ExxonMobil na son Fara Yaki a Kudancin Amurka

By Vijay Prashad, Globetrotter, Disamba 4, 2023

A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2023, da yawan masu jefa kuri'a a Venezuela sun kada kuri'a a zaben raba gardama kan yankin Essequibo da ke rikici da makwabciyar Guyana. Kusan duk wadanda suka zabe amsa eh ga tambayoyin biyar. Wadannan tambayoyin sun tambayi al'ummar Venezuelan don tabbatar da ikon ƙasarsu akan Essequibo. "Yau," ya ce Shugaban Venezuela Nicolas Maduro, "babu masu nasara ko masu asara." Mai nasara daya tilo, in ji shi, ita ce diyaucin kasar Venezuela. Babban wanda ya yi rashin nasara, in ji Maduro, shine ExxonMobil.

A cikin 2022, ExxonMobil sanya ribar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 55.7, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin mai a duniya masu arziki da karfi. Kamfanoni irin su ExxonMobil, suna da karfin iko kan tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma kasashen da ke da arzikin mai. Yana da tenticles a duk faɗin duniya, daga Malaysia zuwa Argentina. A cikin nasa Daular masu zaman kansu: ExxonMobil da Ƙarfin Amurka (2012), Steve Coll ya bayyana yadda kamfanin yake "jihar kamfani a cikin jihar Amurka." Shugabannin ExxonMobil sun kasance suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da gwamnatin Amurka: Lee “Iron Ass” Raymond (Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa daga 1993 zuwa 2005) abokin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Dick Cheney ne na kud da kud kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara manufofin gwamnatin Amurka kan sauyin yanayi. ; Rex Tillerson (wanda ya gaji Raymond a shekarar 2006) ya bar kamfanin a shekarar 2017 ya zama sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka karkashin Shugaba Donald Trump. Coll ya bayyana yadda ExxonMobil ke amfani da ikon jihar Amurka don samun ƙarin ajiyar mai da kuma tabbatar da cewa ExxonMobil ya zama mai cin gajiyar waɗannan abubuwan.

Tafiya a cikin cibiyoyin zabe daban-daban a Caracas a ranar zaben, ya bayyana a fili cewa mutanen da suka kada kuri'a sun san ainihin abin da suke jefa kuri'a: ba a kan mutanen Guyana ba, kasar da ke da yawan jama'a fiye da 800,000. amma sun kada kuri'ar neman 'yancin kan Venezuela ne kan kamfanoni irin su ExxonMobil. Halin da ke cikin wannan jefa ƙuri'a—ko da yake wani lokacin yana nuna kishin ƙasa na Venezuela—ya fi sha'awar kawar da tasirin kamfanoni da dama da kuma ƙyale jama'ar Kudancin Amirka su warware takaddamar su da kuma raba arzikinsu a tsakaninsu.

Lokacin da Venezuela ta kori ExxonMobil

A lokacin da Hugo Chavez ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar Venezuela a shekarar 1998, kusan nan take ya ce albarkatun kasar—mafi yawan man fetur da ke samar da ci gaban zamantakewar kasar—dole ya kasance a hannun jama’a ba kamfanonin mai ba kamar su. ExxonMobil. "El Petroleo es nuestro” (mai namu ne), shine taken ranar. Daga shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin Chavez ta fara zagayowar ƴan ƙasa, tare da mai a cibiyar (an mayar da mai a cikin 1970s, sa'an nan kuma sake mayar da privated shekaru ashirin bayan). Yawancin kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa sun yarda da sabbin dokoki don daidaita masana'antar mai, amma biyu sun ƙi: ConocoPhillips da ExxonMobil. Kamfanonin biyu sun bukaci a biya su dubun-dubatar daloli, duk da cewa cibiyar sasanta rikicin zuba jari ta kasa da kasa (ICSID) samu a cikin 2014 cewa Venezuela kawai tana buƙatar biyan ExxonMobile dala biliyan 1.6.

Rex Tillerson ya fusata, a cewar mutanen da ke aiki a ExxonMobil a wancan lokacin. A cikin 2017, da Washington Post gudu a story wanda ya kama ra'ayin Tillerson: “An kona Rex Tillerson a Venezuela. Sai ya rama.” ExxonMobil ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Guyana don hako mai a bakin teku a shekarar 1999 amma ba ta fara binciken gabar tekun ba har sai Maris 2015 - bayan da kotun ICSID ta yanke hukunci mara kyau. Kamfanin ExxonMobil ya yi amfani da cikakken kamfen din matsin lamba na Amurka a kan Venezuela duka biyun don tabbatar da ayyukanta a yankin da ake takaddama a kai da kuma lalata da'awar Venezuela ga yankin Essequibo. Wannan shi ne ramuwar gayya ta Tillerson.

