Anan Akwai Hanyoyi 12 na mamayar Amurkawa kan Iraki

Na Medea Benjamin da Nicolas SJ Davies, 17 ga Maris, 2020

Yayinda duniya ke cike da mummunan bala'in cutar sankara, amma a ranar 19 ga Maris gwamnatin Trump za ta yi bikin tunawa da ranar 17 ga mamayar Amurka a Iraki. tarawa rikici a can. Bayan da sojojin da ke da alaka da Iran suka ce sun kai hari kan wani sansanin Amurka kusa da Bagadaza a ranar 11 ga Maris, rundunar sojin Amurka ta kai hare-hare a kan masana'antun makaman na soja guda biyar tare da sanar da cewa ta tura karin jigilar jiragen sama biyu zuwa yankin, gami da sabon makami mai linzami na Patriot tsarin da daruruwan karin sojoji don sarrafa su. Wannan ya saba wa Ranar Janairu na majalisar Irakin da ta yi kira ga sojojin Amurka su bar kasar. Har ila yau, hakan ya sabawa tunanin yawancin Bahaushe, wanda tunani yakin Iraq bai cancanci yin gwagwarmaya ba, kuma a kan yakin neman zaben Donald Trump na kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe marasa iyaka.

Shekaru goma sha bakwai da suka gabata, sojojin Amurka suka kai hari tare da mamaye Iraki da karfi 460,000 sojojin daga dukkan ayyukanta na makamai, da goyan baya 46,000 Burtaniya sojoji, 2,000 daga Ostiraliya da kaɗan kaɗan daga Poland, Spain, Portugal da Denmark. “Girgiza da firgita” jirgin sama ya harba 29,200 boma-bomai da makamai masu linzami kan Iraki a farkon makonni biyar na yakin.

Mamayar Amurka wani laifin zalunci karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, kuma ya kasance yana adawa da mutane da ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da 30 mutane miliyan wanda ya hau kan tituna a cikin kasashe 60 a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2003, don nuna bacin ransu cewa wannan na iya faruwa da gaske a farkon karni na 21. Fitaccen malamin tarihin nan Ba'amurke Arthur Schlesinger Jr., wanda ya kasance marubuci mai magana da yawun Shugaba John F. Kennedy, ya yi la’akari da mamayar da Amurka ta yiwa Iraki da kisan gilla da Japan ta yi kan Pearl Harbor a 1941 kuma ya rubuta, "A yau, mu Amurkawa ne da ke rayuwa cikin ɓarna."

Shekaru goma sha bakwai daga baya, sakamakon mamayewa ya rayu har ya ji tsoron duk wadanda suka yi adawa da shi. Yaƙe-yaƙe da tashin hankali suna ɓarna ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma rarrabuwa akan yaƙi da zaman lafiya a Amurka da ƙasashen Yammacin duniya suna ƙalubalantar mu duba mai zabi sosai na kanmu kamar ci gaba, al'ummomin wayewa. Anan ne zamu duba 12 daga cikin mummunan sakamakon yakin na Amurka a Iraq.

1. An kashe Miliyoyin Iraki da Rauni

Bayanai game da adadin mutanen da aka kashe a mamayewa da mamayar Iraki sun bambanta sosai, amma har ma da mafi yawan ra'ayin mazan jiya kimomi Dangane da rahoton rarrabuwar kawuna na mafi ƙarancin tabbacin mutuwar suna cikin ɗaruruwan dubban. Mai tsanani binciken kimiyya an kiyasta cewa 'yan Iraki 655,000 ne suka mutu a cikin farkon shekaru uku na yakin, kuma kimanin miliyan a watan Satumbar 2007. Tashe-tashen hankulan Amurka ko' karuwa 'ya ci gaba a cikin 2008, rikicin rikice-rikice ya ci gaba daga 2009 har zuwa 2014. Sannan a cikin sabon kamfen ɗin a kan Daular Islama, Amurka da kawayenta sun fatattaki manyan biranen Iraki da Siriya fiye da 118,000 boma-bamai da mafi nauyi Fushin bindigogi tun daga yakin Vietnam. Sun rage yawancin Mosul da sauran biranen Iraki su zama bargo, kuma wani rahoton asirin na Kurdawa na Iraqi ya gano cewa fiye da 40,000 fararen hula aka kashe a Mosul kadai. Babu cikakkun karatun mace-mace na wannan sashe na ƙarshe na yakin. Baya ga duk rayukan da suka rasa, wasu karin mutane sun jikkata. Kungiyar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Gwamnatin Iraki ta ce Miliyan 2 yan Iraqis An bar nakasassu

