An yi wata sanarwar gama-gari a matsayin martani ga daftarin bayanin da aka fallasa kwanan nan daga sakataren ma'aikatar tsaron cikin gida John Kelly da ke bayyana matakan da za a dauka na jibge rundunonin tsaron kasar, da kuma wasu matakai, a fadin manyan yankuna na kasar don farauto tare da tsare wadanda ake zargi. na zama bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Amurka. Gwamnatin Trump ta nemi nisantar da kanta daga wannan bayanin, inda ta nuna cewa Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida (DHS) ce ba takardar Fadar White House ba. Duk da yake wannan kawai ya haifar da ƙarin tambayoyi game da dangantakar Fadar White House da sauran shugabannin zartarwa na tarayya, kuma ta kasa sanya damuwa game da yuwuwar amfani da Tsaron kasa a kan miliyoyin mambobin al'ummarmu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana haifar da manyan tambayoyi game da wanene ke ba da umarni ga Guard, wanda gadin ya yi aiki, bayan waɗannan, rawar da ƙungiyoyin soja ke takawa wajen karfafawa ko kuma gurgunta mulkin demokradiyya a karni na ashirin da ɗaya.
Sabbin damuwa game da kwatance masu haɗari da bayanin DHS ya nuna yana jawo hankali ga abin da wasunmu ke jayayya tsawon shekaru-wato, cewa sake dawo da tsarin tsaro na ƙasa ya kamata ya ɗauki nauyin farko na tsaron Amurka daga soja na zamani. kafa. Don isa can, zai zama taimako don ɗaukar kwas ɗin karo a cikin doka da tarihin National Guard.
"Ba a mamaye Amurka ba tun 1941, duk da haka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, an tura rundunonin tsaro na kasa a kasashe 70."
Bari mu fara da Gwamna Asa Hutchinson na Arkansas, wanda ya mayar da martani ga bayanan DHS da aka fallasa tare da bayyananniyar sanarwa: "Zan damu da yadda ake amfani da albarkatun Tsaron ƙasa don tabbatar da shige da fice tare da aikin tura jami'an tsaronmu a ƙasashen waje." Sauran gwamnonin sun nuna irin wannan damuwar. Irin wannan juxtapositions na ketare da turawa cikin gida suna ba mu labari sosai game da tsarin mulki da na doka waɗanda ke tafiyar da Tsaron Ƙasa. Sun kasance mummunan rikici.
Kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka ya haramta amfani da Sojojin kasa don mamayewa da mamaye wasu kasashe. Madadin haka, Mataki na 1, Sashe na 8 ya tanadi yin amfani da Tsaron “don aiwatar da dokokin ƙungiyar, murkushe tada kayar baya, da tunkuɗe mamayewa.” Dokokin tarayya da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin ikon Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun bayyana yanayin da Mai gadi zai iya kuma ba za a yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da doka a cikin gida ba. Yawancin karatun waɗannan ƙa'idodin shine ba su ba da izini ba tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin tsaro na jihohi don farauta da tsare waɗanda ake zargi da zama baƙi ba tare da izini ba. Amma duk da haka a matsayin batun dokar tsarin mulki da ya ƙunshi aƙalla da yawa daga cikin sharuddan 'yan bindiga da kuma Dokar Haƙƙin, tambayar ba ta da tabbas.
Abin da ya fito fili shi ne cewa a halin yanzu an karya dokar tsaron kasa. Tun shekara ta 1941 ba a kai wa Amurka hari ba, amma duk da haka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, an jibge rundunonin tsaron kasa a kasashe 70, wanda ke nuni da kalaman tsohon sakataren tsaron Amurka Donald Rumsfeld cewa, “Ba yadda za a yi mu gudanar da yakin duniya na yaki da ta’addanci ba tare da jami’an tsaro ba. da Reserve." A lokaci guda kuma, yuwuwar yin amfani da Tsarin Mulki a kan baƙi an gamu da babban zargi kai tsaye wanda ke nuna ƴan adawa galibi ba su shirya yin muhawara kan menene Tsaron ba, menene ya kamata ya kasance da farko, da kuma menene. iya ko ya kamata.
Tarihin Guard
“Yallabai, menene amfanin ‘yan bindiga? Don hana kafa runduna mai tsayuwa, hana 'yanci…. A duk lokacin da gwamnatoci ke nufin mamaye hakki da ’yancin jama’a, sai su yi yunkurin ruguza ‘yan bindigar, domin su tara sojoji kan rugujewarsu.” – Wakilin Amurka Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, 17 ga Agusta, 1789.
