Hiroshima Karya Ne

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Agusta 5, 2021

A cikin 2015, Alice Sabatini 'yar shekara 18 ce' yar takara a gasar Miss Italia a Italiya. An tambaye ta ko wane zamani ne da za ta so ta rayu a ciki. Ta amsa: WWII. Bayaninta shine littattafan litattafan ta suna ci gaba da tafiya akai akai, don haka tana son ganin ta a zahiri, kuma ba lallai bane ta yi faɗa a cikin ta, saboda maza ne kawai ke yin hakan. Wannan ya haifar da babban izgili. Shin tana son a jefa mata bama -bamai ko yunwa ko a tura ta zuwa sansanin maida hankali? Menene ita, wawa? Wani ya saka ta cikin hoto tare da Mussolini da Hitler. Wani ya yi hoton mai kashe gobarar rana yana kallon sojojin da ke rugawa zuwa bakin teku.[i]

Amma za a iya tsammanin ɗan shekara 18 a cikin 2015 ya san cewa yawancin waɗanda suka mutu a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu fararen hula ne-maza da mata da yara iri ɗaya? Wa zai gaya mata haka? Tabbas ba litattafan karatun ta ba. Mafi yawan gaske ba ɗimbin al'adun ta ba tare da nishaɗin jigo na WWII. Wace amsa kowa yayi tunanin irin wannan ɗan takarar zai fi ba da tambayar da aka yi mata, fiye da WWII? A cikin al'adun Amurka kuma, wanda ke tasiri sosai ga Italiyanci, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga wasan kwaikwayo da bala'i da wasan kwaikwayo da jaruntaka da almara na tarihi shine WWII. Zaɓi matsakaitan masu kallo na Netflix ko Amazon kuma na tabbata yawancin su za su ba da amsa iri ɗaya kamar Alice Sabatini, wanda, ta hanyar, an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar, ya dace ya wakilci duk Italiya ko duk abin da ya Miss Italia ke yi.

WWII galibi ana kiranta "yaƙi mai kyau," kuma wani lokacin ana tunanin wannan a matsayin babba ko asali bambanci tsakanin WWII, kyakkyawan yaƙi, da WWI, mummunan yakin. Koyaya, ba sananne bane a kira WWII “yaƙin kirki” yayin ko nan da nan bayan abin ya faru, lokacin da kwatantawa da WWI zai kasance mafi sauƙi. Dalilai daban -daban na iya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar shaharar wannan jumlar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, gami da ƙarin fahimtar Holocaust (da rashin fahimtar alaƙar yaƙin da shi),[ii] ƙari, ba shakka, gaskiyar cewa Amurka, sabanin sauran manyan mahalarta, ba ita kanta aka kai harin bam ba ko kuma aka mamaye ta (amma hakan ma gaskiya ne ga sauran yaƙe -yaƙe na Amurka). Ina tsammanin babban dalilin shine ainihin Yaƙin Vietnam. Yayin da wannan yaƙin ya zama ƙaramin sananne, kuma yayin da rabe -rabe na ƙarni ya raba ra'ayoyi, ta rarrabuwa tsakanin waɗanda suka rayu ta hanyar WWII da waɗanda ba su yi ba, da yawa sun nemi rarrabe WWII daga yaƙin Vietnam. Amfani da kalmar "mai kyau," maimakon "barata," ko "zama dole," wataƙila an sauƙaƙe ta tazara a cikin lokaci daga WWII, da kuma farfagandar WWII, yawancin abin da aka ƙirƙira (kuma har yanzu ana ƙirƙira shi) bayan ƙarshen. na WWII. Saboda adawa da duk yaƙe -yaƙe ana ɗaukar tsattsauran ra'ayi da cin amanar ƙasa, masu sukar yaƙin Vietnam na iya komawa zuwa WWII a matsayin "kyakkyawan yaƙi" kuma su kafa daidaituwa da ƙima. A cikin 1970 ne kawai masanin yaki Michael Walzer ya rubuta takardarsa, "Yaƙin Duniya na II: Me yasa Wannan Yaƙin Ya bambanta?" neman kare ra'ayin yaƙi na gaskiya da rashin son yaƙin Vietnam. Ina bayar da raunin wannan takarda a Babi na 17 na Barin yakin duniya na Biyu. Mun ga irin wannan lamari a cikin shekarun 2002 zuwa 2010 ko makamancin haka, tare da masu sukar yaƙin Iraki da ke jaddada goyon bayansu ga yaƙin Afghanistan da karkatar da gaskiyar don inganta hoton wannan sabon “kyakkyawan yaƙi”. Ban tabbata ba da yawa, idan wani, zai kira Afghanistan yaƙi mai kyau ba tare da yaƙin Iraki ba ko kuma a kira WWII kyakkyawar yaƙi ba tare da yaƙin Vietnam ba.

A cikin Yuli 2020, Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump - a cikin jayayya cewa sansanonin sojan Amurka da aka yiwa lakabi da Confederates bai kamata a canza sunayen su ba - ya shelanta cewa waɗannan sansanonin sun kasance wani ɓangare na "kyawawan yaƙe -yaƙe na duniya." Ya ce, "Mun yi nasara a yaƙe -yaƙe na duniya guda biyu," in ji shi, "yaƙe -yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, kyawawan yaƙe -yaƙe na duniya waɗanda ke da muni da ban tsoro."[iii] A ina Trump ya sami ra'ayin cewa yaƙe -yaƙe na duniya sun yi kyau, kuma kyawunsu ya ƙunshi mugunta da mugunta? Wataƙila wuri ɗaya Alice Sabatini ta yi: Hollywood. Fim ne Ajiye Private Ryan wanda ya jagoranci Mickey Z a 1999 don rubuta littafinsa, Babu Kyakkyawan Yaƙi: Labarin Yaƙin Duniya na II, asali da take Ajiye Ƙarfin Iko: Tarihin Boye na "Kyakkyawan Yaƙi."