2. Miliyoyin Morearin Iraƙi Sun Fita

Ya zuwa 2007, Babban Kwamishinan Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira na (UNHCR) ya ba da rahoton cewa kusan Miliyan 2 yan Iraqis sun tsere daga tashe-tashen hankula da hargitsi da mamaye da Iraki, galibi zuwa Jordan da Siriya, yayin da wasu miliyan 1.7 kuma suka rasa matsugunnan cikin kasar. Yakin Amurka a kan Islamic State ya dogara ne da kai harin bam da manyan bindigogi, ya lalata gidaje da yawa gudun hijira wani abin mamaki mai yawan ‘yan Iraki miliyan 6 daga 2014 zuwa 2017. A cewar UNHCR, Mutane miliyan 4.35 sun koma gidajensu kamar yadda yaƙi a kan IS ya lalata, amma mutane da yawa suna fuskantar “lalata kaddarori, lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa da rashin wadatar rayuwa da kuma hanyoyin kuɗi, wanda a wasu lokuta [ya] kai ga sakandare gudun hijira. ” Yaran 'yan gudun hijirar Iraki suna wakiltar "wani ƙarni wanda rikici ya rutsa da shi, an hana shi ilimi da dama," bisa lafazin Wakiliyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Musamman Cecilia Jimenez-Damary.

3. An kashe dubunnan Amurkawa, Biritaniya da Sauran Sojojin Kasashen waje da rauni

Yayinda rundunar sojan Amurka tayi watsi da illolin Iraki, amma takamaiman aikinta tana kuma wallafa nata. Daga Fabrairu 2020, 4,576 sojojin Amurka da kuma sojojin Biritaniya 181 aka kashe a Iraki, haka zalika wasu sojoji 142 da suka mallaki kasashen waje. Fiye da kashi 93 cikin 68 na sojojin mamayar kasashen waje da aka kashe a Iraqin Amurkawa ne. A Afghanistan, inda Amurka ke samun ƙarin tallafi daga NATO da sauran abokan kawancen, kashi 2011% na sojojin mamaye da aka kashe sune Amurkawa. Yawancin raunin Amurkawa a Iraki na ɗaya daga cikin farashin da Amurkawan suka biya don haɗin kai, ba bisa ka'ida ba ga mamayar Amurka. A lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka fice daga Iraki zuwa wani lokaci a cikin XNUMX, 32,200 sojojin Amurka An ji rauni. Kamar yadda Amurka ta yi kokarin fitar da kaya da kuma mallakar ta, a kalla 917 An kuma kashe ‘yan kwangilar farar hula da masu garkuwa da mutane yayin da 10,569 suka jikkata a Iraki, amma ba dukkansu‘ yan Amurka ba ne.

4. Ko Morearin Van Havean etean Rago Sun Aikata Ya kashe kansa

Fiye da sojojin Amurka 20 da ke kashe kansu a kullun - hakan ya fi mutuwa kowace shekara sama da adadin sojojin Amurka da ke mutuwa a Iraki. Wadanda ke da kaso mafi yawa na kisan kai, matasa ne da ke da rauni a fagen fama, wadanda ke kashe kansu a kaso “4-10 sau mafi girma fiye da takwarorinsu farar hula. ” Me yasa? Kamar yadda Matthew Hoh na Tsohon soji na Peace ya yi bayani, da yawa daga mayaƙan 'gwagwarmaya don sake shiga cikin jama'a,' suna jin kunyar neman taimako, suna shan nauyin abin da suka gani da aikatawa a aikin soja, ana horar da su a harbi da bindigogi, kuma suna ɗaukar hankali da tunani. raunuka na jiki waɗanda ke sa rayukansu cikin wahala.

