Daga Daniel Immerwahr, Nuwamba 30, 2020
daga The Nation
Shortly bayan da annobar Covid-19 ta barke a Amurka, wani dan rahoto ya tambayi Donald Trump ko yanzu ya dauki kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa a lokacin yaki. “Ina yi. A zahiri nake yi, ”ya amsa. Ya kumbura da manufa, ya buɗe bayanin manema labarai ta hanyar magana game da shi. "A ma'anar gaskiya, muna cikin yaki," in ji shi. Amma duk da haka 'yan jarida da masu zurfin tunani sun rintse idanunsu. "Wartime shugaban kasa?" ba'a The New York Times. "Babu nisa a bayyane idan masu jefa kuri'a da yawa za su yarda da ra'ayin sa a matsayin shugaban yakin." “Yunkurinsa na daukar mien din soja ya daga girare kadan,” in ji NPR. Abin da 'yan kaɗan suka lura a lokacin shi ne, tabbas, Trump, ya shugaban kasa na lokacin yaki, kuma ba da ma'anar misali ba. Ya jagoranci-kuma har yanzu yana yi-a kan ayyukan soja biyu da ke gudana, Sentinel na 'Yanci na' Yanci a Afghanistan da Operation Inherent Resolve a Iraki da Siriya. A hankali, dubban sojojin Amurka suna sintiri a Afirka kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun jimre asarar rayuka a Chadi, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, da Sudan ta Kudu. Jiragen saman Amurka da jirage marasa matuka, a halin yanzu, sun cika sararin samaniya kuma tun daga 2015 suka kashe mutane sama da 5,000 (kuma watakila kusan 12,000) a Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, da Yemen.
Me yasa yake da sauƙin tantance waɗannan bayanan? Theananan adadin waɗanda aka kashe a Amurka suna taka rawa a bayyane. Duk da haka tabbas abin da ya fi mahimmanci shi ne yadda jinkirin jinkirin rahoton labarai yake. (Asar Amirka na fama da yaƙe-yaƙe a wurare da yawa, saboda dalilai da yawa waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, cewa yana da sauƙi ga wasu su manta da faɗan gabaɗaya kuma su tambaya maimakon ko wata kwayar cuta ta sa Trump ya zama shugaban yaƙi. A cikin muhawara biyu na shugaban kasa, babu wani dan takarar da ya ambaci gaskiyar cewa Amurka na cikin yaki.
Amma yana da, kuma ba damuwa ba ne don yin la'akari da tsawon lokacin da ƙasar ta kasance. Daliban da suka shiga kwaleji a wannan faɗuwar sun rayu rayuwarsu gabaɗaya yayin Yaƙin Duniya na Ta’addanci da kamfen na magajinsa. Shekaru goma kafin wannan sun ga tura Amurkawa cikin Yaƙin Gulf, da rikice-rikicen Balkan, Haiti, Macedonia, da Somalia. A zahiri, tun daga 1945, lokacin da Washington ta jefa kanta a matsayin mai kiyaye zaman lafiya a duniya, yaƙi ya kasance hanyar rayuwa. Rarraba ayyukan soja na iya zama wayo, amma ana iya cewa shekaru biyu ne kawai a cikin shekaru bakwai da rabi da suka gabata — 1977 da 1979 - lokacin da Amurka ba ta mamayewa ko yaƙi a cikin wata ƙasa ba.
Tambayar ita ce. Shin wani abu ne mai zurfin zurfafawa cikin al'ada? 'Yan majalisa a cikin aljihun hadadden soja-masana'antu? Shugabancin mulkin mallaka ba shi da iko? Tabbas duk sun taka rawa. Wani sabon littafi ne wanda David Vine ya bayyana, The Amurka na Yaƙi, sunaye wani mahimmin mahimmanci, wanda ba'a cika kulawa dashi ba: sansanonin sojoji. Tun farkon shekarun farko, Amurka tayi aiki da sansanoni a kasashen waje. Waɗannan suna da hanyar kiran yaƙi, ta hanyar fusata fushin Amurka da kuma ƙarfafa shugabannin Amurka su mai da martani da ƙarfi. Yayin da rikice-rikice ke ta hauhawa, sojoji na kara gini, wanda ke haifar da mummunan yanayi. Bases suna yin yaƙe-yaƙe, waɗanda suke yin tushe, da sauransu. A yau, Washington tana kula da wasu sansanoni 750 a cikin ƙasashen waje da yankunan ƙasashen waje.