Kafin in koma cikin injin lokaci don sanin ɗaukakar WWII, Ina ba da shawarar ɗaukar kwafin littafin Studs Terkel na 1984, Kyakkyawan Yaƙin: Tarihin Maganar Yaƙin Duniya na II.[iv] Wannan shine asusun mutum na farko daga tsoffin mayaƙan WWII suna faɗin tunaninsu shekaru 40 bayan haka. Sun kasance matasa. An saka su cikin 'yan uwantaka marasa gasa kuma an nemi su yi manyan abubuwa kuma su ga manyan wurare. Ya kasance mai girma. Akwai shan sigari, da rantsuwa, da barasa don ku iya kawo kanku don harbi mutane, da mummunan tashin hankali tare da maƙasudin rayuwa mai sauƙi, da tarin gawawwaki a cikin ramuka, da sa ido koyaushe, da zurfafa ɓarna da laifin ɗabi'a, da tsoro, da rauni, kuma kusan babu ma'anar yin lissafin ɗabi'a cewa halartar ya dace - kawai tsarkakakkiyar bebe da za a yi tambaya da nadama daga baya. Kuma akwai wautar kishin kasa ta mutanen da ba su ga ainihin yaƙin ba. Kuma akwai duk mutanen da ba sa son ganin waɗanda suka tsira daga mummunan rauni. "Wane irin yaki ne farar hula ke zaton mun yi?" ya tambayi tsohon soja.

Tatsuniyoyin da suka ƙunshi mafi yawan abin da yawancin mutane ke tunanin sun sani game da WWII ba su yi kama da gaskiyar ba, amma suna yin haɗari ga ainihin duniyarmu. Ina bincika waɗannan tatsuniyoyin Barin yakin duniya na Biyu, wanda ke fallasa gaskiyar cewa Amurka da sauran gwamnatocin duniya sun ƙi ceton waɗanda Nazis ke yi wa kisan gilla, cewa masu fafutuka sun yi gwagwarmaya a banza don samun Amurka da Burtaniya da sauran gwamnatoci su ɗauki duk wata sha'awa don ceton miliyoyin rayuka masu ƙima; gaskiyar cewa Amurka ta shiga tseren makamai da tsokana tare da Japan tsawon shekaru kuma ta nemi haifar da yaƙi kuma bai yi mamakin hakan ba; cewa an ƙirƙira tseren Nordic da sauran ka'idodin eugenics waɗanda Nazis suka yi amfani da su a California; cewa 'yan Nazi sun yi nazarin dokokin rarrabuwa a Amurka kuma sun yi amfani da su azaman samfuri; cewa kuɗaɗen kamfani da kayayyaki na Amurka sun zama tilas ga ƙoƙarin yaƙin Nazi; cewa kisan kare dangi ya kasance aikin Yammacin Turai ba ta wata sabuwa ba; cewa yakin baya buƙatar faruwa; cewa gwamnatin Amurka tana kallon Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin babban abokin gaba ko da kuwa tana kawance da ita; cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta yi babban rinjaye na kayar da Jamus; cewa rashin tashin hankali ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Nazis; cewa akwai gagarumin juriya ga yaki a Amurka; cewa kashe kuɗin yaƙi ba shine mafi kyawun hanyar haɓaka tattalin arziƙi ba; da dai sauransu; da dai sauransu; kuma tabbas babu abin da aka gaya mana game da Hiroshima gaskiya ne.

Akwai tatsuniya cewa ta hanyar shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Amurka ta yiwa duniya irin wannan tagomashi wanda yanzu Amurka ta mallaki duniya. A cikin 2013, Hillary Clinton ta ba da jawabi ga masu banki a Goldman Sachs inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta gaya wa China cewa ba ta da ikon kiran Tekun Kudancin Tekun Kudancin China, wanda a zahiri Amurka na iya yin iƙirarin mallakar duka. Pacific ta hanyar '' yantar da shi '' a Yaƙin Duniya na II, da kuma "gano" Japan, da kuma "siyan" Hawaii.[v] Ban tabbata ba yadda ya fi dacewa don warware wannan. Wataƙila zan iya ba da shawarar tambayar wasu mutane a Japan ko Hawaii abin da suke tunani. Amma yana da kyau a lura cewa ba a yi wa Hillary Clinton gori ba irin na Alice Sabatini. Babu wani haushin jama'a da aka sani game da wannan magana game da WWII lokacin da ta zama jama'a a cikin 2016.

Wataƙila mafi girman tatsuniyoyi, duk da haka, shine game da makaman nukiliya, musamman ra'ayin cewa ta hanyar kashe adadi mai yawa na mutane tare da su adadin rayuka mafi girma, ko aƙalla irin rayuwar da ta dace, an tsira. Makaman nukiliyar ba su ceci rayuka ba. Sun kashe rayuka, mai yiwuwa 200,000 daga cikinsu. Ba a yi nufin su ceci rayuka ko kawo karshen yakin ba. Kuma ba su kawo karshen yakin ba. Mamayewar Rasha ta yi hakan. Amma yakin zai ƙare ko ta yaya, ba tare da ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan ba. Binciken dabarun fashewar bama -bamai na Amurka ya kammala da cewa, “… tabbas kafin 31 ga Disamba, 1945, kuma a cikin dukkan yuwuwar kafin 1 ga Nuwamba, 1945, Japan za ta mika wuya koda kuwa ba a jefa bama -baman atomic ba, ko da Rasha ba ta shiga ba. Yaƙin, kuma koda ba a shirya ko yin tunanin mamayewa ba. ”[vi]