5. Batun Batun dala

A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2003, yan kwanaki gabanin mamayar Amurka, Mataimakin Shugaban Dick Cheney ya yi hasashen cewa yakin zai iya kashe Amurka biliyan 100 sannan kuma hada hannun Amurka zai kasance na tsawon shekaru biyu. Shekaru goma sha bakwai a kan cigaba, farashin har yanzu yana hauhawa. Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Kasa (CBO) ya kiyasta farashin $ 2.4 tiriliyan don yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraq da Afghanistan a cikin 2007. Masanin tattalin arziki da ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Nobel Joseph Stiglitz da Linda Bilmes na Jami'ar Harvard sun ƙiyasta farashin yakin Iraq ɗin fiye da $ 3 tiriliyan, “Bisa ga ra'ayin mazan jiya,” a 2008. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kashe aƙalla Fam biliyan 9 a cikin farashi kai tsaye zuwa 2010. Abinda Amurka tayi kar a kashe kudi, akasin abin da Amurkawa da yawa suka yi imani da shi, shine sake gina Iraq, ƙasar da yakinmu ya lalace.

6. Rashin Tsarin Mulki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa

Yawancin maza (babu mata!) da ke guduwa Iraki a yau har yanzu tsoffin da suka zama baƙi waɗanda suka tsallaka zuwa Baghdad a cikin 2003 a kan diddigin sojojin mamaye na Amurka da Ingila. Iraqarshe Iraƙi ta sake fitarwa 3.8 miliyan ganga mai a kowace rana da samun dala biliyan 80 a shekara don fitar da mai, amma kaɗan daga wannan kuɗin yana jawo ƙasa don sake gina gidaje da aka lalata da lalace ko samar da ayyukan yi, kiwon lafiya ko ilimi ga 'yan Iraki, kawai 36 bisa dari wanda suma suna da ayyuka. Matasan Iraki sun hau kan tituna don neman a kawo karshen mummunan tsarin mulkin Iraki da aka yi a 2003 da kuma tasirin Amurka da Iran a kan siyasar Iraki. Fiye da masu zanga-zanga 600 ne sojojin gwamnati ne suka kashe su, amma zanga-zangar ta tilasta Firayim Minista Adel Abdul Mahdi yin murabus. Wani tsohon gudun hijira na kasashen yamma, Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi, dan uwan ​​tsohon firayiminista na rikon kwarya na Amurka Ayad Allawi, an zabi shi don maye gurbinsa, amma ya yi murabus a cikin makwanni bayan da Majalisar Kasar ta ki amincewa da zabukan majalisar ministocinsa. Protestungiyoyin zanga-zangar sanannen sun yi murabus Allawi da murabus ɗin, Abdul Mahdi ya amince ya ci gaba da kasancewa Firayim Minista, amma a matsayin "mai kulawa" don aiwatar da mahimman ayyuka har sai an gudanar da sabon zaɓe. Ya yi kira da a gudanar da sabon zabe a watan Disamba. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Iraki ta kasance cikin rudanin siyasa, wanda har yanzu kusan sojojin Amurka 5,000 ne ke rike da su.

7. Yaƙin basasa a Iraki ya lalata Dokar ofasashen Duniya

Lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye Iraki ba tare da amincewar Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, wanda aka kashen na farko shi ne Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tushen zaman lafiya da dokokin kasa da kasa tun yakin duniya na II, wanda ya haramta barazanar ko amfani da karfi ta kowace kasa ga wani. Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa tana ba da izinin daukar matakin soji ne kawai a matsayin dole kuma gwargwadon kariyar kare kai daga hari ko barazanar da ke gabatowa. 2002 ba bisa doka ba Koyarwar Bush na preemption ya duk duniya sun ƙi saboda ta wuce wannan ka’idar kunkuntar kuma ta ce takamaiman hakkin Amurka ne na amfani da karfin soji ba tare da izini ba “don magance barazanar da ke kunno kai,” ta hanyar tilastawa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke hukunci kan takamaiman barazanar na bukatar martanin soja ko a'a. Kofi Annan, sakatare-janar na MDD a lokacin, ya ce mamayewa ba bisa doka ba kuma zai haifar da rushewa cikin tsarin kasa da kasa, kuma shine ainihin abin da ya faru. Lokacin da Amurka ta karya Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wasu za su bi. A yau muna kallon Turkiya da Isra'ila suna bin sawun Amurka, suna kai hare-hare da mamaye Siriya da nufin ba ma mahimmacin wata ƙasa ba ce, suna amfani da mutanen Siriya a zaman kashe-kashe a wasanninsu na siyasa.

