Daga David Vine, Patterson Deppen, da Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Satumba 20, 2021
Executive Summary
Duk da janyewar sansanonin sojan Amurka da sojoji daga Afganistan, Amurka tana ci gaba da kula da sansanonin soji 750 na kasashen waje a cikin kasashen waje da yankuna 80 na yankuna. Wadannan tushe suna da tsada ta hanyoyi da yawa: na kuɗi, siyasa, zamantakewa, da muhalli. Sansanonin Amurka a ƙasashen waje galibi suna tayar da rikice -rikicen siyasa, suna tallafawa gwamnatoci marasa tsari, kuma suna aiki azaman kayan aiki na ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa waɗanda ke adawa da kasancewar Amurka da gwamnatocin kasancewar sa. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da sansanonin ƙasashen waje kuma sun sauƙaƙa wa Amurka ƙaddamar da kashe yaƙe -yaƙe masu haɗari, gami da na Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, da Libya. A duk fagen siyasa har ma a cikin rundunar sojan Amurka akwai ci gaba da sanin cewa yakamata a rufe yawancin sansanin kasashen waje shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, amma rashin aikin yi da tsarin siyasa da gurbatattun maslahohin siyasa sun sa a bude su.
A cikin ci gaba da "Binciken Matsayin Duniya," gwamnatin Biden tana da damar tarihi don rufe ɗaruruwan sansanonin soji marasa mahimmanci a ƙasashen waje da inganta tsaron ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin aiwatarwa.
Pentagon, tun daga shekarar Fiscal 2018, ta kasa buga jerin jerin sansanonin Amurka na baya -bayan nan a kasashen waje. Kamar yadda muka sani, wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin yana gabatar da cikakken lissafin jama'a na sansanonin Amurka da sansanin sojoji a duk duniya. Lissafi da taswirar da aka haɗa a cikin wannan rahoton suna misalta matsaloli da yawa da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan asassan ƙasashen waje, suna ba da kayan aiki wanda zai iya taimaka wa masu tsara manufofi su tsara abubuwan da ake buƙata na rufewa cikin gaggawa.
Bayanai masu sauri a kan sansanin sojan Amurka na ketare
• Akwai kusan sansanonin sojan Amurka na 750 a ƙasashen waje a cikin ƙasashen waje 80 da yankuna.
{Asar Amirka tana da kusan kusan sau uku a ƙasashen waje (750) kamar na ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka, ofisoshin jakadanci, da ofisoshi a duk duniya (276).
• Yayinda akwai kusan rabin kayan shigarwa kamar a ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacar Baki, sansanonin Amurka sun bazu zuwa ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa sau biyu (daga 40 zuwa 80) a lokaci guda, tare da manyan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Asiya , sassan Turai, da Afirka.
• Ƙasar Amurka tana da aƙalla ninki uku na ƙasashen waje kamar sauran ƙasashe gaba ɗaya.
• Asusun Amurka a ƙasashen waje yana biyan masu biyan haraji kimanin dala biliyan 55 a shekara.
• Gina kayayyakin aikin soji a ƙasashen waje ya kashe masu biyan haraji aƙalla dala biliyan 70 tun daga 2000, kuma zai iya kaiwa sama da dala biliyan 100.
• Ƙasashen waje sun taimaka wa Amurka ƙaddamar da yaƙe -yaƙe da sauran ayyukan faɗa a ƙalla ƙasashe 25 tun daga 2001.
• Ana samun shigowar Amurka aƙalla ƙasashe 38 da ƙasashen da ba mulkin demokraɗiyya ba.
Matsalar sansanonin sojojin Amurka a kasashen waje
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da farkon yakin cacar baka, Amurka ta gina wani sansanin soji da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a kasashen waje. Shekaru talatin bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, har yanzu akwai wurare 119 a Jamus da kuma wasu 119 a Japan, a cewar ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon. A cikin Koriya ta Kudu akwai 73. Sauran sansanonin Amurka sun nuna duniyar daga Aruba zuwa Ostiraliya, Kenya zuwa Qatar, Romania zuwa Singapore, da kuma bayanta.
Mun kiyasta cewa a halin yanzu Amurka tana kula da kusan wuraren tushe 750 a cikin ƙasashe 80 na ƙasashen waje da yankuna (yankuna). Wannan kiyasin ya fito ne daga abin da muka yi imani shine mafi cikakken jerin sansanonin sojojin Amurka da ake da su a kasashen waje (duba Karin Bayani). Tsakanin shekarun kasafin kuɗi na 1976 da 2018, Pentagon ta buga jerin tushe na shekara-shekara waɗanda suka shahara don kurakurai da tsallake-tsallake; tun 2018, Pentagon ta kasa fitar da jerin sunayen. Mun gina jerin sunayen mu a kusa da rahoton 2018, David Vine's 2021 jerin wuraren da ake samarwa a bainar jama'a a ƙasashen waje, da ingantattun labarai da sauran rahotanni.1
A duk faɗin yanayin siyasa har ma a cikin sojojin Amurka ana samun karuwar amincewa cewa yawancin sansanonin Amurka da ke waje yakamata su rufe shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. "Ina tsammanin muna da ababen more rayuwa da yawa a ketare," in ji babban jami'in sojan Amurka, Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Amurka Mark Milley, yayin jawaban jama'a a watan Disamba 2020. tsaron Amurka?" Milley ya yi kira da "kallo mai wuyar gaske" a sansanonin kasashen waje, tare da lura da cewa da yawa "an samo asali ne daga inda yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare."2
Don sanya sansanonin sojan Amurka 750 a kasashen waje, akwai kusan wuraren sansanonin soji sau uku kamar yadda akwai ofisoshin jakadanci, ofisoshin jakadanci, da ofisoshin jakadanci na Amurka a duk duniya - 276.3 Kuma sun ƙunshi fiye da sau uku adadin sansanonin na ketare da duk sauran suka mallaka. sojoji hade. An ba da rahoton cewa, Burtaniya na da wuraren sansanonin kasashen waje 145 Sauran sojojin duniya sun hada da yiwuwar samun karin 4-50, ciki har da sansanonin kasashen waje guda biyu zuwa uku da na kasar Sin biyar (da kuma sansanonin Tibet).75.
