By David SwansonAdan mun karanta Ulysses a ranar Bloomsday kowane Yuni 16th (ko ya kamata idan ba muyi hakan ba) Ina tsammanin kowane 7 ga Disamba bai kamata kawai a tuna da Babbar Doka ta 1682 da ta hana yaƙi a Pennsylvania ba amma har da alama Pearl Harbor, ba ta hanyar bikin jihar permawar da ke da ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 73, amma ta hanyar karatu The Golden Age by Gore Vidal da kuma alama tare da wani Joycean irony da zinariya shekaru na anti-isolationist mulkin kisan kai-kisan da ya kewaye da rayuwar kowane dan Amurka a karkashin 73 shekaru.
Ya kamata Ranar Zinare ta haɗa da karatun jama'a na littafin Vidal da kyawawan abubuwan amincewa da shi ta hanyar Washington Post, New York Times Review Review, da kowane sauran takardun kamfanoni a cikin shekara ta 2000, wanda kuma aka sani da shekara ta 1 BWT (kafin yakin kan terra). Babu ɗayan ɗayan waɗannan jaridu da na taɓa sani, wanda a sanina, ya buga cikakken bincike kai tsaye game da yadda Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya ja Amurka zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II. Duk da haka littafin Vidal - wanda aka gabatar dashi a matsayin almara, amma ya dogara kacokan akan abubuwanda aka rubuta - ya ba da labarin tare da cikakken gaskiya, kuma ko ta yaya nau'ikan da aka yi amfani da su ko asalin marubucin ko fasaharsa ta rubutu ko kuma tsawon littafin (shafuka da yawa don manyan editoci su zama damu da) ba shi lasisi don faɗan gaskiya.
Hakika, wasu mutane sun karanta The Golden Age kuma ya nuna rashin amincewarta, amma ya kasance mai daraja mai girma. Ina iya cutar da dalilin ta hanyar rubutun game da abun ciki. Trick, wanda na bayar da shawarar ga kowa da kowa, shine bada ko bayar da shawarar littafin ga wasu ba tare da gaya musu abin da ke ciki.
Duk da cewa 'yar fim kasancewarta babban jigo a littafin, ba a sanya ta a fim ba, kamar yadda na sani - amma wani abin da ya zama gama gari na karatun jama'a na iya haifar da hakan.
In Shekaru na Golden, muna bin gaba cikin dukkan ƙofofi, yayin da Birtaniya ta tura turawa Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da shugaban kasar Roosevelt ya yi alkawurra ga Firayim Minista Winston Churchill, yayin da masu yin sulhu suka yi amfani da yarjejeniyar Republican don tabbatar da cewa biyu jam'iyyun za su zabi 'yan takara a 1940 shirye su yi yakin neman zaman lafiya a lokacin yakin basasa, kamar yadda FDR ta yi ƙoƙari ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa amma ba dole ba ne ya fara zama dan takarar shugaban kasa amma dole ne ya fara jin dadinsa tare da farawa da kuma yunkurin zama shugaban kasa a lokacin da ake zaton hatsarin kasa, da kuma yadda FDR ke aiki, don tayar da Japan, game da wa] ansu shirye-shirye.
Kirari mai ban tsoro ne. Roosevelt ya yi kamfen kan zaman lafiya (“ban da harin”), kamar Wilson, kamar Johnson, kamar Nixon, kamar Obama, da kuma irin waɗannan membobin Majalisar da aka sake zaba yayin da suke bayyana a fili kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba suka ƙi tsayawa ko ba da izinin yakin na yanzu. Roosevelt, kafin zabe, ya sanya Henry Stimson a matsayin Sakataren Yaki mai son yaki ba gaba daya ba Ash Carter a matsayin wanda aka zaba na Sakataren "Tsaro."
Zamanin Ranar Zaman Lafiya zai iya haɗawa da wasu abubuwan da aka sani game da al'amarin:
A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya gabatar da sanarwar yaƙi a kan Japan da Jamus, amma ya yanke shawarar ba zai yi aiki ba kuma ya tafi tare da Japan shi kaɗai. Jamus, kamar yadda aka zata, da sauri ta shelanta yaƙi da Amurka.