China, a wani bambanci, tana da tashar ƙasashe ɗaya kawai, a Djibouti. Kuma fadace-fadace na soja tun daga shekarun 1970 kusan an iyakance shi ga rikice-rikice na kan iyaka da fadan da aka yi a kan ƙananan tsibirai. Kodayake ƙarfaffen iko tare da sojoji masu yawa, 'yan ƙalilan ne game da tashin hankali, kuma babu ƙarancin abokan gaba, China ba da daɗewa ba ta karya layin da ta kwashe shekaru da dama na rashin rasa mayaƙan yaƙi. Ga Amurka, wacce ke yaƙi a cikin kowace shekara na wannan lokacin, irin wannan zaman lafiya ba shi da tabbas. Tambayar ita ce, ta hanyar janye tushenta, zai iya warkar da kanta daga masifar yaƙi.
Iabu ne mai sauki ba tunani game da tushe ba. Duba taswirar Amurka, kuma zaka ga jihohi 50 ne kawai; ba za ku ga daruruwan sauran shafuka da tutar Amurka ke tashi a kansu ba. Ga waɗanda ba su yi aiki a soja ba, waɗannan ƙananan dige ba su da tabbas. Kuma hakika suna da kankanta: Mash tare da duk wasu sansanonin kasashen ketare da gwamnatin Amurka ta yarda da sarrafawa, kuma kuna da yankin da bai fi Houston girma ba.
Duk da haka koda yanki guda na ƙasar da sojojin ƙasashen waje ke sarrafawa, na iya, kamar ƙurar yashi a cikin kawa, ya zama mai tsananin haushi. A cikin 2007, Rafael Correa ya bayyana wannan lokacin da, a matsayinsa na shugaban Ecuador, ya fuskanci matsin lamba don sabunta yarjejeniyar a wani sansanin Amurka a kasarsa. Ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa zai yarda da sharadi guda: cewa a bar shi ya sanya tushe a Miami. "Idan babu wata matsala kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje a kasar," in ji shi, "tabbas za su bar mu mu samu sansanin Ecuadoran a Amurka." Tabbas, babu wani shugaban Amurka da zai yarda da irin wannan. Sojojin kasashen waje da ke aiki da tushe a Florida ko kuma ko'ina cikin Amurka zai zama abin fushi.
Kamar yadda Itacen inabi ya nuna, ainihin irin wannan fushin ne ya ruruta halittar Amurka da farko. Sarautar Burtaniya ba kawai ta ɗora wa mazauna mulkin mallaka haraji ba ne; hakan ya fusata su ta fusatar da sanya kitsen kaya a cikin yankuna don yaƙi da Faransa. A cikin shekarun 1760 zuwa 70s, rahotanni masu ban tsoro na cin zarafi, hargitsi, sata, da fyade da sojoji suka zama gama gari. Mawallafin Sanarwar 'Yancin kai sun yi tir da sarki saboda "kwata manyan sojoji dauke da makamai a tsakaninmu" tare da kebe su daga dokokin gida. Ba hatsari ba ne cewa Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki na Uku-wanda ke zuwa gaban hakkoki dangane da shari’ar gaskiya da ‘yanci daga binciken da ba shi da kyau-‘ yanci ne kada a bar sojoji su mallaki kayan mutum a lokacin zaman lafiya.
Bornasar da aka haifa da ƙiyayya ga sansanonin soji amma da sauri ta fara gina nata. Littafin Vine ya nuna yadda suka kasance da tarihin Amurka. Wakar ta kasa, in ji shi, ta ba da labarin wani sansanin Sojoji, Fort McHenry da ke wajen Baltimore, wanda jiragen ruwan Burtaniya suka yi wa kawanya a yakin 1812. Kariyar Amurka da ke bakin teku ta hana rokoki masu cin wuta a Burtaniya galibi, ta yadda duk da yawan daruruwan “bama-bamai da ke tashi a iska,” a karshen yakin, “tutarmu tana nan har yanzu.”