Dissaya daga cikin masu rarrabuwar kawuna wanda ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi ga Sakataren Yaƙi kuma, ta asusunsa, ga Shugaba Truman, kafin tashin bam ɗin shine Janar Dwight Eisenhower.[vii] A karkashin Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Ralph Bard, kafin tashin bama -baman, ya bukaci a ba Japan gargadi.[viii] Lewis Strauss, mai ba da shawara ga Sakataren Sojojin Ruwa, shi ma kafin tashin bam ɗin, ya ba da shawarar tayar da daji maimakon birni.[ix] A bayyane Janar George Marshall ya yarda da wannan ra'ayin.[X] Masanin kimiyyar Atomic Leo Szilard ya shirya masana kimiyya don rokon shugaban kasa akan amfani da bam din.[xi] Masanin kimiyyar Atomic James Franck ya shirya masana kimiyya wadanda suka ba da shawarar magance makaman nukiliya a matsayin batun manufofin farar hula, ba kawai shawarar soja ba.[xii] Wani masanin kimiyya, Joseph Rotblat, ya nemi a kawo ƙarshen aikin Manhattan, kuma ya yi murabus lokacin da ba a gama ba.[xiii] Kuri'ar masana kimiyyar Amurka waɗanda suka ƙera bama -baman, waɗanda aka ɗauka kafin amfani da su, sun gano cewa kashi 83% suna son a nuna bam ɗin nukiliya a bainar jama'a kafin a jefa ɗaya a Japan. Sojojin Amurka sun boye sirrin zaben.[xiv] Janar Douglas MacArthur ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, kafin tashin bam din Hiroshima, don sanar da cewa Japan ta riga ta doke.[xv]

Shugaban Hafsoshin Hafsoshin Sojojin Admiral William D. Leahy ya ce cikin fushi a cikin 1949 cewa Truman ya ba shi tabbacin cewa makasudin sojoji ne kawai za a lalata, ba farar hula ba. "Amfani da wannan mugun makamin a Hiroshima da Nagasaki bai kasance abin taimako a yaƙin mu da Japan ba. Jafananci sun riga sun ci nasara kuma suna shirye su mika wuya, ”in ji Leahy.[xvi] Manyan hafsoshin sojojin da suka ce bayan yaƙin da Jafananci za su miƙa wuya cikin sauri ba tare da tashin bam na nukiliya ba sun haɗa da Janar Douglas MacArthur, Janar Henry “Hap” Arnold, Janar Curtis LeMay, Janar Carl “Tooey” Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz , Admiral William “Bull” Halsey, da Birgediya Janar Carter Clarke. Kamar yadda Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick ke taƙaitawa, bakwai daga cikin hafsoshin taurari biyar na Amurka waɗanda suka karɓi tauraruwarsu ta ƙarshe a Yaƙin Duniya na II ko kuma bayan haka-Janar MacArthur, Eisenhower, da Arnold, da Admirals Leahy, Sarki, Nimitz, da Halsey - a 1945 ya ƙi ra'ayin cewa ana buƙatar bam ɗin atomic don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. "Abin takaici, kodayake, akwai ƙaramin shaidar cewa sun shigar da karar su tare da Truman kafin gaskiyar."[xvii]

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, Shugaba Truman ya yi ƙarya a rediyo cewa an jefa bam na nukiliya akan sansanin sojoji, maimakon a birni. Kuma ya baratar da hakan, ba kamar saurin kawo ƙarshen yaƙin ba, amma azaman ramuwar gayya ne ga laifukan Japan. “Mr. Truman ya yi farin ciki, ”in ji Dorothy Day. Makonni kafin a jefa bam na farko, a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1945, Japan ta aika da sakon waya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet inda ta nuna sha'awar mika wuya da kawo karshen yakin. Amurka ta karya lambobin Japan kuma ta karanta telegram. Truman ya yi magana a cikin littafin tarihinsa zuwa "sakon waya daga Jap Emperor yana neman zaman lafiya." An sanar da Shugaba Truman ta tashoshin Switzerland da Fotigal na zaman lafiya na Japan tun farkon watanni uku kafin Hiroshima. Japan ta ki yarda kawai ta mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma ta ba da sarkinta, amma Amurka ta dage kan wadannan sharudda har sai da bama -baman suka fadi, a lokacin ne ta ba Japan damar ci gaba da rike sarkinta. Don haka, sha'awar jefa bama -baman na iya tsawaita yakin. Bama -bamai ba su rage yakin ba.[xviii]

Mai ba shugaban kasa shawara James Byrnes ya fadawa Truman cewa jefa bama -bamai zai ba Amurka damar "tsara sharuddan kawo karshen yakin." Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa James Forrestal ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa Byrnes "ya fi damuwa da ganin an shawo kan lamarin Japan kafin Rasha ta shigo." Truman ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa Soviets suna shirin yin yaƙi da Japan da "Fini Japs lokacin da hakan ta faru." An shirya mamayar Soviet kafin bama -baman, ba su suka yanke shawara ba. Amurka ba ta da niyyar mamayewa na tsawon watanni, kuma babu wani shiri a kan sikelin don haɗarin adadin rayukan da malaman makarantun Amurka za su ce an cece ku.[xix] Tunanin cewa mamayar mamayar Amurka tana gabatowa kuma kawai madaidaiciyar biranen nuking, don haka biranen nuking sun ceci adadi mai yawa na rayuwar Amurka, tatsuniya ce. Masana tarihi sun san wannan, kamar yadda suka san cewa George Washington ba shi da hakoran katako ko kuma koyaushe yana faɗin gaskiya, kuma Paul Revere bai hau shi kaɗai ba, kuma bawan mallakin jawabin Patrick Henry game da 'yanci an rubuta shi shekaru da yawa bayan ya mutu, kuma Molly Pitcher bai wanzu ba.[xx] Amma tatsuniyoyin suna da nasu ikon. Rayuwa, ta hanyar, ba kayan musamman ne na sojojin Amurka ba. Mutanen Japan kuma sun rayu.