8. Laryawar Iraqarya ta Iraki ta lalata Dimokiradiyar Amurka

Na biyu wanda mamayar ta mamaye shi ne dimokiradiyyar Amurka. Majalisa ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da yaki bisa abin da ake kira "Taƙaitawa" na ƙididdigar leken asirin ƙasa (NIE) wacce ba irin wannan ba ce. The Washington Post ya ba da rahoton cewa yan majalisu guda shida ne cikin 100 da kuma yan majalisar wakilai karanta ainihin NIE. The Shafi 25 cewa sauran wakilan Majalisa sun kada kuri'unsu a kan wani daftarin da aka gabatar watanni da suka gabata "don gabatar da karar jama'a a yakin," kamar yadda daya daga cikin marubutan, CIA's Paul Pillar, daga baya ya shaida wa PBS Frontline. Ya ƙunshi maganganun ban mamaki da babu inda aka samo su a cikin ainihin NIE, kamar abin da CIA ta san wuraren 550 inda Iraq ke adana makamai masu guba da kwayoyin halitta. Sakataren Harkokin Waje Colin Powell ya maimaita yawancin waɗannan ƙaryar aikin rashin kunya A Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Fabrairu 2003, yayin da Bush da Cheney suka yi amfani da su a cikin manyan jawabai, ciki har da adireshin Kungiyar Tarayyar Soviet na 2003. Yaya dimokuradiyya - mulkin mutane - koda zai yiwu idan mutanen da muka zaɓa don wakilce mu a majalisa za su iya shiga cikin jefa kuri'a don mummunan bala'in ta hanyar amfani da irin waɗannan labaran karya?

9. Rashin Ingancin Laifukan Yaki da Tsammani

Wani wanda aka yiwa mamayar Iraki shi ne zaton cewa shugabannin Amurka da manufofinsu suna bin tsarin doka. Shekaru goma sha bakwai daga baya, yawancin Amurkawa suna ɗauka cewa shugaban zai iya jagorantar yaƙi da kashe shugabannin ƙasashen waje da waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci a yadda ya ga dama, ba tare da wani lissafin komai ba - kamar na mayaƙi. Yaushe Shugaba Obama ya ce yana son sa ido maimakon baya, kuma bai dauki kowa daga gwamnatin Bush da laifinsu ba, ya zama kamar sun daina aikata laifuka ne kuma an daidaita su a matsayin manufar Amurka. Wannan ya hada da laifukan zalunci a kan wasu ƙasashe; da kisan fararen hula a hare-haren jiragen sama da jiragen sama na Amurka; da rashin sa ido duk kiran wayar Amurka, imel, tarihin bincike da ra'ayoyi. Amma waɗannan laifuffuka ne da keta doka ta Amurka, kuma ƙin karɓar masu alhakin aikata waɗanda suka aikata waɗannan laifuffukan ya sa ya zama sauƙin a maimaita su.

10. Rushe Muhalli

A lokacin Yaƙin Gulf na farko, Amurka kika aika 340 tan na warheads da abubuwa masu fashewa da aka yi da uranium mai narkewa, wanda ya lalata ƙasa da ruwa kuma ya haifar da hauhawar cutar kansa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na "muhalli", Iraki ta sha fama da wannan konewa na yawan rijiyoyin mai; gurbata hanyoyin samun ruwa daga zubar da mai, najasa da kuma sinadarai; miliyoyin tan na rubutun daga rusa garuruwa da garuruwa; da kuma ƙona tarin asarar sojoji a cikin iska "ƙone ramuka" a yayin yaƙin. A gurbata sa ta hanyar yaki yana da alaƙa da manyan matakan lahanta haihuwar haihuwa, haihuwar haihuwa, asarar da cutar kansa (ciki har da cutar kuturta) a cikin Iraq. Har ila yau gurbataccen iska ya shafi sojojin Amurka. "Sama da sojojin Amurka da ke Iraki sama da 85,000 sun kasance… bincikar lafiya tare da matsalolin numfashi da numfashi, cututtukan daji, cututtukan cututtukan zuciya, bakin ciki da nutsuwa tun dawowa daga Iraki, ”a matsayin Guardian rahotanni. Kuma wasu yankuna na Iraki bazai taba murmurewa daga lalacewar muhalli ba.

