Nuna Amincewa da Sauyin Yanayi

Afrilu 17, 2020

daga Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya

Biyan hoto: Tony Webster

Wannan nazarin ya taƙaita kuma ya nuna a kan binciken da ke gaba: Boyce, GA, Launius, S., Williams, J. & Miller, T. (2020). Sauyin tsarin siyasa da kalubalantar mata game da tabbatar da manufar sauyin yanayi. Jinsi, Wuri, & Al'adu, 27 (3), 394-411.

Alamomin Magana

Dangane da canjin yanayin duniya:

• Gwamnatocin ƙasa, musamman a Arewa ta Arewa, sun ba da sanarwar amfani da iyakokin ƙasa don hana refugeesan gudun hijirar sauyin yanayi kan manufofi - kamar rage iskar gas - da za su magance barazanar tsaro da canjin yanayi ke fuskanta.
• Wannan martani na soja ya haifar da rashin tsaro da rashin kulawa ga kwarewar rayuwar mutane da al'ummomin da suka fi fuskantar cutarwa.
• Movementsungiyoyi na zamantakewa da ke ɗaukar ƙarin ra'ayi game da tsaro da ayyukan haɗin kai na hankali na iya nuna hanyar ciyar da manufar sauyin yanayi wacce ke ba da ma'ana ga kafofin tsaro daban-daban a maimakon inganta yanayin rashin tsaro ta hanyar zaɓuɓɓukan manufofin amfani da makamai kamar ikon kan iyaka.

Summary

Akwai wadatattun zaɓuɓɓukan siyasa don ƙasashe don magancewa da amsa canjin yanayi. Idan aka kalli Amurka musamman, marubutan wannan binciken suna jayayya cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan manufofin ana dubansu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau labarin kasa, manyan gwamnatoci su yi amfani da sojoji a kan iyakokin kasa a matsayin wani abun a zo a gani tare da kokarin rage kwararar carbon. Kasashe sun bayyana ƙaurawar da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi (musamman daga Duniya ta Kudu zuwa Duniya ta Arewa) a matsayin babbar haɗarin canjin canjin yanayi, magance hakan a matsayin barazanar tsaro da ke buƙatar ganuwar kan iyaka, garkuwa da mutane, da ɗaurin kurkuku.

Yawan mutane: "Nuna wariyar nuna bambanci na sararin samaniya wanda aka tsara don gudanar da yawan mutane, ta hanyar sarrafawa ko hana zirga zirgar motsi da / ko samun damar zuwa wasu wurare." Marubutan wannan labarin suna amfani da wannan tsarin ga yadda ƙasashe suka saba al'adar barazanar tsaro. A tsarin tsarin kasa-da-kasa, mutane sun fahimci kasancewa cikin jihohi da aka ayyana kasa (kasashe), ana kuma ganin wadancan jihohin suna takara da juna.

Mawallafin sun soki wannan salon, wanda suke jayayya daga tsarin tsarin ƙasa wanda mutane ke cikin ƙasashe ƙayyadaddun ƙasashe kuma waɗannan ƙasashe suna gasa da juna don tabbatar da bukatunsu. Madadin haka, suna neman wata hanyar mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi. Wanda ya ja daga daga malanta mata, marubutan sun danganci yunkuri na zamantakewa — Yankin Sanatocin Arewacin Amurka da #YankaMakara-don koyon yadda ake tattara yaduwar fadada da fadada hanyoyin tsaro.

Marubutan sun fara da bin diddigin abubuwan tsare sirri na manufofin sauyin yanayi a Amurka Sun kwashe hujjoji daga kafofin kamar rahoton Pentagon na 2003 wanda ke nuna yadda sojojin Amurka ke tantance ƙaurawar yanayi a matsayin babbar barazanar tsaron ƙasa da canjin yanayi, yana buƙatar ƙarfafa iyakokin don kare “baƙi da ba sa so. Tsibiran Caribbean, Mexico, da Kudancin Amurka. ”[1] Wannan gurguntar da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin gwamnatocin Amurka na gaba, sun jagoranci jami'an Amurka don kula da kwararar mutane zuwa Amurka a matsayin babbar barazanar tsaro da ke haifar da canjin yanayi.

