman dakarunta na Amurka, sun yi asarar yawancin abin da ya rage daga matsayinta na kyawawan halaye. Kodayake rahoton game da lamarin daga Sashin Shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tsawata wa UNOSOM don yin amfani da hanyoyin soja na ayyana yaki da bude fada ga aikinta na jin kai, ba a buga rahoton ba. Kamar yadda take nuna rashin son sanya 'yancin dan adam a matsayin wani bangare na mu'amalarsa da shugabannin yakin, sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya sun kuduri aniyar kauce wa binciken kwakwaf a bainar jama'a game da tarihinsu kan manufofin duniya.

Kuma lalle ne, fadace-fadace tsakanin sojojin MDD da Amurka ya ƙare a wani taron da ya kawo ƙarshen siyasa na gwamnatin Clinton don ci gaba da aikin soja a Somaliya kuma ya komo da ni zuwa Somaliya domin watanni na karshe na Amurka a Somalia.

Na dawo daga Somalia zuwa Amurka a ƙarshen Yulin 1993. A shirye-shiryen yin aiki a Kyrgyzstan a Asiya ta Tsakiya, na kasance a wurin koyar da harshen Rashanci a Arlington, Virginia a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1993 lokacin da shugaban makarantar koyar da harshe na Gwamnatin Jiha ya shigo ajin na tambaya, "Wanene a cikin ku Ann Wright?" Lokacin da na gano kaina, sai ya gaya min cewa Richard Clarke, darektan Harkokin Duniya na Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa ya kira ya roƙe ni da na zo nan da nan zuwa Fadar White House don tattaunawa da shi game da wani abu da ya faru a Somaliya. Sannan daraktan ya tambaya ko na ji labarin yawan asarar rayukan Amurka a Somalia a yau. Ba ni da.

Ranar 3 ta 1993, an tura 3 Amurka Rangers da Sojoji na musamman don kama manyan manyan ma'aikatan agaji na kusa da filin Olympic a Mogadishu. Biyu 'yan gudun hijirar Amurka sun harbe su da mayakan' yan tawaye kuma wani jirgi na uku ya rushe kamar yadda ya mayar da ita zuwa tushe. Wani aikin ceto na Amurka wanda ya aiko don taimakawa masu aikin jirgin saman saukar jiragen sama ya yi raguwa kuma wani ɓangaren ya lalace yana bukatar wani mataki na ceto na biyu tare da motoci masu dauke da makamai wadanda rundunar UN ta ba da sanarwa game da manufa ta asali. Dakarun soja 18 sun mutu a ranar XNUMX na watan Oktoba, mafi yawan mummunar mutuwar da aka yi a ranar Asabar ta Amurka.

Na yi taksi zuwa Fadar White House kuma na haɗu da Clarke da ƙaramin ma'aikacin NSC Susan Rice. Watanni 18 bayan haka aka nada Rice a matsayin mataimakiyar Sakatare kan Harkokin Afirka a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje kuma a shekarar 2009 Shugaba Obama ya nada shi a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sannan a 2013, a matsayin mai ba wa Obama shawara kan harkokin tsaro.

Clarke ya gaya mani game da mutuwar sojojin Amurka goma sha takwas a Mogadishu kuma gwamnatin Clinton ta yanke shawarar kawo karshen kutsawarta a Somalia — kuma don yin hakan, Amurka na bukatar dabarun ficewa. Bai kamata ya tunatar da ni cewa lokacin da na zo ta ofishinsa a karshen watan Yulin da na dawo daga Somalia ba, na fada masa cewa Amurka ba ta taba ba da cikakken kudi don shirye-shiryen a cikin Shirin Shari'a na UNOSOM da kuma kudin da take ba wa Somalia za a iya amfani da shirin 'yan sanda sosai ta yadda za a iya amfani da wani bangare na yanayin tsaro ba na soja ba a Somaliya.

