By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Afrilu 25, 2022
"Tsuntsaye Ba Gaskiya ba" - ka'idar cewa duk tsuntsayen jiragen sama ne - wani wasan kwaikwayo ne da aka halicce shi don dariya, wanda ake zaton tare da wasu mutane masu damuwa da gaske sun yarda da shi. "Costa Rica Ba Gaskiya ba ne" ba a taɓa yin magana da komai ba, kuma duk da haka mutane da yawa suna kula da su sosai. Ina nufin, kowa zai yarda cewa Costa Rica yana zaune a can akan taswira, kuma a gaskiya, tsakanin Nicaragua da Panama, Pacific da Caribbean. Amma duk da haka, buƙatar al'umma ta sami ƙarfin soja mai girma (wanda ake magana da shi ko da masu fafutukar zaman lafiya ba su biya ko sisi ba don hidimar a matsayin "kariya") ana danganta su da wani abu mai ban mamaki da ake kira "yanayin ɗan adam" ko da yake Costa Rica - yana ɗaukan hakan. ya wanzu kuma ya ƙunshi mutane - ya soke sojojinsa shekaru 74 da suka wuce, kuma kowace al'umma a duniya ba tare da togiya ba tana kashe kusan $ 0 na Costa Rica akan sojojinta fiye da abin da Amurka ke kashewa kan sojan da kashi 4% na bil'adama ke ƙayyade menene. "dabi'ar mutum" shine.
Yiwuwar cewa Costa Rica ta yi wani abu mai mahimmanci kuma mai fa'ida ta hanyar soke sojojinta gabaɗaya ana magance ta ta yin watsi da shi, amma wani lokacin ta hanyar ba da uzuri game da shi - ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa Costa Rica a asirce tana da sojoji, ko kuma da'awar cewa sojojin Amurka suna kare. Costa Rica, ko da'awar cewa misalin Costa Rica ya bambanta kuma mara amfani ga kowace ƙasa. Dukanmu za mu amfana da karanta Judith Eve Lipton da littafin David P. Barash, Ƙarfafa Ta Zaman Lafiya: Yadda Ƙarfafawa Ya haifar da Aminci da Farin Ciki a Costa Rica, da Abin da Sauran Duniya Za Su Koyi Daga Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasar Tropical. A nan mun koyi kada mu yi watsi da abin da Costa Rica ke nufi, kuma mun koyi cewa Costa Rica ba ta da soja a asirce, kuma sojojin Amurka ba su yi wani aiki ga Costa Rica ba, da kuma yawancin abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa Costa Rica. Rushewar da Rica ta yi na sojojinta, da kuma yawancin fa'idodin da wataƙila ya haifar, wataƙila za a iya yin kwafi a wasu wurare, duk da cewa babu ƙasashe guda biyu da suka yi daidai da juna, al'amuran ɗan adam suna da rikitarwa sosai, da kuma ƙasashen da suka yi daidai abin da Costa Rica ke da shi. yayi make up data set na 1.
Costa Rica tana zaune a wani yanki na duniya mai fama da talauci kuma ita kanta tana fama da talauci, amma idan aka zo ga martabar jin daɗi, farin ciki, tsawon rayuwa, lafiya, ilimi, ba a taɓa samun matsayi a ko'ina kusa da kowane ɗayansu. maƙwabtanta, kuma galibi tana kan gaba a jerin ƙasashen duniya a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki. Ticos, kamar yadda ake kira mazauna Costa Rica, suna shiga cikin wani ɗan bambanci, a zahiri, suna alfahari da kawar da sojojinsu, a cikin al'adun dimokuradiyya masu ban mamaki da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa, a cikin manyan matakan ilimi da kiwon lafiya, a cikin yiwuwar su. Kariyar kashi mafi girma na ƙasa-a-duniya na kariyar yankunan daji a wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiya, da kuma a cikin 99% na wutar lantarki da aka sabunta su. A cikin 2012 Costa Rica ta haramta duk wani farauta na nishaɗi. A cikin 2017, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Costa Rica ya jagoranci majalisar da ta yi shawarwari kan Yarjejeniyar Hana Makamin Nukiliya. Lokacin da na rubuta littafi game da Gyaran Ƙarranci, wannan ba shine abin da nake tunani ba. Ina rubutu game da ƙasar da ke jagorantar lalata muhalli, ɗaurin kurkuku, soja, da girman kai ga wasu ƙasashe. Ba ni da zargi don yin fahariya da yin abubuwa masu kyau.