Amintaccen tsari: An yi la'akari da "a matsayin mafi tsananin sigar siyasa" inda a cikin "[siyasa] batun aka gabatar da shi azaman barazanar wanzuwar, yana buƙatar matakan gaggawa da kuma tabbatar da abubuwan da suka dace ba bisa ƙa'idar siyasa ba." Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. (1997). Binciken tsaro: Kayan aiki. A cikin Tsaro: Wani sabon tsari na bincike, 21-48. Boulder, CO.: Lynn Rienner Mawallafa

Don haka, marubutan sun lura cewa “hatsarorin canjin yanayi a duniya, to, ba a fahimtar su da batun gurɓatowar iska, ƙonewar teku, fari, matsanancin yanayi, hauhawar yanayin teku, ko tasirin waɗannan a kan kyautata rayuwar ɗan adam, maimakon [ƙaura ɗan adam] waɗanda waɗannan sakamakon ke hasashen za su iya haifar da hakan. ” Anan, marubutan sun tashi daga malanta a gaban mata musayar-geopolitics nuna yadda dabarun ilimin halittar kasa ke haifar da rashin tsaro da rashin kulawa ga irin kwarewar rayuwar mutane da al'ummomi. Movementsungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka ambata suna ƙalubalanci wannan dabarar ta hanyar geopopulationist ta hanyar faɗaɗa ma'anar tsaro da samar da ita mafi haɗuwa da kwarewar rayuwar waɗanda kai tsaye ta hanyar cutarwa — hanya da ke nuna wata hanya ta gaba game da martaninmu ga canjin yanayi.

Musanya-Geopolitics: Wani madadin ga ilimin geopolitics wanda ke "bayyanar [yadda] yadda manufar tsaro da aiwatarwa a matakin kasa-kasa ke taka rawa da rarraba rarraba rashin tsaro a duk fadin iko da bambanci," kuma ya nuna yadda "ayyuka da tattara kungiyoyi suka bunkasa a zahiri da alama. kan iyakoki da faɗaɗa, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, da kuma inganta tsaro azaman aikin faɗaɗa daɗaɗɗa. " Koopman, S. (2011). Alter-geopolitics: Sauran abubuwan tsaro suna faruwa. Geoforum, 42 (3), 274-284.

Na farko, Taron Tsakanin Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a matsayin hanyar gwagwarmaya, majami'u, majami'u, jami'o'i, kungiyoyin kwadago, da birni da ke amsawa game da yadda masu neman mafaka daga Amurka ta Tsakiya a 1980s - wadanda yawancinsu ke tserewa tashin hankali a hannun Amurka. -in sake gwamnatocin kasashe a kasashe irin su El Salvador, Guatemala, da Honduras. Wannan ƙungiya ta haɗu kai tsaye kuma ta fallasa dabaru ɗin Amurka - wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan gwamnatocin tashin hankali a matsayin bayyanar da bukatun ta na tsaro sannan suka yi ƙoƙarin hana yawancin mutanen da abin ya shafa su sami mafaka a Amurka — ta hanyar samar da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da al'ummomin da aka cutar da lahani. Wannan hadin kai ya nuna cewa bin matakan tsaron Amurka ya haifar da rashin tsaro ga mutane da yawa da kuma al'ummomi yayin da suke tserewa tashe-tashen hankula daga jihar. Movementungiyar ta ba da shawarar don samar da mafita ta manufofin, kamar ƙirƙirar nau'in kare poan Matsakaici na dokar 'yan gudun hijira ta Amurka.