An kiyasta kudin gini, aiki, da kuma kula da sansanonin sojan Amurka a kasashen waje da dala biliyan 55 a duk shekara (shekarar kasafin kudi ta 2021).6 Tsayar da sojoji da farar hula a sansanonin kasashen waje ya fi tsada fiye da kiyaye su a sansanonin cikin gida: $10,000 – $40,000 fiye da kowacce. mutum a kowace shekara a matsakaita.7 Haɗa kuɗin ma'aikatan da ke aiki a ƙasashen waje yana haifar da jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa na sansanonin ketare zuwa kusan dala biliyan 80 ko fiye.8 Waɗannan kiyasin ra'ayin mazan jiya ne, idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar haɗa kuɗin da aka ɓoye.
Dangane da kashe kudade na aikin soja kadai - kudaden da aka ware don ginawa da fadada sansanonin kasashen waje - gwamnatin Amurka ta kashe tsakanin dala biliyan 70 da dala biliyan 182 tsakanin shekarun kasafin kudi na 2000 da 2021. Yawan kashe kudade yana da fadi sosai saboda Majalisa ta ware dala biliyan 132 a wadannan shekaru don aikin soja. gine-gine a “wuraren da ba a bayyana ba” a duk duniya, ban da dala biliyan 34 da aka kashe a ketare. Wannan al'adar kasafin kuɗi ta sa ba a iya tantance nawa ne aka kashe nawa aka kashe don ginawa da faɗaɗa sansanonin ketare. Ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na kashi 15 cikin ɗari zai ba da ƙarin dala biliyan 20, kodayake yawancin "wuraren da ba a bayyana ba" na iya kasancewa a ƙasashen waje. Dala biliyan 16 ƙarin sun bayyana a cikin kasafin kuɗi na "gaggawa" na yaki.9
Bayan farashin kuɗaɗen su, kuma da ɗan rashin fahimta, sansanonin ƙasashen waje suna lalata tsaro ta hanyoyi da yawa. Kasancewar sansanonin Amurka a ketare yakan haifar da tashe-tashen hankula a fagen siyasa, yana haifar da kyama ga Amurka, kuma ya zama kayan aikin daukar ma'aikata ga kungiyoyin masu fafutuka kamar al Qaeda.10
Har ila yau, sansanonin ƙasashen waje sun sauƙaƙa wa Amurka don shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa na zabi, daga yaƙe-yaƙe a Vietnam da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa shekaru 20 na "yakin har abada" tun lokacin da 2001 ta mamaye Afghanistan. Tun daga 1980, an yi amfani da sansanonin Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya aƙalla sau 25 don ƙaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe ko wasu ayyukan yaƙi a aƙalla ƙasashe 15 a wannan yanki kaɗai. Tun daga 2001, sojojin Amurka sun shiga cikin yaki a akalla kasashe 25 na duniya.11
Yayin da wasu ke ikirarin tun bayan yakin cacar-baka cewa sansanonin kasashen ketare na taimakawa wajen yada dimokuradiyya, ana ganin akasin haka. Ana samun shigarwar Amurka a aƙalla ƙasashe masu mulki 19, ƙasashe takwas masu cikakken iko, da kuma yankuna 11 (duba Karin Bayani). A cikin wadannan lokuta, sansanonin Amurka suna ba da tallafi na gaskiya ga gwamnatocin da ba su dace da dimokradiyya ba kuma galibi azzaluman gwamnatoci kamar na Turkiyya, Nijar, Honduras, da kasashen Gulf Persian. Hakazalika, sansanonin da ke cikin sauran yankunan Amurka - “yankunan” Amurka na Puerto Rico, Guam, Commonwealth na Arewacin Mariana Islands, Samoa na Amurka, da Tsibirin Budurwar Amurka - sun taimaka wa dorewar dangantakarsu ta mulkin mallaka da sauran Amurkawa. da matsayin mutanensu na aji biyu na Amurka.12
Kamar yadda ginshiƙin “Babban Lalacewar Muhalli” a cikin Tebura na 1 na Karin bayani ya nuna, yawancin wuraren tushe a ƙasashen waje suna da rikodin lalata muhallin gida ta hanyar ɗigo masu guba, haɗari, zubar da sharar ƙasa mai haɗari, ginin tushe, da horon da suka haɗa da abubuwa masu haɗari. A wadannan kasashen waje da kwasfansu, da Pentagon kullum ba madawwama ta Amurka muhalli matsayin da akai-akai aiki a karkashin Status of Forces yarjejeniyar cewa ba da damar da soja kubuce rundunar al'umma muhalli dokokin kamar yadda well.13
Idan aka yi la’akari da irin wannan lalacewar muhalli kaɗai da kuma sauƙi na sojojin ƙasashen waje da ke mamaye ƙasar, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa sansanonin a ƙasashen waje suna haifar da adawa kusan a duk inda aka sami su (duba shafi na “Protest” a cikin Table 1). Mummunan hatsarurru da laifuffukan da jami'an sojan Amurka ke aikatawa a cibiyoyin ketare, gami da fyade da kisan kai, yawanci ba tare da shari'a ko alhaki ba, suna haifar da zanga-zangar da za a iya fahimta da kuma lalata martabar Amurka.