National Guard su ne ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara da kuma tsararru na Amurka, kuma asalin Guard ɗin yana tare da sojojin gwamnatin juyin juya hali na 1770s da 1780s. Don dalilai na tarihi iri-iri da ke da alaƙa da tarihin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka na ajin aiki da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na tsakiya, tsarar juyin juya hali sun amince a cikin rundunonin sojoji a matsayin barazana mai mutuƙar mutuwa ga mulkin kai na jamhuriyar. Don haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da bincike da yawa kan iyawar gwamnatin tarayya-da kuma, musamman, na bangaren zartarwa-don shiga yakin da kuma amfani da karfin soja. Wadannan tsare-tsaren kundin tsarin mulki sun hada da gano ikon bayyana ikon tare da Majalisa, kulawar gudanarwa da kuma kula da kudi na sojoji tare da Majalisa, da hakkin shugaban kasa tare da ofishin kwamandan kwamandan kawai a lokacin yaki, da kuma daidaita manufofin tsaro na kasa a kusa da shi. tsarin tsagerun da ake da su sabanin ƙwararrun runduna masu ƙwararru.
A ƙarni na farko, tsarin ƴan bindiga ya yi aiki da kyau da kuma marasa lafiya kamar yadda aka yi niyya tun asali: don hana mamayewa, murkushe tawaye, da kuma tilasta doka. Inda mayakan ba su yi aiki mai kyau ba, shi ne mamayewa da mamaye wasu kasashe da kasashe. Wannan gaskiya ne a yaƙe-yaƙe da ƴan asalin Arewacin Amurka, kuma an bayyana shi musamman a cikin ƙoƙarin da ba a yi nasara ba a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara don sauya ƙungiyoyin mayaka cikin hanzari zuwa rukunin Sojoji don ayyukan Philippines, Guam, da Cuba. Bayan haka, tare da kowane yaƙe-yaƙe na karni na ashirin, tun daga yakin Amurka na Spain a cikin yakin duniya, yakin cacar baki, mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki da Afganistan, da kuma abin da ake kira Yaƙin Duniya na Ta'addanci, Amurkawa sun fuskanci karuwar zama ƙasa. Rundunar sojojin Amurka da ke da tushe a cikin National Guard and Reserves.
Wannan sauyi ba wai kawai yana tare da haɓakar yanayin yaƙin Amurka na zamani ba, ya kasance wani sharadi da ya wajaba a gare shi. Inda Abraham Lincoln sau da yawa ya ba da misalin kwarewarsa ta farko game da ofishin jama'a a zabensa na kyaftin a cikin 'yan bindigar Illinois, zaben jami'an ya fita daga aikin sojan Amurka. Inda ƙungiyoyin soja daban-daban suka ƙi shiga cikin mamayewa da mamaya na Kanada, Mexico, ƙasar Indiya, da Philippines, a yau irin wannan ƙi zai haifar da rikicin tsarin mulki. Inda a cikin 1898 akwai maza takwas da ke karkashin makamai a cikin sojojin Amurka na kowane daya a cikin Sojojin Amurka, a yau an nade National Guard a cikin ajiyar sojojin Amurka. Rushewa da shigar da tsarin 'yan bindiga na gargajiya wani abu ne da ake bukata don bullowar mulkin mallaka na Amurka a karni na ashirin.
A matsayin kayan aikin tabbatar da doka a cikin gida, sauyi na Guard bai cika cika ba. A cikin karni na sha tara, rundunonin sojan kudu sun murkushe tawayen bayi kuma sassan Arewa sun yi tsayayya da masu farautar bayi; wasu 'yan bindiga sun yi ta'addancin 'yantar Bakaken fata da wasu mayaka da tsoffin bayi suka shirya don sake ginawa; wasu sassan sun yi wa ma'aikatan da ke yajin aikin kisan kiyashi, wasu kuma suka shiga yajin aikin. Wannan yunƙurin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na ashirin da ashirin da ɗaya, yayin da aka yi amfani da Guard ɗin duka don ƙin yarda da aiwatar da yancin ɗan adam a Little Rock da Montgomery; don murkushe zanga-zangar birane da zanga-zangar dalibai daga Los Angeles zuwa Milwaukee; don kafa dokar yaki a zanga-zangar WTO ta Seattle na 1999 - da kuma kin yin hakan a lokacin tashin hankalin Wisconsin na 2011. Shugabannin George W. Bush da Barack Obama sun yi aiki tare da gwamnonin jihohin kan iyaka don tura sassan Guard don kula da iyakoki, amma kamar yadda mun ga a cikin makon da ya gabata, an fuskanci turjiya sosai game da yadda ake amfani da Jami’an tsaro wajen kamo bakin haure da ba su da takardun izini.