Truman ya ba da umarnin a jefa bama -baman, daya a Hiroshima a ranar 6 ga Agusta da kuma wani nau'in bam, bam na plutonium, wanda sojoji su ma suke son gwadawa da nunawa, a Nagasaki a ranar 9 ga Agusta. An tayar da bam din Nagasaki daga 11^th zuwa 9^th don rage yiwuwar Japan ta mika wuya da farko.[xxi] Hakanan a ranar 9 ga Agusta, Soviets sun kai hari kan Jafananci. A cikin makonni biyu masu zuwa, Soviets sun kashe Jafananci 84,000 yayin da suka rasa 12,000 na nasu sojojin, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da jefa Japan da makaman da ba na nukiliya ba-ƙona biranen Japan, kamar yadda ta yi wa Japan da yawa kafin 6 ga Agusta.^th cewa, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki birane biyu don nuke, ba a sami raguwa da yawa da za a zaɓa daga cikinsu ba. Sannan Jafananci sun mika wuya.

Cewa akwai dalilin amfani da makaman nukiliya tatsuniya ce. Cewa za a iya sake haifar da amfani da makaman nukiliya labari ne. Cewa za mu iya tsira da ƙarin amfani da makaman nukiliya labari ne. Cewa akwai dalilin kera makaman nukiliya duk da cewa ba za ku taɓa amfani da su ba wawa ne har ma da zama tatsuniya. Kuma cewa za mu iya rayuwa har abada da mallaka da haɓaka makaman nukiliya ba tare da wani ya yi amfani da su da gangan ko da gangan ba hauka ne.[xxii]

Me yasa malaman tarihin Amurka a makarantun firamare na Amurka a yau - a cikin 2021! - gaya wa yara cewa an jefa bama -bamai na nukiliya akan Japan don ceton rayuka - ko kuma “bam ɗin” (na mufuradi) don gujewa ambaton Nagasaki? Masu bincike da furofesoshi sun zubar da shaidar shekaru 75. Sun san cewa Truman ya san cewa yaƙin ya ƙare, cewa Japan tana son mika wuya, cewa Tarayyar Soviet na gab da mamayewa. Sun rubuta duk juriya da tashin bamabamai tsakanin sojojin Amurka da gwamnati da al'ummar kimiyya, da kuma dalilin gwada bama -bamai da ayyuka da kashe kudi da yawa suka shiga, da kuma dalilin tsoratar da duniya da musamman Soviets, kazalika da buɗewa da rashin kunya na sanya ƙima akan rayuwar Jafananci. Ta yaya aka samar da irin wannan tatsuniyoyi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake ɗaukar gaskiyar kamar skunks a wurin shakatawa?

A cikin littafin Greg Mitchell na 2020, Farkon farawa ko Endarshen: Yadda Hollywood - da Amurka - suka Koyi Tsaida Damuwa da Loveaunar Bom, muna da labarin yin fim na MGM na 1947, Farkon ko ƙarshe, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta tsara shi da kyau don inganta ƙarya.[xxiii] Fim din ya tayar da bam. Ya yi asarar kuɗi. Manufa ga memba na jama'ar Amurka a bayyane yake kada a kalli wani mummunan labari mai cike da ban tsoro tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna wasa masana kimiyya da masu warkarwa waɗanda suka samar da sabon salo na kisan gilla. Babban aikin shine a guji duk wani tunanin al'amarin. Amma waɗanda ba za su iya guje wa hakan ba an ba su tatsuniyar babban allo mai haske. Kuna iya kallon ta akan layi kyauta, kuma kamar yadda Mark Twain zai faɗi, ya cancanci kowane dinari.[xxiv]

Fim ɗin ya buɗe tare da abin da Mitchell ya bayyana a matsayin bayar da yabo ga Burtaniya da Kanada saboda rawar da suka taka wajen kera injin mutuwa - wanda ake zaton abin ƙyama ne idan aka gurɓata hanyar roƙon babbar kasuwa don fim ɗin. Amma da alama yana da laifi fiye da ba da kuɗi. Wannan kokari ne na yada laifin. Fim ɗin ya yi tsalle da sauri don ɗora alhakin Jamus kan barazanar da ke gab da mamaye duniya idan Amurka ba ta fara nuke ta ba. (A zahiri za ku iya samun matsala a yau don sa matasa su yi imani cewa Jamus ta mika wuya kafin Hiroshima, ko kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta san a 1944 cewa Jamus ta yi watsi da binciken bam na atomic a 1942.[xxv]) Sannan wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana yin mummunan ra'ayi na Einstein yana ɗora dogon jerin masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Sannan wani mutum yana ba da shawarar cewa mutanen kirki suna asarar yaƙin kuma ya fi kyau su hanzarta ƙirƙirar sabbin bama -bamai idan suna son cin nasara.

Sau da yawa ana gaya mana cewa manyan bama -bamai za su kawo zaman lafiya da kawo ƙarshen yaƙi. Wani mai kwaikwayon Franklin Roosevelt har ma ya sanya aikin Woodrow Wilson, yana mai da'awar bam ɗin atom zai iya kawo ƙarshen yaƙi (wani abin mamaki mutane da yawa sun gaskata hakan ya faru, ko da a cikin shekaru 75 da suka gabata na yaƙe -yaƙe, wanda wasu furofesoshi na Amurka suka bayyana a matsayin Babban Aminci). An gaya mana kuma an nuna cewa shirmen banza ne gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda Amurka ta jefa takardu akan Hiroshima don gargadin mutane (kuma na tsawon kwanaki 10 - “Wannan shine kwanaki 10 mafi gargaɗi fiye da yadda suka ba mu a Pearl Harbor,” wani hali yana furtawa) da kuma cewa Jafananci sun harba jirgin yayin da ya kusanci inda aka nufa. A zahirin gaskiya, Amurka ba ta taɓa barin takarda ɗaya a kan Hiroshima ba amma ta yi - cikin salon SNAFU mai kyau - ta ɗora tarin takardu a Nagasaki washegarin ranar da aka jefa bam a Nagasaki. Hakanan, gwarzon fim ɗin ya mutu daga hatsari yayin da yake jingina da bam don shirya shi don amfani - sadaukarwar jarumta ga ɗan adam a madadin ainihin waɗanda aka kashe a yaƙin - membobin sojojin Amurka. Fim ɗin ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen sun jefa bam "ba za su taɓa sanin abin da ya same su ba," duk da masu shirya fim ɗin sun san wahalar azabar waɗanda suka mutu sannu a hankali.