FDR ta yi kokarin kwance ga jama'ar Amurka game da jiragen ruwan Amurka ciki har da Greer da Kerny, wanda ya taimaka wa jiragen saman Birtaniya su yi wa Jamus jiragen ruwa, amma abin da Roosevelt ya dauka an kai shi ba tare da laifi ba.
Roosevelt ya kuma yi ƙarya cewa yana da taswirar taswirar Nazi mai ɓoye na kudancin Amirka, da kuma shirin Nazi na asiri don maye gurbin dukan addinai tare da Nazism.
Bisa ga watan Disamba na 6, 1941, kashi 80 cikin 100 na jama'ar Amirka, sun shiga shiga yakin. Amma Roosevelt ya riga ya kafa wannan shirin, ya kunna Masarautar Tsaro, ya gina babbar Rundunar ruwa a cikin teku biyu, ya sayar da tsoffin mayaƙa zuwa Ingila don musayar kasusuwan asusunsa a cikin Caribbean da Bermuda, kuma a asirce sun umarci tsara lissafin kowane Jafananci da Jafananci-Amurka a Amurka.
A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1941, Churchill ya rubuta wasiƙar sirri ga majalissar sa ta yaƙi: “Ana iya ɗaukar kusan cewa shigar Japan cikin yaƙi zai biyo bayan shigowar Amurka nan da nan a gefenmu.”
A ranar 18 1941, 10, Churchill ya sadu da gidansa a 23 Downing Street. Taron ya kasance da kama da 2002 1941 na Yuli, XNUMX, tare da su a wannan adireshin, minti daya da suka zama sanannun Minishin Downing Street. Dukansu tarurruka sun bayyana asirin Amurka da nufin shiga yaki. A cikin taron na XNUMX, Churchill ya shaida wa majalisarsa, cewar minti: "Shugaban ya ce za ya yi yaki amma ba a bayyana shi ba." Bugu da ƙari, "Duk abin da za a yi don sa ido kan lamarin."
Daga tsakiyar 1930s masu rajin kawo zaman lafiya a Amurka - wadancan mutanen suna da haushi daidai game da yaƙe-yaƙen Amurka na baya-bayan nan - suna tafe don adawa da adawa da Amurka da Japan da Navy na shirin yaƙi a Japan - Maris 8, 1939, wanda fasalinsa ya bayyana "yaƙin yaƙi na dogon lokaci ”wanda zai lalata soja kuma ya dagula rayuwar tattalin arzikin Japan.
A Janairu 1941, da Japan Advertiser ya nuna fushinsa game da Pearl Harbor a cikin edita, kuma jakadan Amurka a Japan ya rubuta a cikin littafin nasa: “Akwai maganganu da yawa a kusa da gari game da cewa Jafananci, idan sun huta da Amurka, suna shirin tafi duka cikin harin bazata da aka kai kan tashar jirgin ruwan Pearl. Tabbas na sanar da gwamnatina. ”
Ranar Fabrairu 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ya rubuta wa Sakataren War Henry Stimson cewa ya yi gargadin yiwuwar wani hari mai ban mamaki a Pearl Harbor.
A farkon 1932 Amurka ta yi magana da kasar Sin game da samar da jiragen sama, matukan jirgi, da horo don yaki da Japan. A watan Nuwamba na 1940, Roosevelt ta bai wa kasar Sin dala miliyan dari don yaki da Japan, bayan da ya yi shawarwari tare da Sakataren Harkokin Gida na Birtaniya, Henry Morgenthau, na Birtaniya, ya shirya shirin tura bama-bamai na kasar Sin tare da ma'aikatan Amurka don amfani da bom a Tokyo da sauran biranen Japan.