Lissafin tushe
Pentagon ta dade ta kasa samar da isassun bayanai ga Majalisa da jama'a don kimanta sansanonin ketare da tura sojoji - wani babban bangare na manufofin ketare na Amurka. Hanyoyin sa ido na yanzu ba su isa Majalisa da jama'a su yi amfani da ikon farar hula yadda ya kamata a kan na'urori da ayyukan sojoji a ketare. Misali, lokacin da sojoji hudu suka mutu a fada a Nijar a shekarar 2017, ‘yan majalisar da dama sun yi mamakin sanin cewa akwai sojoji kusan 1,000 a kasar. 14 Sansanin kasashen waje yana da wuya a rufe sansanonin da aka kafa, galibi saboda gazawar gwamnati. 15 Matsayin da jami'an soji suka yi ba daidai ba ne cewa idan akwai wani sansanin soja a ketare, dole ne ya kasance da amfani. Majalisa ba kasafai take tilasta sojoji su tantance ko nuna fa'idodin tsaron kasa na sansanonin a ketare ba.
Tun daga aƙalla 1976, Majalisa ta fara buƙatar Pentagon don samar da lissafin shekara-shekara na "tushen soja, kayan aiki, da kayan aiki," ciki har da lambar su da girman su.16 Har zuwa Shekarar Fiscal 2018, Pentagon ta samar da kuma buga rahoton shekara-shekara a bisa ga dokar Amurka.17 Ko da a lokacin da ta fitar da wannan rahoto, ma’aikatar tsaron Amurka Pentagon ta ba da cikakkun bayanai ko kuma ba daidai ba, inda ta kasa rubuta wasu sanannun na’urori.18 Alal misali, Pentagon ta dade tana da’awar cewa tana da sansani guda a Afirka – a Djibouti. . Amma bincike ya nuna cewa a yanzu haka akwai kusan na'urori 40 masu girma dabam a nahiyar; wani jami'in soja ya amince da shigarwa 46 a cikin 2017.19
Yana yiwuwa Pentagon ba ta san ainihin adadin shigarwa a ƙasashen waje ba. A bayyane yake, wani binciken da sojojin Amurka suka yi kwanan nan kan sansanonin Amurka ya dogara da jerin sansanonin David Vine na 2015, maimakon jerin sunayen Pentagon.20
Wannan taƙaitaccen wani yunƙuri ne na haɓaka gaskiya da ba da damar sa ido kan ayyukan Pentagon da kashe kuɗi, yana ba da gudummawa ga yunƙurin kawar da ɓarnatar da kashe kashen soji da kuma kawar da mummunan waje na sansanonin Amurka a ketare. Yawan adadin tushe da ɓoyewa da rashin daidaituwa na cibiyar sadarwar tushe sun sa cikakken jerin ba zai yiwu ba; gazawar Pentagon ta kwanan nan don fitar da Rahoton Tsarin Tushen ya sa jeri daidai ya fi wahala fiye da na shekarun baya. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, hanyarmu ta dogara ne akan Rahoton Tsarin Tsarin Gida na 2018 da kuma tushen tushen farko da na sakandare; An haɗa waɗannan a cikin David Vine's 2021 saita bayanai a kan "Sasannin Sojojin Amurka a Waje, 1776-2021."
Menene "tushe"?
Mataki na farko na ƙirƙirar jerin tushe a ƙasashen waje shine ma'anar abin da ya ƙunshi "tushe." Ma'anar ita ce a ƙarshe na siyasa kuma galibi ta siyasa ce. Yawancin lokaci Pentagon da gwamnatin Amurka, da kuma kasashe masu masaukin baki, suna neman nuna kasancewar Amurka a matsayin "ba tushen Amurka ba" don kauce wa tunanin cewa Amurka na cin zarafi ga ikon mallakar ƙasa (wanda, a gaskiya, shi ne) . Don guje wa waɗannan muhawara gwargwadon yuwuwar, muna amfani da Rahoton Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Pentagon 2018 (BSR) da kalmarsa “shafin tushe” a matsayin farkon jerin sunayenmu. Amfani da wannan kalmar yana nufin cewa a wasu lokuta shigarwa gabaɗaya ana magana da shi azaman tushe ɗaya, kamar Aviano Air Base a Italiya, a zahiri ya ƙunshi rukunin tushe da yawa - a yanayin Aviano, aƙalla takwas. Ƙididdiga kowane rukunin yanar gizon yana da ma'ana saboda shafukan yanar gizo masu suna iri ɗaya galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su bambanta ba. Misali, shafuka takwas na Aviano suna cikin sassa daban-daban na gundumar Aviano. Gabaɗaya, kuma, kowane rukunin tushe yana nuna keɓancewar majalisa na kudaden masu biyan haraji. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu sunaye ko wurare suka bayyana sau da yawa akan cikakken lissafin da aka haɗe a cikin Karin bayani.
Wuraren da ke da girma daga gine-gine masu girman birni tare da dubun-dubatar jami'an soji da 'yan uwa zuwa kananan na'urorin radar da sa ido, filayen jiragen sama marasa matuka, har ma da wasu 'yan makabartu na sojoji. Pentagon's BSR ya ce yana da "manyan kayan aiki" 30 kawai a waje. Wasu na iya ba da shawarar cewa ƙididdige wuraren tushe guda 750 a ƙasashen waje don haka ƙari ne ga girman abubuwan more rayuwa na Amurka a ketare. Duk da haka, kyakkyawan bugu na BSR ya nuna cewa Pentagon ta bayyana "ƙananan" a matsayin samun ƙimar da aka ruwaito har zuwa dala biliyan 1.015 Haka kuma, haɗa har ma da mafi ƙanƙanta rukunin rukunin yanar gizon yana daidaita shigarwar da ba a haɗa su cikin jerin mu ba saboda sirrin da ke kewaye da sansanonin da yawa. kasashen waje. Don haka, mun kwatanta jimlar mu na "kimanin 21" a matsayin mafi kyawun kimantawa.