Wata hanyar sadarwa daga masu shirya fim zuwa mashawarcinsu da edita, Janar Leslie Groves, sun haɗa da waɗannan kalmomin: "Duk wani abin da zai sa Sojojin su zama wauta za a kawar da su."[xxvi]

Babban dalilin da fim din ke da mutuƙar wahala ne, a ganina, ba shine cewa fina-finai sun cika abubuwan da suke ɗauka ba duk shekara tsawon shekaru 75, ƙara launi, da kuma tsara nau'ikan abubuwan firgita, amma kawai cewa dalilin ne kowa ya yi tunanin bam ɗin haruffan duka suna magana game da duka tsawon fim ɗin yana da babban yarjejeniyar da aka bari. Ba mu ganin abin da yake yi, ba daga ƙasa ba, daga sama kawai.

Littafin Mitchell yayi kama da kallon tsiran alade, amma kuma kamar karanta rubutattun bayanai daga kwamitin da ya haɗa wani sashe na Littafi Mai -Tsarki. Wannan tatsuniya ce ta asalin ɗan sanda na Duniya a cikin kerawa. Kuma yana da muni. Har ma abin takaici ne. Ainihin ra'ayin fim ɗin ya fito ne daga masanin kimiyya wanda ke son mutane su fahimci haɗarin, ba ɗaukaka lalacewa ba. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya rubuta wa Donna Reed, waccan kyakkyawar mace wacce ta auri Jimmy Stewart a ciki Rayuwa mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ta samu kwalla tana birgima. Daga nan sai ya birkice da rauni mai ƙarfi na tsawon watanni 15 kuma ga shi, turmin silima ya fito.

Babu wata tambaya game da faɗin gaskiya. Fim ne. Kuna yin abubuwa sama. Kuma kun sanya shi duka a cikin hanya guda. Rubutun wannan fim ɗin yana ɗauke da wasu lokuta kowane irin maganganun banza waɗanda ba su dawwama, kamar Nazis da ke ba wa Jafananci bam ɗin nukiliya - da Jafananci suna kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don masanan Nazi, daidai yadda ya kasance a cikin duniyar gaske a wannan lokacin lokacinda sojojin Amurka suke kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje don masana kimiyyar Nazi (banda batun amfani da masana kimiyyar Jafanawa). Babu ɗayan wannan da ya fi dacewa The Man a cikin Babban Castle, don ɗaukar misalin kwanan nan na shekaru 75 na wannan kayan, amma wannan ya kasance da wuri, wannan ya kasance mai mahimmanci. Maganar banza da ba ta shiga cikin wannan fim ɗin ba, kowa bai gama gaskatawa da koyar da ɗalibai shekaru da yawa ba, amma cikin sauƙi zai iya samu. Masu shirya fim ɗin sun ba da ikon gyara ƙarshe ga sojojin Amurka da Fadar White House, ba ga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da ƙima ba. Yawancin ragowa masu kyau da raƙuman hauka sun kasance na ɗan lokaci a cikin rubutun, amma an ƙwace su saboda dacewar furofaganda.

Idan wani ta'aziyya ne, zai iya zama mafi muni. Paramount yana cikin tseren fim ɗin makaman nukiliya tare da MGM kuma yana aiki Ayn Rand don tsara rubutun ɗan kishin ƙasa-jari-hujja. Layin rufewar ta shine "Mutum zai iya cin gajiyar sararin samaniya - amma babu wanda zai iya cin gajiyar mutum." Abin farin cikin mu duka, bai yi nasara ba. Abin takaici, duk da John Hersey Gidan Bell don Adano kasancewa mafi kyawun fim fiye da Farkon ko ƙarshe, littafinsa mafi kyawun sayarwa akan Hiroshima bai yi sha'awar kowane ɗakunan studio ba don kyakkyawan labarin fim ne. Abin takaici, Dr. Strangelove ba zai bayyana ba har zuwa 1964, wanda a wannan lokacin mutane da yawa a shirye suke su yi tambaya game da amfani da “bam ɗin” a nan gaba amma ba amfani da baya ba, yana mai sanya duk tambayar yin amfani da gaba ba mai rauni ba. Wannan alaƙar da makaman nukiliya daidai yake da yaƙe -yaƙe gaba ɗaya. Jama'ar Amurka na iya tambayar duk yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba, har ma da waɗancan yaƙe -yaƙe da aka ji daga shekarun 75 da suka gabata, amma ba WWII ba, yana mai ba da duk tambayoyin yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba mai rauni. A zahiri, jefa ƙuri'a na baya -bayan nan ya sami babban yarda don tallafawa yakin nukiliya na gaba da jama'ar Amurka.

A lokacin Farkon ko ƙarshe ana kwashe shi kuma ana yin fim, gwamnatin Amurka tana kamewa kuma ta nisanta kanta daga duk wani hoton da take samu na ainihin hoto ko kuma bayanan da aka yi na wuraren fashewar bam. Henry Stimson yana fuskantar lokacin Colin Powell, ana tura shi don gabatar da kara a bainar jama'a a rubuce saboda jefa bama-bamai. Arin bama-bamai ana saurin ginawa da haɓaka, kuma daukacin jama'a an fitar da su daga gidajen tsibirin su, sun yi karyar gaskiya, kuma ana amfani da su azaman labarai don labarai waɗanda a ciki aka nuna su a matsayin mahalarta masu farin cikin halakar su.