A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1940, Ministan Kudi na TV din Soong da Kanar Claire Chennault, wani sojan Amurka da ya yi ritaya wanda ke yi wa Sinawa aiki kuma ya ke ta kira su da su yi amfani da matukan jirgin Amurka su jefa bam a Tokyo tun a kalla 1937, sun hadu a cin abincin Henry Morgenthau daki don shirya bama-baman Japan. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya sa a saki maza daga aiki a rundunar sojan sama ta Amurka idan Sinawa za su iya biyan su $ 1,000 a kowane wata. Soong ya yarda.
Ranar Mayu 24, 1941, da New York Times ya ba da rahoto game da horar da Amurka ta ba da rundunar sojojin sama ta Sin, da kuma samar da “yaƙe-yaƙe da jiragen sama masu yawa na bama-bamai” daga Amurka. "Ana tsammanin Bama-bamai a Garuruwan Japan," karanta ƙaramin kan layi.
A watan Yuli, Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Sojojin Ruwa ya amince da wani shiri da ake kira JB 355 don cinnawa Japan wuta. Wani kamfani na gaba zai sayi jiragen Amurka wanda voluntean sa kai na Amurka waɗanda Chennault suka horar kuma wasu flowungiyar gaba zasu biya su. Roosevelt ya amince, kuma masanin sa na China Lauchlin Currie, a cikin lafazin Nicholson Baker, "ya sanya Madame Chaing Kai-Shek da Claire Chennault wata wasika da ta yi rokon da 'yan leken asirin Japan su yi katsalandan." Ko ba komai wannan shi ne batun, wannan ita ce wasikar: “Ina matukar farin cikin samun rahoton yau Shugaban kasa ya ba da umarnin a samar da bama-bamai sittin da shida ga kasar Sin a bana tare da isar da ashirin da hudu nan take. Ya kuma amince da shirin horar da matukan jirgi na kasar Sin a nan. Cikakkun bayanai ta hanyoyin al'ada. Gaisuwa mai dadi. ”
Rundunar 'Yan Taimakon Harkokin Watsa Labaran {asar Amirka (AVG) na 1st, wadda aka fi sani da Flying Tigers, ta ci gaba da tattarawa da kuma horarwa nan da nan kuma an ba su zuwa China kafin Pearl Harbor.
A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1941, a cikin Kare Amurka daga Yaƙin War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin ya ba da gargaɗi mai tsanani: “Aauracewa tattalin arzikin Japan gabaɗaya, dakatar da jigilar mai alal misali, zai tura Japan cikin hannun Axis. Yakin tattalin arziki zai kasance share fage ne na yakin ruwa da na soja. ”
A ranar 24 ga Yulin, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ce, “Idan muka yanke mai, [Jafananci] da alama ya sauka zuwa Indiyawan Gabas ta Tsakiya shekara guda da ta wuce, kuma da kun yi yaƙi. Yana da matukar mahimmanci daga ra'ayinmu na son kai na kariya don hana yaƙi daga farawa a Kudancin Pacific. Don haka manufofinmu na kasashen waje na kokarin dakatar da yakin ballewa a wurin. ” Masu rahoto sun lura cewa Roosevelt ya ce "ya kasance" maimakon "shine." Kashegari, Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin zartar da hukuncin daskare kadarorin Japan. Amurka da Birtaniyya sun yanke mai da karafa zuwa Japan. Radhabinod Pal, wani masanin shari’a dan kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a kotun hukunta laifukan yaki bayan yakin, ya kira takunkumin a matsayin “bayyananniya kuma mai matukar barazanar kasancewar Japan,” kuma ya kammala da cewa Amurka ta tunzura Japan.
A ranar 7 1941, XNUMX, da Japan Advertiser ya rubuta cewa: "Da farko an halicci wani abu mai ban tsoro a Singapore, sojojin Britaniya da Empire sun ƙarfafa su sosai. Daga wannan ɗakin an gina wata babbar ƙafa kuma an haɗa shi da asusun Amurka don samar da babbar murya a cikin babban yanki a kudu da yamma daga Philippines ta hanyar Malaya da Burma, tare da haɗin ginin da ke cikin yankunan tsibirin Thailand. Yanzu an samar da shi ne don hada da ruɗun da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke zuwa Rangoon. "
A watan Satumbar da ya gabata, manema labaru na Japan ya yi fushi da cewa Amurka ta fara sayar da man fetur a Japan zuwa Rasha. Kasar Japan, jaridarta ta ce, tana mutuwa ne da jinkirin mutuwar "yaki da tattalin arziki."
