Jahannama Shine Tunanin Wasu Mutane Game da Yaki

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Maris 30, 2023

Fassarar ta bayyana marubucin kamar haka: “Tsohon Marine Charles Douglas Lummis ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan batun huldar kasashen waje, kuma mai sukar manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da Dimokuradiyya na Radical, da Sabon Kallon Chrysanthemum da Takobi. Susan Sontag ta kira Lummis 'daya daga cikin masu tunani, masu daraja, da masu ilimin da suka dace da rubuce-rubuce game da aikin dimokiradiyya a ko'ina cikin duniya.' Karel van Wolferen ya kira shi a matsayin 'fitaccen mai lura da dangantakar Amurka da Japan.'" Na riga na san waɗannan abubuwa game da shi, amma duk da haka ina kokawa da ɗaukar littafin, kuma ba kawai don yana cikin tsarin lantarki ba. .

Ana kiran littafin Yaki Jahannama ne: Nazari a cikin Haƙƙin Halal. Marubucin ya tabbatar mani da cewa bai yi gardama da tashin hankali ba. Yayi gaskiya. Na ƙara shi cikin jerin manyan littattafan kawar da yaƙi (duba ƙasa) kuma nayi la'akari da shi mafi kyawun littafin da na karanta kwanan nan. Amma yana zuwa a ƙarshe a hankali da kuma hanya. Ba littafi ba ne a hankali. Kuna iya karanta shi a tafi daya. Amma yana farawa da hanyoyin tunani na sojan gargajiya na gargajiya kuma yana motsawa mataki-mataki zuwa wani abu mafi hikima. Tun da farko, yana ma'amala da manufar "tashin hankali," Lummis ya rubuta:

"Mun san waɗannan abubuwa, amma menene wannan sanin yake nufi? Idan sanin wani aiki ne na hankali, wane irin aiki ne 'sanin' cewa harin bam na soja ba kisa ba ne? Menene muke yi (kuma muna yi wa kanmu) sa’ad da muka ‘san’ waɗannan abubuwan? Shin wannan ba 'sanin' ba nau'i ne na 'rashin sani'? Ashe ba 'sani' ne yake buƙatar mantuwa ba? 'Sanin' cewa, maimakon sa mu tuntuɓar gaskiyar duniya, yana sa wani ɓangare na gaskiyar ba a ganuwa?"

Lummis yana jagorantar mai karatu ba tare da son rai ba don tambayar ra'ayin halaltaccen yaki, har ma da ra'ayin halaltacciyar gwamnati kamar yadda muke fahimtar gwamnatoci a halin yanzu. Idan, kamar yadda Lummis ya yi jayayya, gwamnatoci suna barata ta hanyar hana tashin hankali, amma manyan masu kisan gilla su ne gwamnatoci - ba kawai a yakin kasashen waje ba amma a yakin basasa da danniya na tayar da hankali - to menene ya rage na hujja?

Lummis ya fara da nuna cewa bai fahimci abin da ke ba mutane damar ganin tashin hankali a matsayin wani abu daban ba. Amma duk da haka ya nuna ta hanyar littafin cewa ya fahimce shi sosai kuma yana ƙoƙari ya motsa wasu su yi haka, don yin koyi da misalai da muhawara masu yawa, har zuwa fahimtar yadda za a yi. satyagraha ko kuma aikin da ba na tashin hankali ya mayar da kisan kai zuwa kisan kai ta hanyar ƙin yin aiki da sharuɗɗansa (da kuma yadda yake nuna buƙatar tarayyar ƙauyuka).

Ba na jin kallon wani abu da ya sha bamban da abin da kallo na yau da kullun zai iya ba da shawara abu ne da ba kasafai ba kwata-kwata.

Wani fim a yanzu a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka da ake kira Wani Mutum Mai Suna Otto - da littafin farko da fim Wani Mutum Mai Suna Ove — [SPOILER ALERT] ya ba da labarin wani mutum da matarsa ​​ƙaunataccensa ta rasu. Ya sha yin yunƙurin kashe kansa a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin ƙoƙarin shiga matarsa. Bakin ciki da bala'i na wannan kwatancin kawai yana ƙara damuwa da wasu don hana bala'in Otto/Ove ya kashe kansa. Ma’ana, wasu ko dukkan jaruman fim din, da suka hada da jaruman fim din, sun san sarai cewa mutuwa mutuwa ce (in ba haka ba za su kasance masu karfafa gwiwa da murnar haduwar ma’aurata cikin farin ciki a kasa mai sihiri). Amma aƙalla ɗaya daga cikinsu yana iya “gaskanta” har zuwa wani lokaci cewa mutuwa ba ta kawo ƙarshen rayuwa.

Lokacin da muka haƙura, ko yarda, ko murna don kashe mutane a yaƙi, ko ’yan sanda, ko a gidan yari, mun wuce nesa da mai cin abinci mai cin nama wanda ba ya son sanin sunayen dabbobin da ke cikin farantinsa. Ba wai kawai ana fahimtar yaki a matsayin mummunan abin takaici ba, don gujewa iyawa, ya ƙare da sauri da sauri, amma duk da haka ana yin shi azaman sabis ta waɗanda ke so da iyawa lokacin da ake buƙata. Maimakon haka, mun sani, kamar yadda Lummis ya rubuta, kisan kai a cikin yaki don kada ya zama kisa, kada ya zama mai ban tsoro, kada ya zama mai jini, abin banƙyama, bakin ciki, ko bala'i. Dole ne mu “san” wannan ko kuma ba za mu zauna tukuna ba kuma mu yi shi har abada a cikin sunayenmu.