Baturen Burtaniya bai taba daukar Fort McHenry ba, amma sojojin Amurka a lokacin yakin sun kwace sansanoni a Kanada da Florida. Andrew Jackson, wanda dakaru suka ci yakin karshe na yakin (suka gwabza, ba zato ba tsammani, makonni biyu bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya), ya bi sahun ta hanyar gina wasu karin rundunoni a Kudancin, daga inda ya ke yin yakin neman barna kan kasashen Nahiyar.
Kuna iya ba da labarin irin wannan game da Yakin Basasa. Ya fara ne da harin assaultungiya a kan Fort Sumter, wani gidan soja a wajen Charleston, SC Kuma wannan ba ita ce kawai Babban Taron Yakin ba, kamar yadda yake faruwa. Kamar dai yadda aka yi a Yaƙin 1812, Sojoji sun yi amfani da Yaƙin basasa a matsayin lokaci don matsawa zuwa ƙasashen Indiya. Unitsungiyoyin sa kai da sauran mayaƙan yaƙi ba kawai a Georgia da Virginia ba har ma a Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, da Utah. A watan Maris 1864 Sojoji suka tilastawa wasu Navajos 8,000 yin tafiyar mil 300 zuwa Fort Sumter a New Mexico, inda aka tsare su tsawon shekaru huɗu; aƙalla kwata ya mutu saboda yunwa. Shekarun da ake ciki da bayan Yakin Basasa, Itacen inabi ya nuna, ya ga guguwar ginin tushe yamma da Mississippi.
Fort McHenry, Fort Sumter - waɗannan sunaye ne da aka saba da su, kuma ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin wasu a duk ƙasar Amurka, kamar Fort Knox, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Wayne, da Fort Worth. "Me yasa akwai wurare da yawa da ake kira Fort?" Itacen inabi ya tambaya.
Amsar a bayyane take amma ba ta da tsoro: Sun kasance kayan aikin soja. Wasu, kamar Fort Sumter a South Carolina, an gina su a bakin teku kuma an tsara su don kariya. Amma duk da haka, kamar Fort Sumter a New Mexico, an sanya su a cikin ƙasa, kusa da Nan ƙasar. An yi nufin su ba don kariya ba amma laifi ne - don yin yaƙi, kasuwanci da, da kuma sanya manufofin Indiya. A yau akwai wurare sama da 400 a Amurka waɗanda sunayensu ke ƙunshe da kalmar “karfi.”
Kasancewar wuraren kagarai bai tsaya ga Arewacin Amurka ba. Yayinda Amurka ta dauki yankuna kasashen ketare, sai ta sake gina wasu sansanoni, kamar su Fort Shafter a Hawaii, Fort McKinley a Philippines, da kuma sansanin sojin ruwa a Guantánamo Bay a Cuba. Har yanzu kuma, muguwar da'irar ta gudana. A duk tsibirin Philippine, Sojoji sun gina kagarai da sansanoni don fadada isar sa, sannan wadancan sansanonin sai suka zama masu niyya, kamar lokacin da wasu gungun mutane 500 da suka fusata a cikin Balangiga suka afkawa sansanin Sojoji a 1899 suka kashe sojoji 45 a wurin. Wannan harin ya haifar da mummunan kisan gilla, tare da sojojin Amurka a karkashin umarnin kashe duk wani dan kasar Philippines da ya wuce shekaru 10 da bai mika kansa ga gwamnati ba.
Shekaru arba'in daga baya, yanayin ya ci gaba. Japan ta kai hari kai tsaye kan jerin sansanonin Amurka a cikin Pacific, shahararren shahararren tashar jirgin ruwa ta Pearl Harbor a Hawaii. (Asar Amirka ta mayar da martani ta hanyar shiga Yaƙin Duniya na II, ta lalata biranen Japan da yawa, da kuma jefa bama-bamai biyu.
