Nan Levinson, TomDispatch, Janairu 19, 2023
Ina son yin waƙa kuma abin da na fi so shi ne yin haka a saman huhuna lokacin da nake ni kaɗai. Lokacin rani na ƙarshe, yin yawo a cikin filayen masara a cikin kwarin Hudson na New York ba tare da kowa a kusa ba sai sito ya haɗiye, Na sami kaina da yin waƙa game da zaman lafiya daga shekarun da na daɗe, lokacin bazara. Wannan shi ne ƙarshen shekarun 1950, lokacin da bala'in yakin duniya na biyu ya kasance sabo ne, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kama da ci gaba mai ban sha'awa, kuma kiɗan jama'a ya kasance mai dadi.
A cikin niyyata, sau da yawa masu adalci, ko da yaushe sansani mai ban sha'awa, yara 110 sun kasance suna fama da irin wannan. alkawari mai dadi:
“Sarkin kasata ya fi na teku shudi
da hasken rana hasken rana a kan cloverleaf da Pine
amma sauran ƙasashe ma suna da hasken rana da clover
kuma sammai suna ko’ina kamar shuɗi kamar nawa”
Ya zama kamar irin wannan ma'ana, babban hanyar tunani - kamar, duh! za mu iya dukan da kaya masu kyau. Hakan ya kasance kafin in girma kuma na gane cewa manyan ba lallai ba ne su yi tunani da hankali. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, yayin da na gama ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙarshe, na yi mamaki: Wanene yake magana, balle ya yi waƙa, ta wannan hanyar game da zaman lafiya kuma? Ina nufin, ba tare da baƙin ciki ba kuma tare da bege na gaske?
Tun lokacin ramble dina, Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ya zo ya tafi. A halin yanzu, sojoji suna kashe fararen hula (kuma wani lokacin akasin haka) a wurare daban-daban Ukraine, Habasha, Iran, Syria, da West Bank, Da kuma Yemen. Haka yaci gaba da tafiya, ko ba haka ba? Kuma wannan ba ma a ambaci duk wasu sassautawa da ba su da ƙarfi, ayyukan ta’addanci (da ramuwar gayya), da murƙushe tashe-tashen hankula, da ƙaƙƙarfar tashe-tashen hankula a wannan duniyar.
Kar a fara ni, a kan yadda harshen yaki ya mamaye rayuwarmu ta yau da kullum. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Paparoma, a cikin saƙon Kirsimeti na baya-bayan nan, ya yi baƙin ciki a duniya.yunwar zaman lafiya. "
A cikin wannan duka, ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin cewa zaman lafiya zai kasance dama?
Waƙa!
Akwai iyaka ga yawan muhimmancin waƙoƙin da za su iya ɗauka, ba shakka, amma motsin siyasa mai nasara yana buƙatar sauti mai kyau. (Kamar yadda na gano lokacin rahoton to, Haƙiƙi da injin sun yi amfani da wannan manufa don wasu sojojin antiwar bayan 9/11.) Mafi kyau kuma shi ne waƙar jama'a za su iya rera waƙa sa'ad da suka taru cikin haɗin kai don yin matsin lamba na siyasa. Bayan haka, yana jin daɗin raira waƙa a matsayin rukuni a lokacin da ba kome ba ko za ku iya ɗaukar waƙa muddin kalmomin sun shiga gida. Amma waƙar zanga-zangar, bisa ma'anarta, ba waƙar zaman lafiya ba ce - kuma ya zama cewa mafi yawan waƙoƙin zaman lafiya na baya-bayan nan ma ba su da kwanciyar hankali.