Na biyu, da #Bayanai motsi ya ba da takamaiman alaƙa tsakanin tashin hankalin wariyar launin fata da kuma nuna bambamci game da illolin muhalli waɗanda al'ummomin launin fata suke ji. Wannan canjin yana ƙaruwa ne kawai ta gazawar canjin yanayin canjin yanayi. Manufar kungiyar kwadagon ta kira ba kawai don "magance tashin hankali na 'yan sanda masu wariyar launin fata ba, kisan mutane da sauran masu haifar da rashin daidaituwa da mutuwa ba tare da bata lokaci ba" har ma da "karkatar da hankalin jama'a daga matatun mai, tare da saka hannun jari a cikin al'umma a bangaren ilimi, kiwon lafiya da makamashi mai dorewa." Movementungiyar ta jawo haɗin tsakanin al'ummomin da ke saɓanin bambancin launin launi dangane da cutar da ke haifar da muhalli da kuma babbar ma'anar ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda suka gaza amincewa da cewa rashin tsaro ko magance tushen abubuwan sa.

Tasirin canjin yanayi ana jin shi sama da kan iyakokin siyasa, yana neman karin cikakken ma'anar tsaro wanda ya zarce wanda aka bayyana a tsarin ilimin geopopulation. A cikin nazari kan ƙungiyoyi na zamantakewar jama'a a cikin wannan binciken, marubutan sun fara tsara wata hanya ta daban ga manufar canjin yanayi bisa la’akari da ƙarin hanyoyin samar da tsaro. Farko, an zana mana daga kwarewar #Bayanai, shine fahimtar cewa canjin yanayi yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin tsaro al'ummomin launi da suka riga kuka saboda wariyar launin fata. Na gaba, akwai damar samar da hadin kai, kamar yadda kungiyar Sanatoci ta nuna, don tura baya ga karancin kimantawa game da rashin tsaro da ke haifar da rashin tsaro, wanda ke neman a kiyaye iyakokin kasa yayin da yin watsi da sauran illolin muhalli da ke shafar lafiyar mutane.

Sanarwa da Aiki

A lokacin da aka rubuta wannan bincike, duniya tana fuskantar barazanar sake barazanar tsaro daban-daban ta duniya - annoba ce ta duniya. Saurin yaduwar cutar coronavirus yana tona asirai a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya da kuma nuna rashin cikakken shiri a ƙasashe da yawa, galibi musamman Amurka Muna da ƙarfin gwiwa game da tasirin mai yuwuwar asara na rayuwa kamar yadda COVID-19 ya zama dalili na biyu na mutuwa a cikin Amurka wannan makon da ya gabata, ba don ambaton mahimman tasirin tattalin arziki ba (kimantawa na sama da 30% rashin aikin yi) cewa wannan rikicin zai yi ta ƙaruwa a yawancin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa. Shine ke jagorantar kwararrun masana harkokin tsaro da na tsaro zuwa ga zana kwatancen yaƙi amma kuma jagorantar da yawa daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙwararrun masana zuwa maslahar gamawa ce: yaya lafiya muke da gaske?

Shekaru da dama, tsaron lafiyar Amurka ya mayar da hankali kan kare rayukan Amurkawa daga barazanar ta'addanci na kasashen waje da kuma kara “bukatun tsaro” na Amurka. Wannan dabarar tsaro ta haifar da kasafin kudin kare-dangi, gazawa cikin matakan soji, da kuma asarar rayuka masu yawa, ko dai farar hula da 'yan gwagwarmaya ko kuma jami'an sojan Amurka-duk an tabbatar da hakan ne ta hanyar imani cewa wadannan ayyukan sun sanya Amurkawa lafiya. Koyaya, tabarauyar tabarau ta hanyar da Amurka ta fahimta kuma ta ayyana "abubuwan da suka shafi tsaro" ya dakatar da ikonmu na mayar da martani ga manyan matsalolin da ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwar Tsaro na gama gari-a duniya baki daya da canjin yanayi.