Mun haɗa sansanonin a cikin yankunan Amurka (yankuna) a cikin ƙididdiga na sansanonin ƙasashen waje saboda waɗannan wuraren ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai na dimokiradiyya cikin Amurka. Pentagon kuma ta rarraba waɗannan wuraren a matsayin "ketare." (Washington, DC ba ta da cikakken haƙƙin dimokiradiyya, amma idan aka ba shi babban birnin ƙasar, muna ɗaukar sansanonin Washington a cikin gida.)
Lura: Wannan taswirar 2020 tana kwatanta kusan sansanonin Amurka 800 a duk duniya. Sakamakon rufewar kwanan nan, ciki har da na Afghanistan, mun sake ƙididdigewa kuma mun sake duba kiyasin mu zuwa ƙasa zuwa 750 don wannan taƙaitaccen.
Rufe tushe
Rufe sansanonin ƙetare yana da sauƙi a siyasance idan aka kwatanta da rufe kayan aikin cikin gida. Ba kamar tsarin Gyara Tushen da Tsarin Rufe kayan aiki a cikin Amurka ba, Majalisa ba ta buƙatar shiga cikin rufewar ƙasashen waje. Shugabannin George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, da George W. Bush sun rufe daruruwan sansanonin da ba dole ba a Turai da Asiya a cikin 1990s da 2000s. Gwamnatin Trump ta rufe wasu sansanoni a Afghanistan, Iraki, da Siriya. Shugaba Biden ya yi kyakkyawar farawa ta hanyar janye sojojin Amurka daga sansanonin da ke Afganistan. Ƙididdiganmu na baya, kamar kwanan nan kamar 2020, shine cewa Amurka tana riƙe da sansanonin 800 a ƙasashen waje (duba Taswira 1). Sakamakon rufewar kwanan nan, mun sake ƙididdigewa kuma mun sake duba ƙasa zuwa 750.
Shugaba Biden ya ba da sanarwar ci gaba da "Bita na Matsayin Duniya" kuma ya himmatu ga gwamnatinsa don tabbatar da cewa tura sojojin Amurka a duk duniya "ya dace da manufofinmu na kasashen waje da kuma abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na tsaron kasa."22 Don haka, gwamnatin Biden tana da tarihi mai cike da tarihi. damar rufe ɗaruruwan ƙarin sansanonin soji da ba dole ba a ketare da inganta tsaro na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin wannan tsari. Sabanin yadda tsohon shugaban kasar Donald Trump ya yi gaggawar janye sansanoni da sojoji daga Syria da kuma yunkurinsa na hukunta Jamus ta hanyar kawar da cibiyoyi a can, shugaba Biden na iya rufe sansanonin cikin tsanaki da kuma rikon amana, tare da kwantar da hankulan abokan kawance tare da adana makudan kudaden masu biyan haraji.
Don dalilai na bogi kawai, ya kamata mambobin Majalisa su goyi bayan rufe kayan aiki a ƙasashen waje don dawo da dubban ma'aikata da 'yan uwa - da kuma albashinsu - zuwa gundumomi da jihohinsu. Akwai ingantaccen rubuce-rubucen wuce gona da iri don dawo da sojoji da iyalai a sansanonin gida.23
Kamata ya yi gwamnatin Biden ta yi biyayya ga bukatu masu tasowa a fagen siyasa na rufe sansanonin ketare tare da bin dabarun rage matsayin sojan Amurka a kasashen waje, dawo da sojoji gida, da inganta yanayin diflomasiyya da kawancen kasar.
shafi
| Tebur 1. Kasashe masu sansanonin sojan Amurka (cikakkun bayanan nan) | ||||||
| Country Name | Jimlar # Rukunan Tushen | Nau'in Gwamnati | Ma'aikata Est. | Tallafin Gina Soja (FY2000-19) | Rashin amincewa | Muhimman Lalacewar Muhalli |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 309 | $ 19.5 miliyan | A'a | A |
| ARUBA | 1 | Yaren mutanen Holland | 225 | $ 27.1 miliyan24 | A | A'a |
| Tsibirin hawan hawan | 1 | Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya | 800 | $ 2.2 miliyan | A'a | A |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 1,736 | $ 116 miliyan | A | A |
| BAHAMAS, DA | 6 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 56 | $ 31.1 miliyan | A'a | A |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Mawallafi | 4,603 | $ 732.3 miliyan | A'a | A |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 1,869 | $ 430.1 miliyan | A | A |
| Botswana | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 16 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 2,500 | $ 80.2 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| BURKINA FASO | 1 | Mawallafi | 16 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Mawallafi | 15 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Mawallafi | 10 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| CANADA | 3 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 161 | BATA BATA | A | A |
| Chadi | 1 | Mawallafi | 20 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| Chile | 1 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 35 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 84 | $ 43 miliyan | A | A'a |
| Costa Rica | 1 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 16 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| Cuba | 1 | Mawallafi25 | 1,004 | $ 538 miliyan | A | A |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya26 | 225 | $ 27.1 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| CYPRUS | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 10 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya | 3,000 | $ 210.4 miliyan | A | A |
| Djibouti | 2 | Mawallafi | 126 | $ 480.5 miliyan | A'a | A |
| MASAR | 1 | Mawallafi | 259 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Tsarin mulki | 70 | $ 22.7 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| Estonia | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 17 | $ 60.8 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| Gabon | 1 | Mawallafi | 10 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Georgia | 1 | Tsarin mulki | 29 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| GERMANY | 119 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 46,562 | $ 5.8 biliyan | A | A |
| GHANA | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 19 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| Girka | 8 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 446 | $ 179.1 miliyan | A | A |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Masarautar Danish | 147 | $ 168.9 miliyan | A | A |
| GUAM | 54 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 11,295 | $ 2 biliyan | A | A |
| Honduras | 2 | Tsarin mulki | 371 | $ 39.1 miliyan | A | A |