Mitchell ya rubuta cewa dalili guda daya da Hollywood ta jinkirta wa sojoji shine don amfani da jiragen sama, da sauransu, wajen samarwa, da kuma don amfani da ainihin sunayen haruffa a cikin labarin. Yana da matukar wahala in yarda da wadannan abubuwan suna da matukar muhimmanci. Tare da kasafin kudi mara iyaka yana jefa wannan abu - gami da biyan mutanen da yake baiwa veto iko - MGM na iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin da basu da kyau da girgije naman kaza. Abin farin ciki ne a rinka tunanin cewa wata rana wadanda ke adawa da kisan gilla na iya daukar wani abu kamar gini na musamman na Cibiyar "Peace" ta Amurka kuma suna bukatar Hollywood ta hadu da ka'idojin motsi na zaman lafiya domin yin fim a can. Amma ba shakka motsi na zaman lafiya bashi da kuɗi, Hollywood ba ta da sha'awa, kuma kowane gini ana iya kwaikwayon shi a wani wuri. Hiroshima na iya zama an kwaikwaya a wani wuri, kuma a cikin fim ɗin ba a nuna komai ba. Babbar matsalar a nan ita ce akida da halaye na biyayya.

Akwai dalilai na tsoron gwamnati. FBI tana leken asirin mutanen da abin ya shafa, ciki har da masana kimiyyar fata kamar J. Robert Oppenheimer wanda ya ci gaba da ba da shawara kan fim din, yana kukan tsananinsa, amma ba ya kusantar yin adawa da shi. Wani sabon Red Scare ya fara shigowa. Masu iko suna amfani da ikon su ta hanyoyin da suka saba.

Kamar yadda samar da Farkon ko ƙarshe iskoki zuwa ga kammalawa, yana gina irin ƙarfin da bam ɗin yayi. Bayan rubutattun takardu da takardar kudi da bita da yawa, da aiki da yawa da sumbatar jaki, babu yadda ɗakin studio ba zai saki ba. Lokacin da ƙarshe ya fito, masu sauraro ƙanana ne kuma bita sun cakuɗe. The New York kullum PM ya sami fim ɗin “mai ƙarfafawa,” wanda nake tsammanin shine ainihin asasin. Ofishi ya cika.

Ƙarshen Mitchell shine cewa bam ɗin Hiroshima shine "yajin aiki na farko," kuma yakamata Amurka ta soke manufarta na yajin aiki na farko. Amma ba shakka ba haka bane. Yajin aiki ne kawai, yajin aiki na farko da na karshe. Babu wasu bama -baman nukiliya da za su dawo a matsayin "yajin aiki na biyu." Yanzu, a yau, haɗarin yana da haɗari kamar amfani da niyya, ko na farko, na biyu, ko na uku, kuma buƙatar ita ce a ƙarshe ta shiga cikin manyan gwamnatocin duniya waɗanda ke neman kawar da makaman nukiliya gaba ɗaya - wanda, ba shakka, sautin mahaukaci ne ga duk wanda ya shigar da labarin tarihin WWII.

Akwai ayyukan fasaha mafi kyau fiye da Farkon ko ƙarshe cewa zamu iya juyowa don tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi. Misali, Shekaru na Golden, wani labari da Gore Vidal ya buga a 2000 tare da kyawu masu ƙyalli Washington Post, da kuma Binciken Littafin New York Times, ba a taɓa yin fim ba, amma yana ba da labari kusa da gaskiya.[xxvii] In Shekaru na Golden, muna bin bayan duk ƙofofin da aka rufe, yayin da Burtaniya ke tursasawa Amurka shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II, yayin da Shugaba Roosevelt ya yi alƙawarin yin murabus ga Firayim Minista Churchill, yayin da masu warkarwa ke amfani da babban taron Republican don tabbatar da cewa ɓangarorin biyu sun zaɓi 'yan takara a 1940 don yin kamfen kan zaman lafiya yayin da ake shirin yaƙi, kamar yadda Roosevelt ke fatan yin tazarce a karo na uku a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na yaƙi amma dole ne ya gamsu da fara wani daftari da kamfen a matsayin shugaban daftarin lokaci a lokacin da ake tunanin haɗarin ƙasa, kuma kamar yadda Roosevelt ke aiki don tayar da hankali. Japan ta kai hari kan jadawalin da yake so.

Sannan akwai masanin tarihi da tsohon ɗan littafin WWII Howard Zinn na littafin 2010, Bomb.[xxviii] Zinn ya bayyana sojojin Amurka da suka fara amfani da napalm ta hanyar jefa su ko'ina cikin garin Faransa, ƙona kowa da duk abin da ya taɓa. Zinn yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin jiragen, yana shiga cikin wannan mummunan laifin. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu 1945, yakin a Turai ya ƙare. Kowa ya san yana ƙarewa. Babu wani dalili na soja (idan ba haka ba ne oxymoron) don kai farmaki kan Jamusawa da ke tsaye kusa da Royan, Faransa, ƙasa kaɗan don ƙone Faransawa maza, mata, da yara a garin har zuwa mutuwa. Turawan Burtaniya sun riga sun lalata garin a watan Janairu, makamancin haka sun jefa bam a cikinta saboda makwabta da sojojin Jamus, a wani abin da ake kira babban kuskure. An yi la'akari da wannan kuskuren kuskure a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙi wanda ba makawa, kamar yadda aka samu munanan bama -bamai waɗanda suka sami nasarar isa ga maƙasudin Jamusawa, kamar dai yadda bam ɗin Royan daga baya da napalm. Zinn ya zargi Babban Kwamandan Hadin gwiwa don neman ƙara "nasara" a cikin makonni na ƙarshe na yaƙin da aka riga aka ci nasara. Ya dora alhakin burin kwamandojin yankin. Ya dora laifin sojan saman na Amurka na gwada sabon makami. Kuma yana ɗora alhakin duk wanda abin ya shafa - wanda dole ne ya haɗa kansa da kansa - don "mafi maƙasudi na duka: ɗabi'ar biyayya, koyarwar duniya na dukkan al'adu, kada ku fita kan layi, ba ma tunanin abin da mutum bai kasance ba. da aka ba shi don yin tunani game da, muguwar manufar rashin ko dai dalili ko nufin yin ccedto. ”