11. Manufar Amurka ta 'Raba da doka' a cikin Iraki ta haifar da rikici a Yankin

A kasar Iraki karni na 20, 'yan Sunni sun fi karfin' yan Shi'a yawa, amma ga mafi yawan bangarorin, kabilu daban-daban suna zaune kafada da kafada a cikin yankuna masu hade da ma daurin aure. Abokai tare da iyayen Shia / Sunni da suka gauraya sun gaya mana cewa tun kafin mamayar Amurka, ba su ma san wane dan Shi'a ne ba kuma wane ne 'yan Sunni. Bayan mamayewa, Amurka ta ba da sabon tsarin mulki na 'yan Shi'a wanda tsoffin' yan gudun hijirar ke kawance da Amurka da Iran, da Kurdawa a yankin nasu mai cin gashin kansa a arewacin. Haɓaka daidaiton iko da kuma manufofin "rarrabuwa da sarautar" Amurka ya haifar da mummunar tashin hankali na yanki, gami da tsarkake kabilu na al'ummomin da ma'aikatar cikin gida ta yan wasa na mutuwa karkashin umarnin Amurka. Rarraban bangarorin da Amurka ta kwace a Iraki ya haifar da komawar kungiyar Al Qaeda da kuma bullowar kungiyar ISIS, wacce ta yi barna a daukacin yankin.

12. Sabuwar Yakin Cikakken Ciki tsakanin Amurka da Duniya mai tasowa

A lokacin da Shugaba Bush ya ayyana '' koyarwar shi 'a shekara ta 2002, Sanata Edward Kennedy kira shi "Kira ga tsohuwar mulkin Amurkawa a karni na 21 wanda babu wata al'umma da ta yarda da shi." Amma har yanzu duniya ta gaza shawo kan Amurka ta canza hanya ko kuma hada kai don adawa da tsarin soji da mulkin mallaka. Faransa da Jamus sun nuna karfin gwiwa tare da Rasha da mafi yawan kasashen Duniya ta Kudu don adawa da mamayewar mamayar Iraki a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 2003. Amma gwamnatocin kasashen yamma sun yi maraba da wannan abin a fili na Obama a matsayin kariya ga karfafa alakar gargajiyarsu da Amurka. ci gaban tattalin arziki na kwanciyar hankali da kuma matsayin ta a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin Asiya, yayin da Rasha ke ci gaba da sake gina tattalin arzikinta daga rikice rikice na talauci da talauci na shekarun 1990s. Babu wanda ya kasance a shirye don ya ƙalubalantar tsokanar Amurka har sai Amurka, NATO da abokan kawancen mulkin mallaka na Arab sun gabatar da wakoki na yaƙi da shi Libya da kuma Syria A shekara ta 2011. Bayan faduwar Libya, Rasha ta ga kamar ta yanke shawara cewa ko dai ta tsaya tsayin daka kan ayyukan canji na gwamnatin Amurka ko kuma daga baya ta fada kanta.

Tattalin arziki ya canza, duniya mai tarin yawa tana bullowa, kuma duniya tana fatan rashin fatan jama'ar Amurka da sabbin shugabannin Amurka zasuyi aiki da karfi a wannan karnin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na karni na 21 kafin hakan ya haifar da mummunan yakin Amurka da Iran. , Rasha ko China. A matsayinmu na Ba'amurke, dole ne mu yi fatan cewa imanin duniya game da yiwuwar mu kawo dimokiradiyya da kwanciyar hankali ga manufofin Amurka ba a ɓata ba. Matsayi mai kyau don farawa shine kasancewa cikin kiran da Majalisar Iraki tayi ga sojojin Amurka su fice daga Iraq.

Medea Benjamin, abokin hadin gwiwa na CODEPINK don Aminci, marubucin litattafai da yawa ne, gami da A cikin Iran: Gaskiya da Tarihin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran da kuma Mulkin Mulki: Bayan Amurka-Saudi Connection.

Nicolas JS Davies ɗan jarida ne mai zaman kansa, mai bincike na CODEPINK, kuma marubucin Jini a Hannunmu: mamayar Amurkawa da lalata Iraki.

Wannan labarin ya samo ta Tattalin arzikin zaman lafiya na gida, wani aiki na Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida mai zaman kanta.