Kamar yadda yawancin mu na wasu shekaru ke tunawa, waƙoƙin antiwar sun bunƙasa a lokacin shekarun Yaƙin Vietnam. Akwai alamar"Bada Zaman Lafiya,” John Lennon, Yoko Ono, da pals ne suka rubuta a ɗakin otal na Montreal a 1969; "War,” da Jarabawa suka rubuta da farko a cikin 1970 (Har yanzu ina iya jin cewa “ba komai!” amsa ga “Mene Ne Mai Kyau Ga?”); Cat Stevens"Horar Lafiya,” daga 1971; kuma wannan shine kawai don fara lissafin. Amma a wannan karni? Yawancin wadanda na hadu da su sun kasance game da kwanciyar hankali na ciki ko yin sulhu da kanku; mantras du jour ne masu kula da kansu. 'Yan kaɗan game da zaman lafiya na duniya ko na duniya sun kasance cikin fushi da rashin tsoro, wanda kuma da alama yana nuna yanayin lokacin.
Ba kamar an soke kalmar “salama” ba. Kofar wani makwabcin makwabcin nawa, tutar salama ta shuɗe; Mai ciniki Joe yana kiyaye ni da kyau tare da Peas Inner; kuma zaman lafiya har yanzu yana samun cikakken magani na kasuwanci wani lokacin, kamar yadda akan zanen T-shirts daga kamfanin Uniqlo na kasar Sin. Amma da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da haƙiƙa manufarsu ita ce zaman lafiya a duniya, sun zaɓi kada su haɗa kalmar a cikin sunayensu da kuma “Pejorative” ko da a zamaninta, yanzu ta zama zalla. Don haka, shin aikin zaman lafiya ya canza salon sa ne ko kuma ya samo asali ne ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci?
Aminci 101
Zaman lafiya yanayin zama ne, ko da ma kila yanayin alheri ne. Yana iya zama kamar na ciki kamar natsuwar ɗaiɗaikun ɗaya ko kuma mai faɗi kamar gamayya tsakanin al'ummomi. Amma a mafi kyau, ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, har abada cikin haɗarin rasa. Yana buƙatar kalmar aiki tare da shi - neman, bi, nasara, ci gaba da - don samun tasiri na gaske kuma, ko da yake akwai lokuta da yawa ba tare da yaki ba a wasu yankuna (bayan WW II Turai har zuwa kwanan nan, misali), lallai wannan ba ze zama yanayin yanayin duniya da yawa na wannan duniyar tamu ba.
Yawancin ma'aikatan zaman lafiya sun ƙi yarda ko kuma ba za su yi abin da suke yi ba. A cikin wannan karni, na fara samun koma baya ga ra'ayin cewa yaki na asali ne ko kuma babu makawa a cikin hira ta wayar tarho na 2008 da Jonathan Shay, wani likitan hauka da aka lura da aikinsa tare da tsoffin sojojin Vietnam da ke fama da ciwon damuwa bayan tashin hankali. Wannan shi ne batun da muke magana akai sa’ad da ya kauce daga jigon kuma ya tabbatar da imaninsa cewa lallai yana yiwuwa a kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe.
Yawancin irin wannan rikice-rikice, ya yi tunani, ya samo asali ne daga tsoro da kuma hanyar ba kawai farar hula ba amma tagulla na soja sau da yawa "cinye" shi azaman nishaɗi. Ya bukace ni da in karanta littafin masanin falsafa Immanuel Kant Aminci Dawwama. Lokacin da na yi, haƙiƙa na ji daɗin jin muryarsa sama da ƙarni biyu bayan haka. A akai-akai muhawara game da maido da daftarin, don mu ɗauki misali ɗaya, ka yi la’akari da shawarar Kant cewa runduna ta tsaya kawai tana sauƙaƙa wa ƙasashe yin yaƙi. "Suna ingiza jihohi daban-daban don yin gaba da juna a yawan sojojinsu," in ji shi sannan ya rubuta, "kuma har zuwa wannan adadin ba za a iya sanya iyaka ba."