Zuwa Tsarin Tsaron Dimokuradiyya
Babu shakka abu ne mai kyau cewa, ga duk abin da aka yi wa Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, Cibiyar Tsaron ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya ba kawai a cikin martani ga memo na DHS ba, har ma fiye da haka a cikin yunƙurin da aka tsara na waɗanda ke aiki a cikin sojoji, tsoffin sojoji, iyalai da abokai, lauyoyi da masu ba da shawarar dimokuradiyya don fuskantar amfani da Tsaron ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin 1980s, gwamnonin jihohi da yawa sun kalubalanci amfani da Guard don horar da Contras na Nicaragua. Daga 2007-2009, Liberty Tree Foundation ta haɗu da jihohi ashirin "Kawo Gidan Tsaro!" yaƙin neman zaɓe na buƙatar gwamnoni su sake duba umarnin tarayya don halalcinsu da kuma ƙin yin yunƙurin tura rundunonin tsaro na jiha zuwa ƙasashen waje. Wadannan yunƙurin sun kasa cimma burinsu na gaggawa, amma sun buɗe muhawarar jama'a masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su iya nuna hanyar da za a bi don tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa.
A cikin nazarin tarihin National Guard, mun ga misalai da yawa na abin da doka a cikin al'adar aiki a cikin ka'idar shari'a ta koyar: cewa doka da tsarin doka suna aiki ba kawai a cikin rubutu ko a cikin cibiyoyin shari'a ba amma fiye da haka a cikin hanyoyin wacce doka ake aiki da ita kuma aka goge ta a faɗin faɗin da zurfin rayuwar zamantakewa. Idan rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ba da ikon yaki da farko ga Majalisa da kuma sojojin gwamnati, amma yanayin kayan soja ya kasance a hanyar da ta ba da ikon reshe na zartarwa, sannan yanke shawara game da yaki da zaman lafiya, da kuma tsarin jama'a. 'yancin jama'a, za a yi ta shugaban kasa. Don al'ummar dimokuradiyya ta fito ta kuma bunƙasa, yana da mahimmanci ga ainihin kundin tsarin mulki ya yi aiki ta hanyar da za ta tabbatar da dimokuradiyya. A gare ni, irin wannan amincewa yana nuna gyare-gyare da dama ga tsarinmu na tsaron ƙasa, ciki har da:
- Fadada manufar Rundunar Tsaro ta kasa don gane da rawar da take takawa a halin yanzu a cikin agajin bala'i, ayyukan jin kai, da kuma sabbin ayyuka a cikin kiyayewa, canjin makamashi, sake gina birane da karkara, da sauran muhimman wurare;
- Sake fasalin Guard a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sabis na duniya wanda kowane ɗan ƙasa da mazaunin Amurka ke shiga cikin lokacin ƙuruciya - wanda kuma, bi da bi, wani ɓangare ne na ƙaƙƙarfan samar da ilimi mafi girma na jama'a da sauran ayyukan jama'a kyauta;
- Maido da kada kuri'a, gami da zaben jami'ai, ga tsarin tsaron kasa;
- Sake fasalin kudade da ka'idojin tsaro don tabbatar da cewa sassan jihar sun shiga ayyukan yaki ne kawai saboda mamayewa, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada;
- Daidaitaccen gyare-gyare na Sojojin Amurka a cikin aiki da hidima ga tsarin Tsaro;
- Amincewa da gyaran ƙuri'ar raba gardama na yaƙi, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin 1920s bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma a cikin 1970s a ƙarshen Yaƙin Vietnam, da ke buƙatar ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙasa kafin Amurka ta shiga duk wani rikici na rashin tsaro; kuma
- An samu gagarumin ci gaba a aikin samar da zaman lafiya a matsayin wani lamari na manufofin Amurka, a wani bangare ta hanyar karfafawa da tsarin dimokuradiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar yadda Amurka ke kashe akalla sau goma wajen samar da yanayin zaman lafiya kamar yadda take yi wajen shirya yiwuwar yaki. .
Akwai masu cewa babu wani daga cikin wadannan da ya yi nisa, yana mai nuni da cewa an riga an haramta yaki da wasu yarjejeniyoyin da Amurka ta rattaba hannu a kai, musamman yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand ta 1928. Hakika, sun yi daidai. Amma irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, kamar Kundin Tsarin Mulki da ya sa su “Mafi Koli na Ƙasa,” suna jin daɗin ƙarfi ne kawai a cikin ainihin tsarin mulki. Tsarin dimokraɗiyya na tsaro shine mafi ƙwaƙƙwaran tsaro ga zaman lafiya da dimokuradiyya. Tashin hankalin jama'a game da yuwuwar tura National Guard don dalilai na tilasta shige da fice ya kamata ya zama abin tsalle don bincike mai zurfi da muhawara game da yadda muka zama kanmu a matsayin mutane don karewa da kare haƙƙinmu da 'yancinmu. .