Marubutan wannan labarin daidai suke daga malamin mata da ƙungiyoyi na zamantakewa don bayyanar da madadin wannan tsarin da ake bi don kawo canjin yanayin canjin yanayi. Dangane da juna, manufofin kasashen waje na mata tsari ne da ke fitowa wanda a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin harkokin waje na mata, "Yana haɓaka kwarewar rayuwar yau da kullun na al'ummomin da aka katange su a kan gaba sannan kuma samar da zurfafa da zurfafa bincike game da al'amuran duniya." Tare da canje-canje na yanki, tsarin siyasa na waje na mata yana ba da fassarar daban ta abin da ke ba mu tsaro. Ya ba da misali da cewa tsaro ba ya haifar da gasa tsakanin kasashe. Maimakon haka, mun fi samun tsaro yayin da muka tabbatar cewa wasu sun kasance amintattu. Ana fahimtar rikice-rikice kamar wannan annoba ta duniya da canjin yanayi a matsayin barazanar tsaro saboda tasirin mummunar tasirinsu ga rayuwar mutane da al'ummomin duniya, ba wai kawai saboda sun tsoma baki cikin "bukatun tsaro ba". Amsar da ta fi dacewa a kowane yanayi ita ce ba ta yin amfani da iyakokinmu ko sanya wani takunkumi na tafiye tafiye ba amma don ceton rayuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu da kuma samar da mafita waɗanda ke magance tushen matsalar.

Tare da yawaitar wadannan rikice-rikice da kuma barazanar rayuwar ɗan adam da suke gabatarwa, yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a canza abin da muke nufi da tsaro. Lokaci ya yi da za mu sake tantance ayyukanmu na kasafin kudi da kuma kashe kuɗaɗen tsaro. Lokaci ya yi da za a haɗu da ingantaccen yanayin da ya fahimci hakan, a zahiri, ba wanda ke da tsaro sai mun kasance amintattu.

Karatun Karatu

Haberman, C. (2017, Maris 2). Trump da yaƙi a kan Wuri Mai Tsarki a Amurka. The New York Times. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 1, 2020, daga  https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/us/sanctuary-cities-movement-1980s-political-asylum.html

Lines mai launi. (2016, 1 ga Agusta). KARANTA: Kungiyoyin manufofin Baki na Baki da Baki. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 2, 2020, daga https://www.colorlines.com/articles/read-movement-black-lives-policy-platform

Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin waje na mata. (Nd). Tsarin karanta Furucin Foreignasashen waje na Fabi'a. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 2, 2020, daga https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org/feminist-foreign-policy

Aminci Science Digest. (2019, Fabrairu 14). Lura da alaƙa tsakanin jinsi, canjin yanayi, da rikici. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 2, 2020, daga https://peacesciencedigest.org/considering-links-between-gender-climate-change-and-conflict/

Aminci Science Digest. (2016, Afrilu 4). Irƙirarin ƙaƙƙarfan motsi don rayuwar Baki. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 2, 2020, daga https://peacesciencedigest.org/creating-broad-based-movement-black-lives/?highlight=black%20lives%20matter%20

Kwamitin Sabis na Aboki na Amurka. (2013, 12 ga Yuni). Tsare hannun jari: An fara hangen nesa game da manufar kasashen waje ta Amurka. Da aka dawo da Afrilu 2, 2020, daga https://www.afsc.org/story/shared-security-quaker-vision-us-foreign-policy-launched

Organizations

Ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar gona ta kasar, Sabuwar Sanyi: http://nfwm.org/new-sanctuary-movement/

Black Rayuwa Matter: https://blacklivesmatter.com

Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin waje na emabi'a: https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org

keywords: canjin yanayi, soja, Amurka, ƙungiyoyi na zamantakewa, Black Lives Matter, Sanctuary Movement, feminism

[1] Schwartz, P., & Randall, D. (2003). Wani mummunan yanayin canjin yanayi da kuma tasirin sa ga tsaron kasar Amurka. Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Pasadena Jet Propulsion Lab.