Filin ilimi na zamani na zaman lafiya da nazarin rikice-rikice - akwai yanzu game da 400 irin wannan shirye-shirye a duniya - ya fara kimanin shekaru 60 da suka wuce. Ƙarƙashin ka'idar zaman lafiya sune ra'ayoyin korau kuma tabbatacce zaman lafiya na farko yadu Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Norway Johan Galtung ya gabatar (ko da yake Jane Addams da Martin Luther King duk sun yi amfani da sharuɗɗan a baya). Rashin zaman lafiya mara kyau shine rashin tashin hankali na gaggawa da rikice-rikice na makamai, hukuncin watakila cewa za ku iya siyan kayan abinci ba tare da samun damar yin busa ga smithereens (kamar a Ukraine a yau). Kyakkyawan zaman lafiya yanayi ne na dorewar jituwa a ciki da tsakanin al'ummomi. Wannan ba yana nufin babu wanda ya taɓa samun sabani ba, sai dai cewa ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa suna magance duk wani karo na manufa ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Kuma tun da yawancin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali suna tasowa daga yanayin zamantakewa, yin amfani da tausayawa da ƙirƙira don warkar da raunuka yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin.
Zaman lafiya mara kyau yana nufin gujewa, kwanciyar hankali mai kyau a jurewa. Amma zaman lafiya mara kyau abu ne na gaggawa domin yaƙe-yaƙe suna da yawa sauki don farawa fiye da tsayawa, wanda ya sa Matsayin Galtung mafi m fiye da Almasihu. "Ban damu da ceton duniya ba," ya rubuta. "Na damu da neman mafita ga takamaiman rikice-rikice kafin su zama tashin hankali."
David Cortright, wani tsohon sojan Yakin Vietnam, farfesa a cibiyar Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, kuma mai haɗin gwiwa Yi nasara ba tare da yakin ba, ya ba ni wannan ma’anar irin wannan aikin a cikin imel: “A gare ni, tambayar ba ita ce ‘zaman lafiya a duniya ba,’ wanda yake mafarki ne kuma mai yawan gaske kuma ana yawan amfani da shi don yin ba’a ga waɗanda suka yi imani da kuma suke aiki don samun zaman lafiya, amma ta yaya don rage rikici da tashin hankali."
Zaman Lafiya Yana Faduwa Sannu
Ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya suna taruwa a kusa da takamaiman yaƙe-yaƙe, kumburi da raguwa kamar yadda waɗannan rikice-rikice suke yi, kodayake wasu lokuta suna kasancewa a cikin duniyarmu daga baya. Ranar uwa, alal misali, ta girma daga kiran zaman lafiya bayan yakin basasa. (Mata sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen ayyukan zaman lafiya tun daga lokacin Lysistrata sun shirya matan tsohuwar Girka don hana maza yin jima'i har sai sun kawo karshen yakin Peloponnesia.) Wasu ƴan ƙungiyoyin antiwar da ke aiki tun kafin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma da dama sun taso daga ƙungiyar juriya na Yaƙin Vietnam da kuma antinuclear na farkon 1980s. Wasu sun kasance kamar kwanan nan kamar Ma'aurata, wanda aka shirya a cikin 2017 ta matasa masu gwagwarmayar launi.
A yau, jerin dogon jerin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, ƙungiyoyin addini, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, yaƙin neman zaɓe, wallafe-wallafe, da shirye-shiryen masana suna da niyyar kawar da yaƙi. Gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu na ilimantar da ƴan ƙasa yadda za su sami ƙarfin gwiwa a fagen soja da kuma tallafin soja, yayin da suke haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin da ƙasashe za su yi zaman tare cikin lumana ko magance rikice-rikice na cikin gida.
Yi la'akari da abu ɗaya, ko da yake: ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, ko da idan kun iyakance kanku ga Amurka, inda ake kwatanta militarism a kai a kai a matsayin kishin kasa da kuma kashe kuɗi mara izini akan makamai masu kisan kai a matsayin abin da zai hana, yayin da cin riba na yaki ya dade yana zama abin sha'awa na kasa. Gaskiya ne, wani mai sa hannu kan sanarwar 'Yancin kai daga baya ya ba da shawarar a Peace-Office da Sakataren Aminci ya jagoranta kuma a sanya shi daidai da Sashen Yaki. Irin wannan ra'ayin bai taɓa samun ci gaba ba, duk da haka, fiye da sake suna Ma'aikatar Yaƙi a matsayin ma'aikatar Tsaro mai tsauri a cikin 1949, bayan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta haramta yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci. (Idan kawai!)