Lokacin da Zinn ya dawo daga yaƙin Turai, ya yi tsammanin za a tura shi yaƙi a cikin tekun Pacific, har sai da ya gani ya kuma yi farin ciki da ganin labarin bam ɗin atomic akan Hiroshima. Shekaru kawai bayan haka Zinn ya fahimci laifin da ba za a iya gafartawa ba na babban adadin da ya sa aka jefa bama -baman nukiliya a Japan, ayyukan da suka yi kama ta wasu hanyoyi zuwa harin bam na Royan. Yaƙin da Japan ya riga ya ƙare, Jafananci suna neman zaman lafiya kuma suna son mika wuya. Japan ta nemi kawai cewa a ba ta izinin kiyaye sarkinta, buƙatar da daga baya aka ba ta. Amma, kamar napalm, bama -baman nukiliya makamai ne da ke buƙatar gwaji.

Zinn kuma ya koma don wargaza dalilan tatsuniyoyin da Amurka ta kasance cikin yakin da za a fara. Amurka, Ingila, da Faransa sun kasance manyan dauloli masu goyan bayan hare -haren kasashen duniya a wurare kamar Philippines. Sun yi adawa da hakan daga Jamus da Japan, amma ba tashin hankali ba. Yawancin kwano da robar Amurka sun fito ne daga Kudu maso Yammacin Pacific. Amurka ta bayyana shekaru da dama rashin damuwarta ga Yahudawan da ake kai wa hari a Jamus. Ta kuma nuna rashin nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kula da Amurkawan Afirka da Amurkawan Japan. Franklin Roosevelt ya bayyana kamfen ɗin tashin bam na fascist akan yankunan farar hula a matsayin "rashin mutuncin ɗan adam" amma sannan ya yi haka a kan mafi girman girma zuwa biranen Jamus, wanda ya biyo bayan ɓarna akan ƙimar Hiroshima da Nagasaki - ayyukan da suka zo bayan shekaru dehumanizing Japan. Sanin cewa yakin na iya ƙare ba tare da wani tashin bama -bamai ba, kuma yana sane da cewa za a kashe fursunonin yaƙin Amurka da bam ɗin da aka jefa a Nagasaki, sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da jefa bama -baman.

Haɗawa da ƙarfafa duk tatsuniyoyin WWII shine babban tatsuniyoyin da Ted Grimsrud, bayan Walter Wink, ya kira "tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa," ko "imani mai kama da addini cewa za mu iya samun 'ceto' ta hanyar tashin hankali.” A sakamakon wannan tatsuniya, Grimsrud ya rubuta, “Mutane a cikin duniyar zamani (kamar yadda suke a tsohuwar duniya), kuma ba mafi ƙarancin mutane a Amurka na Amurka ba, suna ba da babban imani ga kayan tashin hankali don samar da tsaro da yuwuwar nasara akan abokan gabansu. Ana iya ganin adadin amintattun da mutane suka sanya a cikin irin waɗannan kayan aikin wataƙila a bayyane a cikin adadin albarkatun da suke bayarwa don shirye -shiryen yaƙi. ”[xxix]

Mutane ba da gangan suke zaɓar yin imani da tatsuniyoyin WWII da tashin hankali ba. Grimsrud yayi bayani: “Wani ɓangare na tasirin wannan tatsuniyar ta samo asali ne daga rashin ganin sa a matsayin tatsuniya. Mu kan ɗauka cewa tashin hankali wani ɓangare ne na yanayin abubuwa; muna ganin yarda tashin hankali ya zama gaskiya, ba bisa imani ba. Don haka ba mu san kanmu ba game da girman imani na yarda da tashin hankali. Muna tunanin mu sani a matsayin gaskiya mai sauƙi cewa tashin hankali yana aiki, tashin hankali ya zama dole, cewa tashin hankali babu makawa. Ba mu gane cewa a maimakon haka, muna aiki a fagen imani, na tatsuniyoyi, na addini, dangane da yarda da tashin hankali. ”[xxx]

Yana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tserewa tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa, saboda yana can tun ƙuruciya: “Yara suna jin labari mai sauƙi a cikin zane -zane, wasannin bidiyo, fina -finai, da littattafai: mu masu kyau ne, abokan gaban mu mugaye ne, hanya ɗaya tilo don magance da mugunta shine kayar da shi da tashin hankali, mu mirgine.

Labarin tashin hankali na fansa yana danganta kai tsaye da tsakiyar ƙasar-jihar. Jin daɗin alumma, kamar yadda shugabanninta ya bayyana, shine mafi ƙima ga rayuwa anan duniya. Ba za a iya samun alloli kafin al'umma ba. Wannan tatsuniya ba wai kawai ta kafa addinin kishin ƙasa a tsakiyar jihar ba, har ma tana ba da ikon allahntaka na mulkin ƙasa. . . . Yaƙin Duniya na II da abin da ya biyo baya kai tsaye ya hanzarta juyin halittar Amurka zuwa cikin rundunar soji da. . . wannan aikin soji ya dogara ne da tatsuniyar tashin hankali don fansa. Amurkawa na ci gaba da rungumar tatsuniyar tashin hankali na fansa har ma da fuskantar shaidu da ke nuna cewa sakamakon yakar ta ya lalata dimokradiyyar Amurka kuma yana lalata tattalin arzikin kasar da muhallin jiki. . . . A kwanan nan kamar ƙarshen 1930s, kashe sojan Amurka ya kasance kaɗan kuma sojojin siyasa masu ƙarfi sun yi adawa da shiga cikin 'ɓarkewar ƙasashen waje'. "[xxxi]