| Hungary | 2 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 82 | $ 55.4 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| Iceland | 2 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 3 | $ 51.5 miliyan | A | A'a |
| Iraki | 6 | Mawallafi | 2,500 | $ 895.4 miliyan | A | A |
| IRELAND | 1 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 8 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| ISRA'ILA | 6 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 127 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Italiya | 44 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 14,756 | $ 1.7 biliyan | A | A |
| JAPAN | 119 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 63,690 | $ 2.1 biliyan | A | A |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 0 | BATA BATA | A'a | A |
| JORDAN | 2 | Mawallafi | 211 | $ 255 miliyan | A | A'a |
| Kenya | 3 | Tsarin mulki | 59 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| KOREA, JAMHURIYAR | 76 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 28,503 | $ 2.3 biliyan | A | A |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau* | 18 | BATA BATA | A'a | A |
| Kuwait | 10 | Mawallafi | 2,054 | $ 156 miliyan | A | A |
| LATVIA | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 14 | $ 14.6 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 21 | $ 67.4 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| Mali | 1 | Mawallafi | 20 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Cikakkun dimokradiyya* | 96 | $ 230.3 miliyan | A | A |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 641 | $ 11.4 miliyan | A | A |
| Nijar | 8 | Mawallafi | 21 | $ 50 miliyan | A | A'a |
| N. MARIANA ISLAND | 5 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 45 | $ 2.1 biliyan | A | A |
| Norway | 7 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 167 | $ 24.1 miliyan | A | A'a |
| Oman | 6 | Mawallafi | 25 | $ 39.2 miliyan | A'a | A |
| PALAU, JAMHURIYAR | 3 | Cikakkun dimokradiyya* | 12 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Panama | 11 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 35 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| PERU | 2 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 51 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| PHILIPPINES | 8 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 155 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| POLAND | 4 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 226 | $ 395.4 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| Portugal | 21 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 256 | $ 87.2 miliyan | A'a | A |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 13,571 | $ 788.8 miliyan | A | A |
| Katar | 3 | Mawallafi | 501 | $ 559.5 miliyan | A'a | A |
| Romania | 6 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 165 | $ 363.7 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Mawallafi | 693 | BATA BATA | A'a | A |
| Senegal | 1 | Tsarin mulki | 15 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Singapore | 2 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 374 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 12 | $ 118.7 miliyan | A'a | A'a |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Tsarin zamani* | 71 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| SPAIN | 4 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 3,353 | $ 292.2 miliyan | A'a | A |
| Suriname | 2 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 2 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| SYRIA | 4 | Mawallafi | 900 | BATA BATA | A | A'a |
| Thailand | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 115 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Tunisia | 1 | Dimokradiyya maras kyau | 26 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| Turkiya | 13 | Tsarin mulki | 1,758 | $ 63.8 miliyan | A | A |
| Uganda | 1 | Tsarin mulki | 14 | BATA BATA | A'a | A'a |
| United Arab Emirates | 3 | Mawallafi | 215 | $ 35.4 miliyan | A'a | A |
| UNITED MULKIN | 25 | Cikakken dimokuradiyya | 10,770 | $ 1.9 biliyan | A | A |
| VIRGIN ISLAND, US | 6 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 787 | $ 72.3 miliyan | A'a | A |
| WAKE ISLAND | 1 | mulkin mallaka na Amurka | 5 | $ 70.1 miliyan | A'a | A |
Bayanan kula akan Tebur 1
Rukunan tushe: Rahoton Tsarin Base na Pentagon na 2018 ya bayyana tushe “shafin yanar gizo” azaman kowane “ takamaiman wurin yanki wanda ke da fakitin ƙasa ko wuraren da aka ba shi wanda ke, ko mallakarsa, hayar zuwa, ko in ba haka ba a ƙarƙashin ikon DoD Bangaren a madadin Amurka.”27
Nau'in gwamnati: Ana bayyana nau'ikan gwamnatocin ƙasa a matsayin ko dai "cikakkiyar dimokuradiyya," "dimokradiyya mara kyau," "tsarin mulki," ko "mai iko." Wadannan ana harhada daga Economist Leken Asiri Unit ta 2020 "Democracy Index" sai in ba haka ba ya nuna tare da wani alama (sammaci ga wanda za a iya samu a da cikakken dataset).
Tallafin Gina Soja: Ya kamata a yi la'akari da waɗannan ƙididdiga mafi ƙanƙanta. Bayanan sun fito ne daga takardun kasafin kudin Pentagon na hukuma da aka mika wa Majalisa don gina soja. Jimlar ba ta haɗa da ƙarin kudade a cikin yaƙi ba (“ayyukan gaɓoɓin ƙasashen waje”) kasafin kuɗi, ƙididdiga kasafin kuɗi, da sauran hanyoyin kasafin kuɗi waɗanda, a wasu lokuta, ba a bayyana wa Majalisa ba (misali, lokacin da sojoji ke amfani da kuɗin da aka ware don dalili ɗaya don ginin soja). ).28 Mahimman kaso na kuɗaɗen aikin gine-ginen soja na shekara-shekara yana zuwa “wuraren da ba a bayyana ba,” yana mai daɗa wahala sanin adadin kuɗin da gwamnatin Amurka ke kashewa a sansanonin soji a ƙasashen waje.
Kiyasta ma'aikata: Waɗannan ƙididdigewa sun haɗa da sojoji masu aiki, masu gadin ƙasa da sojojin ajiyar ƙasa, da fararen hula na Pentagon. An samo ƙididdiga daga Cibiyar Bayanai na Manpower na Tsaro (an sabunta Maris 31, 2021; da Yuni 30, 2021 don Ostiraliya), sai dai in ba haka ba an lura da su tare da alamar alama (wanda za a iya samun su a cikin cikakkun bayanai). Masu karatu su lura cewa sojoji akai-akai suna ba da bayanan ma'aikata marasa inganci don ɓoye yanayi da girman aikin.