A cewar wata ma’adanar bayanai da aka harhada Aikin sa baki na soja, kasar nan ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan soji 392 tun daga 1776, rabinsu a cikin shekaru 70 da suka gabata. A halin yanzu, wannan kasa ba ta kai wani gaggarumin fadace-fadace, ko da yake har yanzu sojojin Amurka suna nan fada a Siriya kuma jiragenta na ci gaba da kai hare-hare a Somaliya, Ba don yin magana game da ayyukan ta'addanci 85 na Jami'ar Brown ta Costs of War Project samu Amurka ta shiga tsakanin 2018 zuwa 2020, wasu daga cikinsu babu shakka suna ci gaba. Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya ta kasance matsayi na 129 na Amurka a cikin kasashe 163 a cikin 2022. Amsoshin Duniya na Duniya. Daga cikin nau'o'in da muka yi la'akari da su a cikin wannan lissafin sun hada da yawan mutanen da aka daure, yawan ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci da aka gudanar, kashe kudi na soji (wanda ya dace da su). bar sauran duniya a cikin ƙura), janar militarism, makaman nukiliya mu kasance "sabuntawa” zuwa kusan dala tiriliyan 2 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yawan makaman da muke aikawa ko sayar da kasashen waje, da yawan rikice-rikicen da aka yi fama da su. Ƙara zuwa ga haka da yawa wasu matsalolin gaggawa, matsalolin da ke tattare da juna da kuma cin zarafi na yau da kullum akan wannan duniyar da mutanen da ke cikinta kuma yana da sauƙi a yarda cewa neman zaman lafiya mai dorewa ba kawai rashin gaskiya ba ne amma ba na Amurka ba ne.
Sai dai ba haka bane. Aikin zaman lafiya yana da matukar mahimmanci, idan kawai saboda kasafin kudin Pentagon yana lissafin aƙalla kashi 53% na kasafin kuɗi na wannan ƙasa yana raguwa da yunƙurin yin zagon ƙasa don magance ɗimbin mahimman buƙatun zamantakewa. Ba abin mamaki bane, don haka, masu fafutukar zaman lafiya na Amurka sun daidaita dabarunsu tare da kalmominsu. Yanzu suna jaddada haɗin kai na yaƙi da wasu batutuwa da yawa, wani ɓangare a matsayin dabara, amma kuma saboda "babu adalci, babu zaman lafiya" ya wuce taken. Yana da wani sharadi na samun rayuwa mai lumana a kasar nan.
Sanin haɗin kai na abin da ke addabar mu yana nufin fiye da kawai kwadaitar da sauran mazabu don ƙara zaman lafiya a cikin kundin su. Yana nufin runguma da aiki tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi akan al'amuransu, suma. A matsayin Jonathan King, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Massachusetts Peace Action kuma farfesa Emeritus a MIT, ya sanya shi daidai, "Kuna buƙatar zuwa inda mutane suke, ku sadu da su a damuwarsu da bukatunsu." Don haka, Sarki, wanda ya daɗe yana fafutukar neman zaman lafiya, shi ma yana aiki a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na yaƙin neman zaɓen Talakawa na Massachusetts, wanda ya haɗa da kawo ƙarshen “tashin hankali na soji da yaƙi” a cikin jerin sa. bukatar, yayin da Veterans For Peace yanzu yana da aiki Rikicin Yanayi da Aikin Soja. Hakazalika David Cortright ya yi nuni ga ci gaban binciken zaman lafiya, da zayyana a kan kimiyya da sauran fannonin ilimi, gami da nazarin mata da na bayan mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake tura tsattsauran ra'ayi kan abin da zaman lafiya ke nufi.