Mummunar Deal na ExxonMobil ga Guyana

A cikin 2015, ExxonMobil sanar cewa ya samo ƙafafu 295 na "manyan ruwa mai kyau masu ɗauke da mai"; wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma da aka samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kamfanin mai ya fara aiki akai-akai Shawarwari tare da gwamnatin Guyana, ciki har da alƙawarin ba da gudummawar duk wani farashi na gaba don hakar mai. Lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Raba Haɓaka Tsakanin gwamnatin Guyana da kuma kamfanin ExxonMobil ya fito fili, ya bayyana yadda Guyana ta gaza wajen yin shawarwarin. An bai wa ExxonMobil kashi 75 cikin 50 na kudaden shigar mai don dawo da farashi, sauran kuma an raba kashi 50-32 da Guyana; Shi kuma kamfanin mai, an cire shi daga duk wani haraji. Mataki na XNUMX ("Stability of Agreement") ya ce gwamnati "ba za ta gyara, gyara, sokewa, sokewa, bayyana rashin aiki ko rashin aiki ba, buƙatar sake yin shawarwari, tilasta sauyawa ko sauyawa, ko kuma neman kaucewa, canza, ko iyakance wannan Yarjejeniyar. ” ba tare da izinin ExxonMobil ba. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kama dukkan gwamnatocin Guyana a nan gaba cikin mummunar yarjejeniya.

Ko da mafi muni ga Guyana shi ne cewa an yi yarjejeniyar a cikin ruwan da ake jayayya da Venezuela tun karni na 19. Mendaci da Birtaniyya da kuma Amurka suka yi ya haifar da yanayi na rikicin kan iyaka a yankin da ke da karancin matsaloli kafin gano mai. A cikin 2000s, Guyana yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da gwamnatin Venezuela. A cikin 2009, a ƙarƙashin tsarin PetroCaribe, Guyana sayi rage farashin mai daga Venezuela don musanya shinkafa, alfanu ga masana'antar shinkafa ta Guyana. Shirin mai na shinkafa ya kare ne a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2015, wani bangare na farashin mai a duniya. A bayyane yake ga masu sa ido a duka Georgetown da Caracas cewa shirin ya fuskanci tashin hankali tsakanin kasashen game da yankin Essequibo da ake takaddama a kai.

Rarraba da Mulki na ExxonMobil

Kuri'ar raba gardama ta 3 ga Disamba a Venezuela da "da'irar hadin kai" zanga-zanga a Guyana sun ba da shawarar taurin matsayin kasashen biyu. A gefe guda kuma, a gefen taron COP-28, shugaban Guyana Irfaan Ali ya gana da shugaban Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel da firaministan St. Vincent da Grenadines Ralph Gonsalves, inda suka tattauna kan halin da ake ciki. Ali bukaci Díaz-Canel ya bukaci Venezuela da ta ci gaba da "yankin zaman lafiya."

Da alama yaki baya kan gaba. Amurka ta janye wani bangare na takunkumin da ta yi wa masana'antar mai na kasar Venezuela, lamarin da ya baiwa kamfanin Chevron damar yin hakan sake kunnawa ayyukan mai da yawa a cikin Orinoco Belt da kuma a tafkin Maracaibo. Washington ba ta da sha'awar zurfafa rikicinta da Venezuela. Amma ExxonMobil yayi. Al'ummar Venezuela da Guyana ba za su amfana da tsoma bakin siyasar da ExxonMobil ke yi a yankin ba. Shi ya sa da yawa daga cikin 'yan kasar Venezuela da suka zo kada kuri'a a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba suna ganin wannan ba shi da wani rikici tsakanin Venezuela da Guyana da kuma rikici tsakanin ExxonMobil da al'ummomin wadannan kasashe biyu na Kudancin Amurka.

Wannan labarin ya samo ta Globetrotter.

Vijay Prashad ɗan tarihi ɗan Indiya ne, edita, kuma ɗan jarida. Shi ɗan'uwan marubuci ne kuma babban ɗan jarida a Globetrotter. Shi editan ne LeftWord Littattafai kuma daraktan Tricontinental: Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa. Ya rubuta littattafai sama da 20 ciki har da Ƙasashe Masu Duhu da kuma Kasashe Masu Talauci. Sabbin littattafansa sune Gwagwarmaya Ta Sa Mu Dan Adam: Koyi Daga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da (tare da Noam Chomsky) Janyewar: Iraki, Libya, Afganistan, da Rashin Karfin ikon Amurka.