Ƙididdigar ƙasa (akwai a cikin cikakkun bayanai): Waɗannan sun samo asali ne daga Rahoton Tsarin Tsarin Tushen 2018 na Pentagon (BSR) kuma an jera su a cikin kadada. BSR tana ba da ƙididdiga marasa cikakke kuma waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon da ba a haɗa su ba ana yiwa alama “ba a bayyana ba.”
Zanga-zangar ta baya-bayan nan/ta ci gaba: Wannan yana nufin faruwar kowace babbar zanga-zanga, walau ta jiha, ko jama'a, ko kungiya. Zanga-zangar ta fito karara kan sansanonin sojan Amurka ko kasancewar sojojin Amurka gaba daya ana yiwa alama "ee." Kowace ƙasa da aka yiwa alama "eh" tana da shaida kuma tana goyan bayan rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai guda biyu tun daga 2018. Kasashen da ba a sami zanga-zangar kwanan nan ko ci gaba ba ana yiwa alama "a'a."
Muhimman lalacewar muhalli: Wannan nau'in yana nufin gurɓatar iska, ƙazantar ƙasa, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen hayaniya, da/ko haɗarin flora ko fauna da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar sansanin sojan Amurka. Sansanonin soja, tare da keɓantacce, suna lalata muhalli idan aka yi la'akari da ajiyarsu da kuma amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari akai-akai, sinadarai masu guba, makamai masu haɗari, da sauran abubuwa masu haɗari.29 Manyan sansanonin suna da lahani musamman; don haka, muna ɗauka cewa duk wani babban tushe ya haifar da lahani ga muhalli. Wurin da aka yiwa alama "a'a" baya nufin tushe bai haifar da lahani ga muhalli ba sai dai cewa ba za a iya samun takaddun shaida ko kuma lalacewar tana da iyaka.
Acknowledgments
Wadannan kungiyoyi da kuma daidaikun mutane, wanda wani bangare ne na waje Base Realignment da ƙulli hadin gwiwa, taimaka a conceptualization, bincike, da kuma rubutu na da wannan rahoton: Campaign for Peace, Kwance da Common Tsaro. Codepink; Majalisar Duniya Mai Rayuwa; Hadin Kan Siyasar Kasashen Waje; Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa / Manufofin Harkokin Waje a Mayar da hankali; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Katarina Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; da Lawrence Wilkerson.
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa da Ƙungiyoyin Rufe (OBRACC) ƙungiya ce mai yawa na manazarta soji, malamai, masu ba da shawara, da sauran ƙwararrun sansanin soja daga ko'ina cikin bakan siyasa waɗanda ke goyan bayan rufe sansanonin sojan Amurka a ketare. Don ƙarin bayani, duba www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine Farfesa ne a fannin ilimin Anthropology a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC. David shine marubucin littattafai guda uku game da sansanonin soja da yaƙi, gami da sabon fito da Yaƙin Amurka: Tarihin Duniya na Rigingimun Amurka marasa Ƙarshen, daga Columbus zuwa Islamic State (Jami'ar California Press, 2020), wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe. don Kyautar Littafin LA Times na 2020 don Tarihi. Littattafan David da suka gabata sune Base Nation: Yadda Sansanin Sojojin Amurka A Wajen Cutar da Amurka da Duniya (Littattafan Biritaniya/Henry Holt, 2015) da Tsibirin Kunya: Tarihin Sirrin Sojojin Amurka akan Diego Garcia (Jami'ar Princeton, 2009). David memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Rufe.
Patterson Deppen mai bincike ne don World BEYOND War, inda ya hada wannan rahoto da cikakken jerin sansanonin sojin Amurka a ketare. Yana aiki a hukumar edita a E-International Relations inda yake zama editan haɗin gwiwar kasidun ɗalibai. Rubutunsa ya bayyana a cikin E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, da The Progressive. Labarinsa na baya-bayan nan a cikin TomDispatch, "Amurka a matsayin Tushen Ƙasar da aka sake ziyarta," yana ba da kallon sansanonin sojojin Amurka a ketare da kasancewarsu na daular duniya a yau. Ya sami digirinsa na digiri a fannin ci gaba da tsaro daga Jami'ar Bristol. Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Rufe.
Leah Bolger yayi ritaya a shekara ta 2000 daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a matsayin Kwamanda bayan shekaru 20 na hidimar aiki. An zabe ta a matsayin mace ta farko Shugabar Veterans For Peace (VFP) a 2012, kuma a cikin 2013 an zabe ta don gabatar da Laccar Zaman Lafiya ta Ava Helen da Linus Pauling a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar World BEYOND War, kungiyar kasa da kasa mai sadaukar da kai don kawar da yaki. Leah memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa da Rufewa.
World BEYOND War wani yunkuri ne na rashin tashin hankali na duniya don kawo karshen yaki da kafa ingantaccen zaman lafiya. World BEYOND War da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Janairust, 2014, lokacin da co-founders David Hartsough da David Swanson ya tashi don ƙirƙirar motsi na duniya don kawar da cibiyar yaki da kanta, ba kawai "yaƙin ranar ba." Idan har ana so a kawar da yaki, to dole ne a cire shi daga kan teburin a matsayin zabin da ya dace. Kamar yadda babu wani abu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko bautar da ake bukata, babu wani abu kamar "mai kyau" ko yakin da ya dace. Dukansu cibiyoyin biyu abin ƙyama ne kuma ba za a taɓa yarda da su ba, komai yanayi. Don haka, idan ba za mu iya amfani da yaƙi don magance rikice-rikice na duniya ba, menene za mu iya yi? Nemo hanyar da za a bi zuwa tsarin tsaro na duniya wanda ke samun goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, diflomasiyya, haɗin gwiwa, da yancin ɗan adam, da kuma kare waɗannan abubuwa tare da ayyukan da ba na tashin hankali ba maimakon barazanar tashin hankali, shine zuciyar WBW. Ayyukanmu sun haɗa da ilimin da ke kawar da tatsuniyoyi, kamar "Yaki na halitta" ko "Mun kasance muna da yaki," kuma yana nuna wa mutane ba wai kawai ya kamata a kawar da yaki ba, amma har ma da gaske zai iya zama. Ayyukanmu sun haɗa da duk nau'ikan gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali waɗanda ke motsa duniya zuwa hanyar kawo ƙarshen duk yaƙi.