Sannan akwai tambayar ta yadda ƙungiyoyi ke cimma wani abu ta hanyar haɗakar ayyukan cikin gida, babban tasirin siyasa, da matsin lamba na jama'a. Ee, wataƙila wata rana za a iya rinjaye Majalisa ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe don soke waɗancan tsoffin Izini don Amfani da Ƙarfin Soja da aka zartar a cikin 2001 da 2002 don mayar da martani ga hare-haren 9/11 da yaƙe-yaƙe da suka biyo baya. Wannan, aƙalla, zai yi wa shugaban ƙasa wahalar tura sojojin Amurka cikin rigingimu masu nisa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da haka, samun isassun membobin Majalisar don amincewa da yin amfani da kasafin tsaro na iya buƙatar kamfen na asali na girman girman. Duk wannan, bi da bi, babu shakka yana nufin narkewar duk wani motsi na zaman lafiya zuwa wani abu mafi girma, da kuma jerin sasantawa-hankalin ku da roƙon tara kuɗi marasa jajircewa (kamar roƙon da aka yi a baya-bayan nan da ke nemana da in “yi ragin kuɗi a kan. lafiya").
The Peace Beat?
A wannan faɗuwar, na halarci wani kwamiti mai suna “Yaƙin Ciki da Sana’a,” a taron da ɗalibai suka shirya kan ’yancin ɗan jarida. Mahalarta taron guda hudu - masu ban sha'awa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan jaridun yaƙi - sun yi magana cikin tunani game da dalilin da yasa suke yin irin wannan aikin, waɗanda suke fatan yin tasiri, da kuma haɗarin da suke fuskanta, gami da yuwuwar "daidaita" yaƙi. A lokacin tambaya, na yi tambaya game da ɗaukar ayyukan antiwar kuma na gamu da shiru, sannan na yi tunani rabin zuciya game da murkushe masu adawa a Rasha.
Gaskiya ne, lokacin da harsasai ke yawo, ba lokaci ba ne da za a yi la'akari da madadin, amma harsasai ba su tashi a cikin ɗakin taron ba kuma na yi mamakin ko kowane kwamiti game da rahoton yaƙi bai kamata ya haɗa da wanda ke ba da rahoto game da zaman lafiya ba. Ina shakka ko da tunani ne a cikin ɗakunan labarai cewa, tare da masu ba da rahotanni na yaki, ana iya samun masu ba da rahotannin zaman lafiya. Kuma menene, ina mamaki, wannan bugun zai yi kama? Me zai iya cimma?
Ina shakka na taba tsammanin ganin zaman lafiya a zamaninmu, ba ma da dadewa ba lokacin da muke rera wa] annan wa}o}in. Amma na ga yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare kuma, wani lokaci, har ma ana guje wa. Na ga an warware tashe-tashen hankula don kyautata wa wadanda abin ya shafa kuma na ci gaba da yaba wa masu aikin samar da zaman lafiya da suka taka rawa wajen ganin hakan ta faru.
Kamar yadda David Swanson, co-kafa kuma babban darektan World Beyond War, Tunatar da ni a cikin kiran wayar kwanan nan, kuna aiki don zaman lafiya saboda “haki ne na ɗabi'a don adawa da injin yaƙi. Kuma muddin akwai dama kuma kuna aiki a kan abin da ke da mafi kyawun damar yin nasara, dole ne ku yi shi. "
Yana da sauƙi - kuma kamar bedeviling - kamar wancan. Wato dole ne mu baiwa zaman lafiya dama.
Haƙƙin mallaka 2023 Nan Levinson
Hoton da aka nuna: Zanga-zangar Antiwar a Washington, 24 ga Satumba, 2005 by Rob yana da lasisi ƙarƙashin CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 / Flickr
Bi TomDispatch akan Twitter kuma ku shiga mu Facebook. Duba sabon Littattafan Bayarwa, John Feffer sabon littafin dystopian, Wakokin ƙasa (na karshe a jerin Splinterlands), littafin Beverly Gologorsky Kowane Jiki Yana da Labari, da Tom Engelhardt's Nationasar da Ba a Yakin Ba, da na Alfred McCoy's A cikin Shafin ƙarni na Amurka: Tashi da Rage ikon Duniya na Amurka, John Dower's Ƙasar Amirka ta Mugunta: War da Terror Tun yakin duniya na biyu, da Ann Jones Sun kasance Sojojin: Ta yaya Mutuwar Buka-bamai Daga Warsin Amirka: Labarin da ba a Yarda ba.