A ƙarshen Oktoba, Ambasada Edgar Mower na Amurka yana aiki ne ga Colonel William Donovan wanda ya ziyarci Roosevelt. Mower ya yi magana da wani mutum a Manila wanda ake kira Ernest Johnson, memba na Hukumar Maritime, wanda ya ce ya sa ran "Japs zai dauki Manila kafin in iya fita." Lokacin da Mower ya bayyana mamaki, Johnson ya amsa ya ce "Shin, ba ku san Japan ba? Rundunar sojin ta tashi zuwa gabas, mai yiwuwa ana iya kai hari kan motoci a Pearl Harbor? "
A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1941, jakadan na Amurka ya aike da wani dogon sakon waya zuwa ga Sashen Harkokin Wajen yana mai gargadin cewa takunkumin na tattalin arziki ka iya tilasta wa Japan aikata “hara-kiri na kasa.” Ya rubuta: "Rikici da Amurka na iya zuwa da haɗari da ban mamaki kwatsam."
A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Babban hafsan Sojan Amurka George Marshall ya yi wa manema labarai bayani game da wani abu da ba mu tuna da “Tsarin Marshall.” A zahiri ba ma tuna da shi kwata-kwata. Marshall ya ce, "Muna shirya wani mummunan yaki ne kan Japan," in ji Marshall, yana neman 'yan jaridar da su rufa masa asiri, wanda kamar yadda na sani sun yi hakan ne bisa cancanta.
Kwana goma bayan haka Sakataren War Stimson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa zai hadu a Ofishin Oval tare da Marshall, Shugaba Roosevelt, Sakataren Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, da Sakataren Gwamnati Cordell Hull. Roosevelt ya gaya musu cewa akwai yiwuwar Jafananci su kai hari ba da daɗewa ba, wataƙila Litinin mai zuwa.
An yi rubuce rubuce sosai cewa Amurka ta karya lambobin Japan kuma Roosevelt ya sami damar yin amfani da su. Ta hanyar sakonnin abin da ake kira Purple code sako ne Roosevelt ya gano shirin Jamus na mamaye Rasha. Hull ne ya fallasa sakonnin Jafananci ga 'yan jaridu, wanda ya haifar da Nuwamba 30, 1941, taken "Jafananci na iya yajin aiki a karshen mako."
Cewa Litinin mai zuwa zai kasance 1 ga Disamba, kwana shida kafin harin ya zo da gaske. "Tambayar," in ji Stimson, "ita ce ta yaya za mu iya juya su zuwa matsayin harbin bindiga na farko ba tare da barin haɗari da yawa ga kanmu ba. Magana ce mai wahala. "
Kashegari bayan harin, Majalisa ta zabi yaƙi. 'Yar majalisa Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Ta tsaya ita kaɗai a jefa ƙuri'a a'a. Shekara guda bayan jefa ƙuri'a, a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1942, Rankin ya gabatar da maganganu a cikin Rikodin Majalisar yana bayanin adawa da ita. Ta ambaci aikin wani masanin farfaganda dan Burtaniya wanda yayi jayayya a cikin 1938 don amfani da Japan don kawo Amurka cikin yakin. Ta ambaci bayanin Henry Luce a cikin Life mujallar mujallar ta 20, 1942, ga "{asar China wanda {asar Amirka ta ba da kyautar da ta kawo wa Pearl Harbor." Ta gabatar da shaidar cewa, a taron na Atlantic na 12, 1941, Roosevelt, ya tabbatar da cewa, {asar Amirka za ta kawo matsalolin tattalin arziki na Japan. "Na bayyana," in ji Rankin, "a watan Disamba na 20, na 1941, na Gwamnatin Jihar, wanda ya bayyana cewa, a ranar Satumba 3, an aika da wata sanarwa zuwa {asar Japan, ta bukaci cewa, ta amince da irin yadda ake 'ba da labarin irin yadda ake samu a cikin Pacific, 'wanda ya zo ne don neman tabbacin da ba a yi ba ne a cikin kudancin Gabas.'