Bayanan rubutu:
1 Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. "Rahoton Tsarin Tusa-Baseline na Shekarar Kudi na 2018: Takaitaccen Bayanan Ƙirar Dukiya." Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro don Dorewa, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Milley Ya Bukaci 'Review' a Dindindin Tsarin Sojoji na Ketare." Associated Press, Disamba 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Halancin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa - Sashen Jiha, Ayyuka na Ƙasashen waje, da Shirye-shirye masu dangantaka, Shekarar Kudi na 2022." Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. 2021. ii.
4 Sirrin sirri da taƙaitaccen bayanin da ke kewaye da sansanonin Amurka yana kama da sansanonin ƙasashen waje na wasu ƙasashe. Alkaluma na baya sun nuna cewa sauran sojojin duniya suna da sansanonin kasashen waje kusan 60-100. Sabon rahoto ya nuna cewa Burtaniya na da 145. Duba Miller, Phil. "BAYYANA: Cibiyar sadarwa ta sojojin Burtaniya ta ketare ta ƙunshi shafuka 145 a cikin ƙasashe 42." Declassified UK, Nuwamba 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Duba, misali, Jacobs, Frank. "Daular Soja ta Duniya Biyar." BigThink.com, Yuli 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Ma'aikatar Tsaro "Rahoton Kudin Ketare" (misali, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. "Ayyuka da
Bayanin Kulawa, Ƙididdiga na Kasafin Kudin Shekarar 2021." Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Tsaro (Comptroller), Fabrairu 2020. 186-189), wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin takardun kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara, yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayanin farashi game da shigarwa a wasu amma ba duk ƙasashen da sojoji ke da tushe ba. Bayanai na rahoton yawanci ba su cika ba kuma galibi babu su ga ƙasashe da yawa. Fiye da shekaru goma, DoD ta ba da rahoton jimillar farashi na shekara-shekara a abubuwan shigarwa na ketare na kusan dala biliyan 20. David Vine yana ba da ƙarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga a cikin Ƙasar Base: Yadda Sojojin Amurka ke Cire Ƙasashen Waje cutar da Amurka da Duniya. New York. Littattafan Birni, 2015. 195-214. Itacen inabi ta yi amfani da wannan dabarar don sabunta wannan ƙididdiga na shekara ta kasafin kuɗi na 2019, ban da wasu farashi don zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya game da haɗarin farashin kirga sau biyu. Mun sabunta wancan kiyasin na dala biliyan 51.5 zuwa yanzu ta amfani da Ofishin Kididdigar Ma'aikata CPI Calculator Kumburi,https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Ƙirƙirar Sojojin Amurka na Ƙasashen waje: Ƙididdigar Ƙirar Kuɗi da Fa'idodin Dabaru. Santa Monica. Kamfanin RAND, 2013. xxv.
8 Muna ƙiyasta farashin ma'aikata ta hanyar ɗauka, a cikin ra'ayin mazan jiya, farashin kowane mutum $115,000 (wasu suna amfani da $125,000) da kuma kusan sojoji 230,000 da ma'aikatan farar hula a halin yanzu a ƙasashen waje. Muna samun ƙimar $ 115,000 ga kowane mutum ta hanyar daidaita ƙimar $ 107,106 don ma'aikatan da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje da cikin gida (Blakeley, Katherine. "Ma'aikatan Soja." Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Kasafin Kuɗi, Agusta 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ rahotanni/ma'aikatan soja), an ba da $10,000-$40,000 ga kowane mutum a cikin ƙarin farashi na ma'aikatan ketare (duba Lostumbo.Overseas Basing of US Military Forces).
9 Jordan Cheney, Jami'ar Amurka ne ya shirya lissafin aikin soja don wannan rahoto, ta amfani da takaddun kasafin kudin Pentagon na shekara-shekara da aka gabatar wa Majalisa don ginin soja (shirye-shiryen C-1). Jimillar kashe kuɗin aikin soja a ƙasashen waje ya fi girma har yanzu saboda ƙarin kuɗin da aka kashe a cikin kasafin kuɗi ("ayyukan ba da agaji na ƙasashen waje"). Tsakanin shekarun kasafin kudi na 2004 da 2011, kadai, aikin soja a Afghanistan, Iraki, da sauran yankunan yaki sun kai dala biliyan 9.4 (Belasco, Amy. "Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Tun 9/11." Majalisa Sabis na Bincike, Maris 29, 2011. 33). Yin amfani da wannan matakin na ciyarwa a matsayin jagora ($ 9.4 biliyan a cikin aikin gine-ginen soja na shekarun kasafin kudi 2004-2011 ya wakilci .85% na jimlar kasafin kudin yaki na soja na lokaci guda), muna kimanta kasafin kudin soja na gine-gine na kasafin kudi na shekara ta 2001- 2019 zuwa jimlar kusan dala biliyan 16 daga cikin dala tiriliyan 1.835 na Pentagon a cikin kashe kashen yaƙi (McGarry, Brendan W. da Emily M. Morgenstern. "Bayan Tallafin Ayyukan Aiki na Ƙasashen waje: Fage da Matsayi." Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, Satumba 6, 2019. 2). Jimillar mu ba ta haɗa da ƙarin kuɗi a cikin kasafin kuɗi masu ƙima da sauran hanyoyin kasafin kuɗi waɗanda, a wasu lokuta, ba a bayyana wa Majalisa (misali, lokacin da sojoji ke amfani da kuɗin da aka ware don dalilai na ginin soja ba na soja ba). Duba Itacen inabi. Kasa Kasa. Babi na 13, don tattaunawa game da tallafin gine-ginen soja.