Yaƙin, a ƙarshensa, ya sanya Amurka a matsayin "ƙasa mafi ƙarfi, watakila, a duk tarihin," kamar yadda Shugaba Harry Truman ya sanya a cikin wani adireshin rediyo a cikin 1945. An auna a sansanoni, wannan hakika gaskiya ne. Adadin wuraren da Amurka ta gina a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II “ya saɓa wa tunanin,” wani masanin alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa ya rubuta a lokacin. Countididdigar da aka ambata sau da yawa yana sanya asusun asalin Amurka na ƙasashen waje akan girke 30,000 akan shafuka 2,000 a ƙarshen yaƙin. Sojojin da aka lika musu sun kasance cikin hanzari ta hanyan shigarsu ta duk sasannin duniya har suka zo da rubutu mai dauke da rubutu, “Kilroy yana nan,” don nuna alfahari da alama da yawa wuraren da ba zasu yiwu ba da sun kasance. Mazaunan ƙasashen da ke fama da rikice-rikice suna da taken daban: “Yankee, koma gida!”
WShin Yankees zasu iya komawa gida a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II? Zai yiwu. An murƙushe ikon Axis, yana barin ƙaramar damar sake kai hari. Arfin ikon da kawai zai iya barazanar Amurka shine Soviet Union. Amma kasashen biyu sun yi fada kafada da kafada, kuma idan har za su ci gaba da hakuri da juna, to karshen duniya mai fama da yaki na iya ganin zaman lafiya.
Aminci bai zo ba, duk da haka, kuma dalilin da bai sa ba shine cewa manyan masu karfin iko biyu sun koyi fassara juna a matsayin barazanar rayuwa. Tarihi galibi suna jaddada rawar da jami'in diflomasiyya George Kennan ya taka wajen ƙarfafa tsoran Amurka. A farkon 1946 ya aika da waya mai matukar tasiri yana jayayya mai tsayi cewa "al'adun gargajiya da dabi'a na rashin tsaro na Rasha" ba za su taba ba da damar zaman lafiya ba. Moscow ta kasance haɗari, yayi jayayya, kuma dole ne a yi adawa da ayyukanta a tsari.
Kadan ne galibi ake ji game da ɓangaren Soviet. Bayan an katse dogon sakon waya na Kennan, Stalin ya umarci jakadansa a Washington, Nikolai Novikov, da ya shirya wani tantancewa makamancin haka, wanda Vyacheslav Molotov, ministan harkokin waje na Soviet ya rubuta. Molotov ya yi amannar cewa Amurka ta duƙufa kan “mamayar duniya” kuma tana shirin “yaƙi na gaba” tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Shaidar? Ya nuna daruruwan wuraren da Washington ke rike da su da kuma daruruwan da ta ke son ginawa.
Wannan shine abu game da tushe, Vine yayi jayayya. A wurin shugabannin Amurka, suna ganin ba su da laifi. Amma ga wadanda ke rayuwa a inuwar su, galibi suna ban tsoro. Khrushchev zai ba da wannan ma'anar, lokacin da yake hutu a Bahar Maliya, ta hanyar miƙawa baƙin baƙincikinsa da tambayarsu abin da suka gani. Lokacin da suka ba da amsar cewa ba su ga komai ba, Khrushchev ya kama gilashin gilashin, ya leka sararin samaniya, ya ce, “I duba makamai masu linzami na Amurka a Turkiyya, da nufin Dacha na. "
Ba shi kaɗai ba ne ke tsoron tsokanar Amurka. Bayan da CIA ta yi kokarin kuma ta gaza hambarar da gwamnatin gurguzu ta Fidel Castro a Cuba, Castro ya nemi Tarayyar Soviet don kariya. Khrushchev ya ba da damar tura makamai masu linzami zuwa sansanonin Soviet a Cuba. Bayan kare abokin kawance, Khrushchev ya ga wannan a matsayin wata hanya ta ba abokan adawarsa “ɗan ɗanɗano magungunan su.” Kamar yadda ya yi bayani daga baya, "Amurkawa sun kewaye kasarmu da sansanonin soji kuma suna yi mana barazana da makaman nukiliya, kuma yanzu za su koyi yadda ake ji idan makami mai linzami na makiya ya nuna muku."