Kafin WWII, Grimsrud ya lura, “lokacin da Amurka ta shiga rikicin soja. . . a karshen rikicin kasar ta wargaje. . . . Tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ba a sami cikakken ɓarna ba saboda mun tashi kai tsaye daga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa Yakin Cacar Baki zuwa Yaƙin Ta'addanci. Wato mun shiga wani yanayi inda 'kowane lokaci lokutan yaƙi ne.' . . . Me yasa wadanda ba fitattu ba, waɗanda ke ɗaukar mummunan halin kaka ta rayuwa a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi na dindindin, za su miƙa kai ga wannan tsari, har ma a lokuta da yawa suna ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi? . . . Amsar tana da sauƙi: alkawarin ceto. ”[xxxii]

[i] Sabatini ya ƙare fama da baƙin ciki, fargaba, da rashin lafiya. Duba Luana Rosato, Jaridar, "Miss Italia, Alice Sabatini: 'Dopo la vittoria sono caduta in depression'," Janairu 30, 2020, https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/miss-italia-alice-sabatini-vittoria-depressione-1818934 .html

[ii] Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The Guardian, "Labarin Kyakkyawan Yaƙin," Disamba 9, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/09/-sp-myth-of-the-good-war

[iii] Labarin Raw, Youtube.com, "Trump ya yi ba'a da sake sunan sansanonin Confederate ta hanyar ba da shawarar sanya musu sunan Al Sharpton," Yuli 19, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7Qer5K3pw4&feature=emb_logo

[iv] Studs Terkel, Good War: Tarihin Maganar Yakin Duniya na II (The New Press, 1997).

[v] WikiLeaks, "Jawabin Biyan HRC," https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/927

[vi] Binciken Bada Bama-bamai na Amurka: Gwagwarmayar Japan don kawo karshen Yaƙin, 1 ga Yuli, 1946, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/united-states-strategic-bombing-survey-japans-struggle-end- War? documentid = NA & pagenumber = 50

[vii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 164.

[viii] Bard Memorandum, Yuni 27, 1945, http://www.dannen.com/decision/bardmemo.html

[ix] Christian Kriticos, Miliyoyin, "Gayyata don Nunawa: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima' a 70," Agusta 31, 2016, https://themillions.com/2016/08/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[X] Christian Kriticos, Miliyoyin, "Gayyata don Nunawa: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima' a 70," Agusta 31, 2016, https://themillions.com/2016/08/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[xi] Takardar Leo Szilard ga Shugaban, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/manhattan-project/szilard-petition.html

[xii] Rahoton Kwamitin kan Matsalolin Siyasa da zamantakewa, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/manhattan-project/franck-report.html

[xiii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 144.

[xiv] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 161.

[xv] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 166.

[xvi] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 176.

[xvii] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi na 176-177. Littafin ya ce shida daga cikin bakwai, maimakon bakwai daga takwas. Kuznick ya gaya min cewa da farko bai haɗa da Halsey ba saboda ya karɓi tauraruwarsa bayan yaƙin.

[xviii] A kan yuwuwar canza sharuddan mika wuya da kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a baya ba tare da bama -baman nukiliya ba, duba Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi na 146-149.

[xix] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 145.

[xx] Ray Raphael, Kafafan Kafa: Labarun da ke Boye Tarihin Ƙasarmu (The New Press, 2014).

[xxi] Greg Mitchell, wanda Farkon farawa ko Endarshen: Yadda Hollywood - da Amurka - suka Koyi Tsaida Damuwa da Loveaunar Bom (The New Press, 2020).

[xxii] Eric Schlosser Umurni da Gudanarwa: Makaman nukiliya, Rikicin Damasku, da Maɗaukaki na Tsaro (Litattafan Penguin, 2014).

[xxiii] Greg Mitchell, wanda Farkon farawa ko Endarshen: Yadda Hollywood - da Amurka - suka Koyi Tsaida Damuwa da Loveaunar Bom (The New Press, 2020).

[xxiv] "Farko Ko Ƙarshe = Fim ɗin Classic," https://archive.org/details/TheBeginningOrTheEndClassicFilm

[xxv] Oliver Stone da Peter Kuznick, Tarihin Ba da Labari na Amurka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), shafi. 144.

[xxvi] Greg Mitchell, wanda Farkon farawa ko Endarshen: Yadda Hollywood - da Amurka - suka Koyi Tsaida Damuwa da Loveaunar Bom (The New Press, 2020).

[xxvii] Gore Vidal, Zamanin Zinariya: Littafin Novel (Vintage, 2001).

[xxviii] Howard Zin, Bomb (Littafin Lights City, 2010).

[xxix] Ted Grimsrud, Kyakkyawan Yaƙin da Ba Shi ba kuma Me yasa yake da mahimmanci: Labarin ɗabi'a na Yaƙin Duniya na II (Littafin Cascade, 2014), shafi na 12-17.

[xxx] Ted Grimsrud, Kyakkyawan Yaƙin da Ba Shi ba kuma Me yasa yake da mahimmanci: Labarin ɗabi'a na Yaƙin Duniya na II (Litattafan Cascade, 2014).

[xxxi] Ted Grimsrud, Kyakkyawan Yaƙin da Ba Shi ba kuma Me yasa yake da mahimmanci: Labarin ɗabi'a na Yaƙin Duniya na II (Litattafan Cascade, 2014).

[xxxii] Ted Grimsrud, Kyakkyawan Yaƙin da Ba Shi ba kuma Me yasa yake da mahimmanci: Labarin ɗabi'a na Yaƙin Duniya na II (Litattafan Cascade, 2014).