10 Vine, David. Ƙasar Amurka na Yaƙin: Tarihin Duniya na Rigingimu marasa Ƙarshen Amirka, daga Columbus zuwa Islamic State.Oakland. Jami'ar California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Abin da a zahiri ya motsa Osama bin Laden." Labaran Amurka & Rahoton Duniya, Mayu 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Bayan Iraki.” Washington Kwata-kwata, Vol. 31, ba. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Kolombiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Duba Savell, Stephanie, da 5W Infographics. "Wannan Taswirar Yana Nuna Inda A Duniya Sojojin Amurka Ke Yakar Ta'addanci." Mujallar Smithsonian, Janairu 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-show-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, da Sean D. Naylor. "An bayyana: Ayyukan Sojojin Amurka 36 masu suna a Afirka." Labaran Yahoo, Afrilu 17, 2019
12 Duba, misali, Vine.Base Nation. Babi na 4. Mutanen Samoa na Amurka suna da ko da ƙananan aji na zama ɗan ƙasa saboda ba su zama ƴan asalin Amurka kai tsaye ta haihuwa ba.
13 Vine.Base Nation.138-139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Sanatocin Amurka Suna Neman Amsa Kan Kasancewar Amurka A Nijar Bayan Kwanton Bauna."Reuters, Oktoba 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da Majalisar Wakilai ta yi na sansanonin Amurka da kasancewarta a ketare ya nuna cewa “da zarar an kafa sansanin Amurka a ketare, sai ta ɗauki rayuwar kanta…. Manufofin na asali na iya zama tsohuwa, amma ana haɓaka sabbin ayyuka, ba wai kawai da niyyar ci gaba da aikin ba, amma sau da yawa don faɗaɗa ta. " Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. "Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Amurka da Alƙawuran Waje." Saurari gaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan yarjejeniyoyin tsaro da alkawurran da suka dauka a ketare na kwamitin kula da harkokin kasashen waje. Majalisa ta casa'in da ɗaya, Vol. 2, 2017. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya tabbatar da wannan binciken. Misali, Glaser, John. "Janyewa daga Bassan Ƙasashen waje: Me yasa Matsayin Soja na Gabatarwa Ba Ya Bukatar, Ƙarshe, da Haɗari." Binciken Manufofin 816, Cibiyar CATO, Yuli 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Bakin ciki na Daular: Sojoji, Sirri, da Ƙarshen Jamhuriyar. New York. Babban birni, 2004; Itacen inabi Kasa Kasa.
16 Dokar Jama'a 94-361, sakan. 302.
17 US Code 10, sec. 2721, "Real Property Records." A baya, duba lambar US 10, sec. 115 da US Code 10, sec. 138 (c). Ba a sani ba idan Pentagon ta buga rahoton a kowace shekara tsakanin 1976 da 2018, amma ana iya samun rahotanni ta kan layi tun 1999 kuma da alama an ba da ita ga Majalisa ta mafi yawan idan ba duka wannan lokacin ba.
18 Tursa, Nick. "Bases, Bases, Ko'ina… Sai dai a cikin Rahoton Pentagon." TomDispatch.com, Janairu 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_san_how_many_to_go/#more; Itacen inabi.Tsarin Ƙasa.3-5; David Vine. "Jerin Sansanin Sojojin Amurka A Waje, 1776-2021."
19 Tursa, Nick. "Sojojin Amurka sun ce suna da 'hantsi mai haske' a Afirka. Waɗannan Takardun Suna Nuna Babban Cibiyar Sadarwar Tushen. The Intercept, Disamba 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-yace-yana da-haske-sawun-a cikin-africa-waɗannan-documents-show-a- sararin-cibiyar sadarwa-na tushe /; Savell, Stephanie, da 5W Infographics. "Wannan Taswirar Ya Nuna Inda A Duniya Sojojin Amurka Ke Yakar Ta'addanci." Mujallar Smithsonian, Janairu 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-show-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Tursa, Nick. "Takardun Yakin Amurka a Afirka Takardun Sirrin Takardun Sojoji na Amurka sun bayyana tarin sansanonin sojan Amurka a fadin Nahiyar." TomDispatch.com, Afrilu 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves- deeper- into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, da Matthew Povlock. "Kasancewar Amurka da Rikicin Rikici." Kamfanin RAND. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. "Rahoton Tsarin Tushen - Shekarar Kudi ta 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. " Jawabin Shugaba Biden kan Matsayin Amurka a Duniya." Fabrairu 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Sashen Ƙarfin Ƙarfafa Kayayyakin Tsaro." Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. Oktoba 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Kudi don gini a Aruba da Curacao an haɗa su cikin tallafin Pentagon. Mun raba jimlar kuma
raba rabi ga kowane wuri.
25 Muna amfani da Sashen Leken Asiri na Tattalin Arziki na Cuba a matsayin mai mulki, duk da cewa sansanin da ke Guantánamo Bay, na Cuba, za a iya karkasa shi a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Amurka idan aka yi la'akari da gazawar gwamnatin Cuba na korar sojojin Amurka a karkashin yarjejeniyar da jami'an Amurka suka kulla. An kafa Cuba a cikin 1930s. Dubi Vine.The United States of War. 23-24.
26 Kudi don gini a Aruba da Curacao an haɗa su cikin tallafin Pentagon. Mun raba jimlar kuma
raba rabi ga kowane wuri.
27 Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka.Base StructureReport — Shekarar Kudi ta 2018. 4.
28 Dubi Itacen inabi. Kasa Kasa. Babi na 13.
29 Don bayyani, duba Vine. Kasa Kasa. Babi na 7.