Sun koya, kuma sun firgita. John F. Kennedy ya yi nishi cewa "kamar dai ba zato ba tsammani muka fara sanya manyan MRBMs [makamai masu linzami masu cin matsakaicin zango] a Turkiyya." "To, mun yi, ya Shugaba," mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro ya tunatar da shi. A zahiri, Kennedy shine wanda ya aika makamai masu linzami na Jupiter zuwa sansanonin Amurka na Turkawa. Bayan an kwashe kwanaki 13 ana takun-saka - “mafi kusancin duniya da ta zo makaman nukiliya Armageddon,” in ji Vine - Kennedy da Khrushchev sun amince su kwance ɗamarar sansanoninsu.
Masana tarihi suna kiran wannan mummunan taron Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba, amma yakamata su? Sunan ya sanya mayar da hankali kan Cuba, a fili yana ɗora alhakin kusancin masifa akan Castro da Khrushchev. Sanadin ajiye makamai masu linzami da Kennedy yayi a Turkiyya a hankali ya shiga bayan labarin, a zaman wani bangare na tsarin abubuwa. Bayan duk wannan, Amurka ta mallaki sansanonin yaƙi da yawa waɗanda Kennedy na iya mantawa har ma da sanya makamai masu linzami a cikin Turkiyya. Yin kiran taron Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Turkiya zai iya inganta batun Vine na gida: Babu wani abu na al'ada game da ƙasar da ke riƙe da babban tsarin sansanonin soji a wasu ƙasashe.
Even bayan sansanonin Amurka a Turkiya sun kusan haifar da yakin nukiliya, shugabannin sojoji sun yi gwagwarmaya don fahimtar yadda sansanonin siyasa ke iya kasancewa. Lokacin da Saddam Hussein ya mamaye Kuwait a 1990, Amurka ta tura dubban sojoji zuwa Saudi Arabiya, gami da babban sansanin Dhahran da ke gabar gabashin kasar. Manufar ita ce a yi amfani da sansanonin Saudiyya don fatattakar sojojin Hussein, amma kamar yadda aka saba, kasancewar sojojin Amurka a ƙasan waje ya haifar da ƙiyayya ƙwarai. "Ba shi da ma'ana a bar kasar ta zama karkashin mulkin mallakar Amurka da sojojin Amurka - kazantar kafafunsu suna yawo ko'ina," in ji wani dan Saudiyya, Osama bin Laden.
"Bayan hatsarin ya wuce, sojojinmu za su koma gida," to – Sakataren Tsaro Dick Cheney ya yi wa gwamnatin Saudiyya alkawarin. Amma sojojin sun ci gaba bayan cin nasarar Hussein, kuma fushin ya barke. A shekarar 1996 wani bam kusa da Dhahran ya kashe jami'an Sojan Sama na Amurka 19. Ba a bayyana cikakken wanda ke da alhakin ba, kodayake bin Laden ya ɗauki alhakin hakan. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a daidai lokacin da ake cika shekaru takwas da zuwan sojojin Amurka a Dhahran, kungiyar Al Qaeda ta bin Laden ta tayar da bama-bamai a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka da ke Kenya da Tanzania, inda suka kashe mutane sama da 200. A ranar 11 ga Satumbar, 2001, maharan Al Qaeda suka tashi da jirage zuwa Pentagon (“sansanin soja,” kamar yadda bin Laden ya bayyana) da kuma Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya.
"Me yasa suke ƙin mu?" masanin ta'addanci Richard Clarke ya tambaya bayan hare-haren. Dalilan Bin Laden suna da yawa, amma tushe yana da girma a cikin tunaninsa. “Dakarunku sun mamaye kasashenmu; ka shimfida sansanonin sojan ka a cikin su; kuna lalata ƙasashenmu, kuma kun kewaye wuraren bautarmu, "ya rubuta a cikin" Wasikar zuwa Amurka. "
CAmurka ce ta 'yantar da kanta daga yaƙe-yaƙenta masu sake dawowa? Ragewa ko, kamar yadda Itacen inabi ya sanya shi, “lalata abubuwa” ba zai zama mai sauƙi ba. Akwai wani hadadden tsarin yarjejeniyoyin tsaro a duniya wanda aka gina a kusa da sojojin Amurka, akwai wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu tsara dabarun soja wadanda suka saba yin yaki, kuma akwai manyan 'yan kwangila na tsaro da ke da iko. Babu ɗayan waɗannan da zai tafi da sauƙi.