Yayin da muke kallon mutanen birnin Paris na Faransa, sun rufe babban birninsu saboda korafe-korafen da bai kai na jama'ar Amurka ba game da gwamnatinta, ya zamana a sarari cewa duk magana a da'irar Amurka kan batun yaki - maganar zabar tsakanin yin yaƙi da yin ƙarya kawai da ƙaddamarwa - ya fito ne daga tushe guda uku: farfagandar yaƙi marar iyaka, tsauri. musun gaskiya na ikon aikin rashin tashin hankali, da kuma ɗabi'a mai zurfi na karya kawai da sallamawa. Muna buƙatar sanin gaskiya na ikon aikin rashin tashin hankali a matsayin maƙasudin yaƙi da rashin ƙarfi.

Duk da yake ina da maganganu masu yawa tare da ƙananan maki a cikin wannan littafin, yana da wuya a yi jayayya da littafin da alama yana da niyyar sa mutane suyi tunanin kansu. Amma ina fatan cewa littattafai da yawa waɗanda ke ɗaukar ra'ayin yaƙi, wanda wannan ya haɗa, zai ɗauki cibiyar kanta. A koyaushe za a sami lokuta da rashin tashin hankali ya gaza. Za a sami ƙarin inda tashin hankali ya kasa. Za a sami lokuta da ake amfani da rashin tashin hankali don dalilai marasa kyau. Za a sami ƙarin inda ake amfani da tashin hankali don dalilai marasa kyau. Wadannan hujjoji za su samar da masu goyon bayan yaki ba tare da wata hujja ba don kawar da sassan gwamnati na juriya ba tare da makamai ba, idan irin waɗannan abubuwa sun kasance, kuma suna ba da hujja kaɗan don kawar da sojoji. Amma hujjar tana yin haka:

Sojoji suna haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe, ɓarna albarkatun da za su iya ceton da inganta rayuwa mai yawa fiye da waɗanda aka rasa a yaƙe-yaƙe, haifar da haɗarin ruɗaɗɗen nukiliya, babban mai lalata halittun duniya ne, yada ƙiyayya da son zuciya da wariyar launin fata da rashin bin doka da ƙananan tashin hankali. , kuma ya zama babban cikas ga haɗin gwiwar da ya dace a duniya kan rikice-rikicen da ba na zaɓi ba.

Har ila yau, na ɗan gaji da da'awar tsohuwar da'awar cewa Kellogg Briand Pact ita ce ɗigon hoto don gazawa, kuma ba babba ba saboda Scott Shapiro's da Oona Hathaway's labari game da yadda ta canza dangantakar kasa da kasa, amma musamman saboda kowane mataki na kawar da yaki ya zuwa yanzu ya gaza, kusan kowace doka akan littattafan an keta ta sau da yawa cewa yarjejeniyar Kellogg Briand kuma duk da haka ana tunanin cewa babbar nasara ce, kuma yayin da take aikata laifuka da kyau. yaki ba zai faru ba tare da babban gwagwarmayar tashin hankali ba, yaki ba zai ƙare ba tare da hana shi yadda ya kamata ba.

DA WAR ABOLI LITTAFI:

Yaki Jahannama ne: Nazari a cikin Haƙƙin Halal, na C. Douglas Lummis, 2023.
Mafi girman sharri shine Yaki, ta Chris Hedges, 2022.
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Da'a, Tsaro, da Injin Yaki: Gaskiyar Kudin Sojoji by Ned Dobos, 2020.
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Ƙarfafa Ta Zaman Lafiya: Yadda Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa Ya haifar da Zaman Lafiya da Farin Ciki a Costa Rica, da Abin da Sauran Duniya Za Su Koyi Daga Ƙananan Ƙasar Tropical, Daga Judith Eve Lipton da David P. Barash, 2019.
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Murder Incorporated: Littafin Na Biyu: Kyautatattun Kyautataccen Amirka by Mumia Abu Jamal da Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Masu Tafiya don Aminci: Hiroshima da Nagasaki Survivors Magana by Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Tsayar da yaki da inganta zaman lafiya: Jagora ga Ma'aikatan Lafiya Edited by William Wiist da Shelley White, 2017.
Shirin Kasuwancin Zaman Lafiya: Gina Duniya Ba tare da Yaƙi ba by Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Yakin Ba Yayi Kawai by David Swanson, 2016.
Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Ƙarfin Kariya akan Yakin: Abin da Amurka ta rasa a Tarihin Tarihin Amurka da Abin da Za Mu Yi Yanzu by Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Yaƙi: Wani Kisa akan Dan Adam by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Tsarin Katolika da Zubar da Yakin da David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
War da Delusion: A Testing by Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Da Farko na Yaƙi, Ƙarshen War by Judith Hand, 2013.
Yaƙi Ba Ƙari: Shari'ar Kashewa by David Swanson, 2013.
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Daga War zuwa Zaman Lafiya: Jagora Ga Shekaru Bayanan Kent Shifferd, 2011.
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Ƙarshen War: Halin Dan Adam na Aminci by Douglas Fry, 2009.
Rayuwa Bayan War by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Isasshen Shed na jini: 101 Magani ga Rikici, Ta'addanci, da Yaƙi ta Mary-Wynne Ashford tare da Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Earth: Sabon Makamai na Yaki ta Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Samari Zasu Zama Maza: Karya Alakar Maza da Tashin hankali ta Myriam Miedzian, 1991.