Clarke ya gaya mini cewa, Gwamnati ta rigaya ta amince da ta dakatar da harshen Rasha da kuma cewa zan ɗauki tawagar daga Sashen Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na Kasa na Kasa na Kasa (Justice Department)ICITAP) ya koma Somalia kuma ya aiwatar da daya daga shawarwarin da na tattauna da shi — kirkirar makarantar horar da ‘yan sanda ga Somalia. Ya ce za mu sami dala miliyan 15 don shirin — kuma ina bukatar samun kungiyar a Somaliya a farkon mako mai zuwa.

Sabili da haka muka yi - zuwa mako mai zuwa, muna da ƙungiyar mutum 6 daga ICITAP a Mogadishu. kuma a ƙarshen 1993, makarantar ‘yan sanda ta buɗe. Amurka ta kawo karshen kutsawarta a Somalia a tsakiyar 1994.

Menene darussa daga Somalia? Abun takaici, darasi ne wadanda ba'ayi biris dasu ba a ayyukan sojan Amurka a Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria da Yemen.

Na farko, ladar da aka bayar ga Janar Aidid ya zama abin koyi ga tsarin kyautatawa da sojojin Amurka suka yi amfani da shi a cikin 2001 da 2002 a Afghanistan da Pakistan don masu aikin Al Qaeda. Yawancin mutanen da suka ƙare a kurkukun Amurka a Guantanamo Amurka ce ta saye su ta wannan tsarin kuma 10 kawai daga cikin 779 da aka tsare a Guantanamo an gurfanar da su. Sauran ba a gurfanar da su ba kuma daga baya aka sake su zuwa ƙasashensu ko ƙasashe na uku saboda ba su da alaƙa da Al Qaeda kuma abokan gaba sun sayar da su don samun kuɗi.

Na biyu, rashin amfani da karfi na busa dukkan gini don kashe mutanen da aka yi niyya ya zama tushen shirin kisan gilla na Amurka. Gine-ginen wuta, manyan bukukuwan aure, da ayarin motocin an lalata su ta hanyar wuta ta wuta ta masu kisan gilla. Dokar Yakin Yaki da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ana cin zarafin su a Afghanistan, Iraki, Syria da Yemen.

Na uku, kar a bar mummunan hankali ya dakatar da aikin soja. Tabbas, sojoji za su ce ba su san cewa hankali ba shi da kyau, amma ya kamata mutum ya yi matukar shakku game da wannan uzurin. “Muna tunanin akwai makaman kare dangi a Iraki” - ba mummunan hankali ba ne amma kirkirar hankali ne da nufin tallafawa duk wata manufar manufa.

Rashin sauraren darussan Somaliya ya haifar da fahimta, kuma a zahiri, gaskiyar ta sojan Amurka cewa ayyukan sojan ba su da wani sakamako na doka. A Afghanistan, Iraki, Syria da Yemen kungiyoyin farar hula an kai musu hari tare da kashe su ba tare da wani hukunci ba da kuma babban shugaban rundunar sojan farin farar fata ko ayyukan sun bi dokar kasa da kasa. Abin lura, ga alama ya ɓace a kan manyan masu yin manufofin cewa rashin ba da lissafi ga ayyukan sojan Amurka yana sanya ma'aikatan sojan Amurka da cibiyoyin Amurka kamar ofisoshin Jakadancin Amurka a cikin giccin waɗanda ke fatan azaba saboda waɗannan ayyukan.

Game da Mawallafin: Ann Wright ta yi shekaru 29 a cikin Sojojin Amurka / Sojojin Amurka kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Kanar. Ta kasance diflomasiyyar Amurka a Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Saliyo, Micronesia, Afghanistan da Mongolia. Ta yi murabus daga gwamnatin Amurka a cikin Maris 2003 don adawa da yakin Iraki. Ita ce marubucin marubucin "Rashin Gaskiya: Muryoyin Lamiri."