Amma duk da haka ta hanyar gano hanyar haɗi tsakanin tushe da yaƙi, Itacen inabi ya sami madaidaiciya kuma mai yuwuwa mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya motsa waɗannan manyan rundunonin. Kuna son zaman lafiya? Rufe sansanonin. Postananan rundunonin waje suna nufin rage fitina don fushin ƙasashen waje, ƙarancin hari don kai hare-hare, da ƙarancin shigarwar ga Washington don magance matsalolin ta ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi. Itacen inabi ba ya gaskanta cewa taƙaita tsarin tushe zai hana yaƙe-yaƙe Amurka gaba ɗaya, amma batunsa cewa yin hakan zai iya kwantar da ruwan sosai da wuya a samu sabani.
Rage sawun sojojin Amurka zai taimaka a wasu hanyoyin, suma. A cikin littafin da ya gabata Base Nation, Vine ta kirga cewa asusun ƙasashen waje suna biyan masu biyan haraji sama da dala biliyan 70 kowace shekara. A cikin Amurka na Yaƙi, yana jayayya cewa wannan adadi yana raina kashinsu. Saboda karfin da suke da shi na karfafa yaki, rage yawan sansanonin kasashen waje na iya rage wasu kudaden soja, tare da sanya karin takunkumi a cikin masu biyan harajin Amurka na dala biliyan 1.25 tiriliyan soja na shekara. Adadin da Amurka ta kashe a yakin da ta yi bayan-9/11, Vine ta rubuta, na iya bayar da tallafin kula da lafiya har zuwa girma tare da shekaru biyu na Head Start ga kowane ɗayan yara miliyan 13 da ke cikin talauci a Amurka, kazalika a matsayin tallafin karatu na kwaleji na jama'a don ɗalibai miliyan 28, shekaru 1 na kula da lafiya ga tsofaffi miliyan 10, da kuma albashi na shekaru 4 ga mutane miliyan XNUMX da ke aiki a ayyukan makamashi mai tsabta.
Shin wannan kasuwancin har ma yana da daraja sosai? A yanzu, yawancin Amurkawa suna tunanin yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan bai cancanci yaƙi ba. Mafi yawan tsoffin soji suna jin haka, suma. Kuma yaya game da ƙasashe kamar Nijar, inda Vine ke ƙididdigar sansanonin Amurka takwas kuma inda sojojin Amurka huɗu suka mutu a ɓoye a cikin 2017? Ganin cewa manyan sanatocin sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su ma san akwai sojoji a Nijar ba, yana da wuya a yi tunanin wani yanki na babban goyon baya ga ayyukan ban mamaki a can.
Jama'a sun gaji da yaƙi kuma da alama ba su da sha'awar-ko ma wayewar kan-sansanonin ƙasashen waje da ke ci gaba da faɗan. Trump ya sha yin barazanar rufe wasu daga cikinsu don daukar nauyin bangon nasa. Itacen inabi ba shi da ɗan tausayin shugaban amma yana jin daɗin faɗar Trump na “ra'ayoyi sau ɗaya-sau ɗaya” a matsayin alama ta rashin gamsuwa da halin da ake ciki. Tambayar ita ce ko Joe Biden, wanda ya taba zama shugaban kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na Majalisar Dattawa har sau uku, zai iya ganewa da kuma amsa wannan rashin gamsuwa.
Biden ya kamata. Mun daɗe da zuwa sabuwar manufar Amurka ta waje, wanda ke ɗaukar yaƙi a matsayin mummunan yanayi wanda ke buƙatar gaskatawa maimakon matsayin yanayin da aka ɗauka don ba da izini. Trump ya kasance, kamar sauran magabatansa shekaru da yawa, shugaba a lokacin yaƙi. Muyi fatan shekaru masu zuwa zasu kawo mana wani abu mai wuyar gaske: na zaman lafiya.
Daniel Immerwahr masanin farfesa ne na tarihi a Jami'ar Northwest. Shi ne marubucin kingananan :aƙƙarfa: theasar Amurka da Lurewar Ci gaban Al'umma da Yadda Ake ideoye Daula.