Rankin ya gano cewa Hukumar Tsaron Tattalin Arziki ta samu takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasa da mako guda bayan taron Atlantic. A ranar Disamba 2, 1941, da New York Times ya ce, a gaskiya, Japan ta "yanke daga kimanin 75 bisa dari na cinikayyar cinikinta ta hanyar Rundunar Allied." Rankin kuma ya ruwaito bayanin Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, a cikin Asabar Maraice Post na 10, 1942, a ranar Nuwamba 28, 1941, kwanaki tara kafin harin, mataimakin Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (wanda ya kasance mai taken "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") ya ba da umarni gareshi da wasu su "tayar da duk abin da muka gani a sararin sama da kuma bomb duk abin da muka gani a bakin teku."
Janar George Marshall ya amince da Majalisar Dattijai a 1945: An karya ka'idodin, Amurka ta kaddamar da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch-Amurka don hadin gwiwa da Japan da kuma sanya su a gaban Pearl Harbor, kuma Amurka ta sun ba da jami'an tsaro ga kasar Sin don yin gwagwarmaya a gaban Pearl Harbor.
Takardar ta Oktoba 1940 ta Laftanar Kwamanda Arthur H. McCollum ta yi aiki ne ta hanyar Shugaba Roosevelt da manyan mukarraban sa. Ya yi kira ga ayyuka guda takwas da McCollum ya annabta zai jagoranci Jafananci don kai hari, gami da shirya amfani da sansanonin Burtaniya a Singapore da kuma amfani da sansanonin Dutch a cikin yanzu Indonesia, taimaka wa gwamnatin China, aika wani yanki na nesa manyan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu zuwa Philippines ko Singapore, suna aikawa da rukuni biyu na jirgin ruwa na “Gabas,” suna kiyaye babban karfin rundunar a Hawaii, suna mai cewa Dutch ta musanta man na Japan, kuma ta kulla dukkan kasuwanci da Japan tare da hadin gwiwar Masarautar Burtaniya .
Washegari bayan bayanan McCollum, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gaya wa Amurkawa cewa su kwashe kasashen gabashin duniya, kuma Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin a tsare rundunar a Hawaii saboda tsananin adawa da Admiral James O. Richardson wanda ya ambaci Shugaban yana cewa "Ba da daɗewa ba ko daɗe Japan ɗin za su aikata nuna adawa ga Amurka kuma al'ummar kasar za su yarda su shiga yakin. ”
Sakon da Admiral Harold Stark ya aika wa Admiral Husband Kimmel a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1941, ya karanta cewa, "IDAN BAZAI SAMUN RASHIN MAKAMAI BA SAI A GUJE WA JAMI'AN JAM'IYYAR DA JAPAN YAYI HARKAR FARKO."
Joseph Rochefort, wanda ya kasance sashin bayanan sirri na rundunar sojan ruwa, wanda ya taimaka sosai wajen rashin sanar da kamfanin Pearl Harbor abin da zai zo, daga baya zai yi sharhi: “Wannan shi ne farashi mai sauki da za a biya don hada kan kasar.”
Daren bayan harin, Shugaba Roosevelt ya sami Edward R. Murrow na CBS News da Roosevelt Coordinator of Information William Donovan don cin abincin dare a Fadar White House, kuma duk abin da Shugaban ke so ya sani shi ne ko jama'ar Amurka za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Donovan da Murrow sun ba shi tabbacin mutane za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Daga baya Donovan ya fadawa mataimakinsa cewa mamakin Roosevelt ba na wasu da ke kusa da shi bane, kuma shi, Roosevelt, ya yi maraba da harin. Murrow bai sami damar yin bacci a wannan daren ba kuma ya addabe shi tsawon rayuwarsa ta hanyar abin da ya kira "babban labarin rayuwata" wanda bai taba fada ba.
Ku sami Ranar Gummar Sa'a!