Tabbas Costa Rica a matsayin cikakkiyar utopia da gaske ba gaskiya bane. Ba haka ba ne, ba ma kusa ba. A gaskiya idan kana zaune a Amurka kuma ka guje wa mummunan unguwanni da sansanonin soji da masana'antar makamai da tunanin abin da gwamnati ke yi a duniya, kuma idan harbe-harben jama'a ya rasa ku, tabbas za ku yi la'akari da shi mafi aminci. amintacce, kuma wuri mara tashin hankali fiye da Costa Rica. Abin takaici, Costa Rica ba ta da ƙaramin matakin tashin hankali tsakanin mutane ko fashi ko satar mota. Wannan aljannar samar da zaman lafiya cike take da shingen waya da na'urorin ƙararrawa. The Global Peace Index darajõji Costa Rica 39th da Amurka 122nd, maimakon 1st da 163rd, ta hanyar haɓaka tsaro a cikin gida, ba kawai militarism ba. Har ila yau Costa Rica na fama da gurbacewar yanayi, rashin aikin gwamnati, cin hanci da rashawa, jinkiri mara iyaka - ciki har da kiwon lafiya, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, fataucin mutane, tashin hankalin ƙungiyoyi, da matsayi na biyu ga baƙi "ba bisa doka ba" musamman daga Nicaragua.
Amma 'yan Costa Rica ba su aika da ɗayan yaran su don ya kashe ko ya mutu ko ya dawo lalacewa daga yaƙe-yaƙe ba. Ba sa tsoron wani buguwa daga yaƙe-yaƙensu da ba su wanzu ba. Suna tsoron kada abokan gabansu na soja za su kai musu hari da nufin kwace makamansu da babu su. Suna rayuwa tare da ɗan ƙaramin bacin rai na rashin adalci na tsari ko rashin daidaituwar dukiya ko ɗaurin jama'a. Duk da yake alkaluman duniya suna darajar Costa Rica a matsayin daidai kuma ba su da daidaito, al'adunta suna da alama suna kiyaye fifiko don daidaito da kunya don cin abinci a bayyane.
Costa Rica tana da babban arziki don rashin zinariya ko azurfa ko man fetur ko tashar jiragen ruwa masu amfani ko mafi kyawun ƙasa don gonar bayi ko wuri mai dacewa don magudanar ruwa ko hanya daga teku zuwa teku. Ta sha fama da yake-yake kadan, amma kawai juyin mulkin soji don kallon soja a matsayin barazana.
A cikin 1824, Costa Rica ta soke bautar - maimakon abin kunya daga hangen nesa na Amurka saboda ta yi hakan ba tare da yakin da za a yi alfahari da shi ba. A cikin 1825, Shugaban Costa Rica ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa na yanzu ba sa buƙatar kowane soja. A shekara ta 1831 Costa Rica ta yanke shawarar ba wa matalauta ƙasashe da ke bakin teku da kuma tilasta wa ’yan ƙasa su yi noman amfanin gona da ake buƙata a Turai, kamar kofi, sukari, da koko. Wannan ya taimaka wajen kafa al'adar kananan gonakin iyali.
A 1838 Costa Rica ta rabu da Nicaragua. Al'ummar kasashen biyu kusan ba za a iya bambance su ta kwayoyin halitta ba. Duk da haka ɗayan ya rayu ba tare da yaƙe-yaƙe ba, ɗayan kuma tare da yaƙe-yaƙe marasa tsayawa a yau. Bambancin al'ada ne, kuma kafin 1948 sokewar sojojin Costa Rica. Costa Rica ba ta samo asali ne ta hanyar yaƙi mai daraja da aka yi bikin ba, amma ta hanyar sanya hannu kan wasu takardu.
Costa Rica ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1877. A shekara ta 1880, gwamnatin Costa Rica ta yi alfahari cewa tana da sojoji 358 kawai. A cikin 1890, wani rahoto da Ministan Yaƙi na Costa Rica ya yi ya gano cewa Ticos kusan ba shi da sha'awa kuma galibi bai san samun soja ba, kuma lokacin da ya san shi yana ɗaukarsa da "wani raini."
(Psst: Wasu daga cikinmu suna tunanin haka a Amurka amma za ku iya tunanin cewa da babbar murya? - Ssshh!)
A cikin 1948, Shugaban Costa Rica ya soke sojojin - bikin ranar 1 ga Disamba a matsayin Ranar Kashe Sojoji - bayan da Ministan Tsaro (ta hanyar asusunsa na baya) ya yi jayayya da yin haka don tabbatar da kashe kudaden ilimi.
A cikin mako guda da rabi, Costa Rica ta fuskanci hari daga Nicaragua. Costa Rica ta yi kira ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka da ta tilasta wa maharan ja da baya. Bisa lafazin fim Kyakkyawan Aminci, Costa Rica kuma ta tayar da mayakan wucin gadi. Haka abin ya faru a shekarar 1955, sakamakon haka. Musamman ma, da alama gwamnatin Amurka ta yi tunanin za ta yi munin abin da ba za a yarda da shi ba bayan juyin mulkin da ta yi a Guatemala don ta kasa yin adawa da mamaye kasar da ba ta da makami kuma tilo ta dimokiradiyya a Amurka ta tsakiya.
Tabbas, Amurka ba za ta iya sauƙaƙe juyin mulki a Guatemala ba idan Guatemala ba ta da sojoji.
Costa Rica ta tsira daga yakin cacar baka tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da Ronald Reagan shekaru ta hanyar ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki da kuma haramcin haramcin "kwaminisanci" ko da yayin kafa manufofin hagu. Rashin tsaka tsakinta har ma ya ba ta damar kin goyon bayan Iran-Contra da kuma yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya a Nicaragua, abin da ya fusata gwamnatin Amurka.
A cikin 1980s, yunƙurin rashin tashin hankali ya koma baya da ƙimar wutar lantarki. Ina tsammanin wannan shine kawai ambaton gwagwarmaya a ciki Karfi Ta Zaman Lafiya, wanda hakan ya sa mai karatu ya yi mamakin yadda al’adar fafutuka ta wanzu kafin wannan lokaci da kuma bayan wannan lokaci, da kuma irin rawar da ta taka da kuma ta ke takawa wajen samar da kasar da ba ta da sojoji. Akwai wata irin fafutuka da aka taɓa: A cikin 2003, gwamnatin Costa Rica ta yi ƙoƙari ta shiga cikin "Coalition of the Willing" na Amurka don kai hari kan Iraki, amma wani ɗalibin shari'a ya kai ƙara kuma ya toshe matakin a matsayin wanda bai dace ba.
Me yasa misalin Costa Rica baya yaduwa? Amsoshin da aka bayyana sune ribar yaki da al'adun yaki, jahilci hanyoyi, da kuma muguwar yanayin barazanar yaki da fargaba. Amma watakila yana yaduwa. Kudanci makwabciyar Panama, yayin da 'yar tsana ta Amurka, ba wai kawai ba ta da sojan kanta amma ba tare da tashin hankali ba ta tilastawa Amurka ta mika mashigin ruwa tare da cire sojojinta.
Mataki-mataki . . . amma gara mu fara takawa da sauri!
Karfi Ta Zaman Lafiya littafi ne na ban mamaki mai cikakken bayani, mai gardama, da kuma rubuce-rubuce. Duk da yake ya kasa yin jayayya don kawar da soja a ko'ina, ya kasa tattauna batun madadin kariya ba tare da makamai ba, har ma da iƙirarin cewa Amurka tana da "tabbatacciyar buƙata don akalla wasu ƙarfin soja," amma duk da haka ina ƙara shi zuwa jerin masu zuwa saboda abin da yake gaya mana game da Costa Rica a matsayin haske mai jagora ga duniyar da ke cikin duhun tunanin yaki.
DA WAR ABOLI LITTAFI:
Da'a, Tsaro, da Injin Yaki: Gaskiyar Kudin Sojoji by Ned Dobos, 2020.
Fahimtar Masana'antar Yaki ta Christian Sorensen, 2020.
Babu Ƙarin War ta Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Ƙarfafa Ta Zaman Lafiya: Yadda Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa Ya haifar da Zaman Lafiya da Farin Ciki a Costa Rica, da Abin da Sauran Duniya Za Su Koyi Daga Ƙananan Ƙasar Tropical, Daga Judith Eve Lipton da David P. Barash, 2019.
Tsaron zamantakewa ta Jørgen Johansen da Brian Martin, 2019.
Murder Incorporated: Littafin Na Biyu: Kyautatattun Kyautataccen Amirka by Mumia Abu Jamal da Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Masu Tafiya don Aminci: Hiroshima da Nagasaki Survivors Magana by Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Tsayar da yaki da inganta zaman lafiya: Jagora ga Ma'aikatan Lafiya Edited by William Wiist da Shelley White, 2017.
Shirin Kasuwancin Zaman Lafiya: Gina Duniya Ba tare da Yaƙi ba by Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Yakin Ba Yayi Kawai by David Swanson, 2016.
Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya: Wani Gida don Yaƙin by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Ƙarfin Kariya akan Yakin: Abin da Amurka ta rasa a Tarihin Tarihin Amurka da Abin da Za Mu Yi Yanzu by Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Yaƙi: Wani Kisa akan Dan Adam by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Tsarin Katolika da Zubar da Yakin da David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
War da Delusion: A Testing by Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Da Farko na Yaƙi, Ƙarshen War by Judith Hand, 2013.
Yaƙi Ba Ƙari: Shari'ar Kashewa by David Swanson, 2013.
Ƙarshen War by John Horgan, 2012.
Tsarin zuwa Salama by Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Daga War zuwa Zaman Lafiya: Jagora Ga Shekaru Bayanan Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Yakin Yaqi ne by David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ƙarshen War: Halin Dan Adam na Aminci by Douglas Fry, 2009.
Rayuwa Bayan War by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Isasshen Shed na jini: 101 Magani ga Rikici, Ta'addanci, da Yaƙi ta Mary-Wynne Ashford tare da Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Earth: Sabon Makamai na Yaki ta Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Samari Zasu Zama Maza: Karya Alakar Maza da Tashin hankali ta Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
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