By Mel Gurtov
Kamar yadda aka zata sosai, Kotun din-din-din ta sasantawa a karkashin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan dokar teku (UNCLOS) ta yanke hukunci a ranar 12 ga Yuli don nuna goyon baya ga karar da Philippines ta shigar na bayyana iƙirarin yankin China a cikin Tekun Kudancin China (SCS) ba bisa doka ba. * Akan kowane bangare, kotun ta gano cewa ikirarin kasar ta China - wanda aka kira shi da “layin tara-tara” - zuwa yankin teku mai fadada kuma albarkatun karkashin kasa haramtacce ne, don haka karban filayen ta da ayyukan gine-ginen ta a cikin tsibirin ya sabawa doka. akan yankin tattalin arzikin Philippines. Kodayake hukuncin bai shafi batun ikon mallakar tsibiran na SCS ba, ya bayyana rikicin kan iyaka. Hukuncin ya kuma samu China da laifin lalata muhallin tekun ta hanyar gina tsibirai na wucin gadi, da yin katsalandan ba bisa ka'ida ba game da aikin kamun kifi da neman mai na Philippines, da kuma "ta'azzara" takaddama da Philippines ta ayyukan gine-ginenta. (Matanin hukuncin yana a https://www.scribd.com/document/318075282/Permanent-Court-of-Arbitration-PCA-on-the-West-Philippine-Sea-Arbitration#download).
China ta ƙaddara amsar da ta bayar watanni da yawa da suka gabata. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen ta bayyana hukuncin kotun sasantawar a matsayin "mara amfani kuma ba tare da tilastawa ba." Sanarwar ta maimaita ikirarin mallakar China kan tsibirin SCS. Ta tabbatar da cewa matsayin na China ya yi daidai da dokokin kasa da kasa, ra'ayin da ba shi da murabba'i tare da kin amincewa da ikon kotun sasantawa, wanda ya rage hukuncin da ta yanke. Sanarwar ta ce, kasar Sin ta himmatu wajen yin shawarwari kai tsaye tare da bangarorin da suke son yin hakan, da kuma warware rikicin cikin lumana. amma "game da batutuwan yanki da rikice-rikicen iyakokin teku, kasar Sin ba ta yarda da duk wata hanyar sasanta rigingimun wani ko kuma wani bayani da aka sanya wa kasar Sin ba" (Xinhua, 12 ga Yuli, 2016, "Cikakken Bayani.")
Gabaɗaya, ta kasance mummunan rana a kotu ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar. Kodayake ta yi alƙawarin ba za ta bi hukuncin ba, yana nufin China za ta ci gaba da yin yaƙi da tsibirin da ake takaddama a kanta kuma ta kare “manyan buƙatunta” a can — sojojin ruwanta sun gudanar da atisayensu na farko na cin wuta a cikin SCS ranar da kotun ta yanke hukunci. game da ikirarin kasar Sin cewa "babban iko ne mai daukar nauyi." Shugaba Xi Jinping ya nuna a shekarar 2014 cewa Sin na bukatar samun "babbar manufar sa ta harkokin waje tare da halaye na musamman," wadanda ya kira "masu dagewa shida" (liuge jianchi). Waɗannan ƙa'idodin za su ƙirƙiri "sabon nau'in alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa," kuma sun haɗa da ra'ayoyi kamar "haɗin kai da cin nasara," babbar murya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, da kuma kare adalci na duniya. Amma masu ci gaba har shida sun hada da "ba da barin hakkokinmu da bukatunmu na halal" (zhengdang quanyi), wanda galibi galibi ana gabatar da shi ne don yin abubuwan da ke adawa da ɗaukar nauyi kai tsaye. (Duba: http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/1201/c1002-26128130.html.)
Tabbas shugabannin kasar Sin sun yi tsammanin sanya hannu da amincewa da UNCLOS zai zama alheri ga kasar. Hakan zai nuna sadaukarwar da kasar Sin ta yi wa yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, da nuna girmamawa ga kasar ta China game da hakkin mallakar teku (musamman ma makwabtanta na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) tare da halatta 'yancin ta, da saukaka binciken albarkatun karkashin kasa. Amma yarjejeniyoyi ba koyaushe suke zama kamar yadda ake tsammani ba. Yanzu da doka ta juya mata baya, ba zato ba tsammani Sinawa ke neman dakatar da kotun UNCLOS tare da sake fassara manufar taron. Ba gwamnatoci da yawa za su iya tallafawa irin wannan koma baya ba.
Amurka, kodayake koyaushe tana goyon bayan matsayin Philippines, ba ta da abin da za ta yi murna a nan. Na farko, Amurka ba ta sanya hannu ko rattaba hannu kan UNCLOS ba, kuma don haka tana cikin rauni wurin jayayya a madadinta ko daukaka kara zuwa dokar kasa da kasa da “tsarin bin ka’idoji” lokacin da gwamnatoci suka karya ko dai (kamar kwace Kirimiya da Rasha ta yi). Abu na biyu, kamar China, Amurka koyaushe tana ɗaukar ƙarancin ra'ayi game da dokokin ƙasa yayin da “maslaha ta ƙasa” ke cikin haɗari. Ko game da Kotun Kasa ta Duniya ko wata kotun duniya, Amurka ba ta taba amincewa da ra'ayin ikon tilastawa ba, kuma a zahiri tana yawan nuna hali kamar dai ba kyauta daga dokoki da dokoki. Don haka, kamar China, alhakin Amurka a matsayinta na babbar ƙaƙƙarfa ba ya karɓar girmamawa da bin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya), ko ƙa'idodin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar waɗanda suka shafi rashin tsari, kisan kare dangi , da kuma azabtarwa). (Duba: www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/05/america-and-international-law)) Duk Amurka da China, a wata kalma, suna magana amma kada kuyi tafiya - sai dai idan doka tayi aiki da manufofin ta.
Kuma wannan shi ne ainihin darasi a nan - rashin kulawar manyan ƙasashe, yadda suke son kai ga dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, da iyakantattun ƙarfin cibiyoyin shari'a na hana halayensu. Wataƙila a cikin batun na SCS China da Philippines, yanzu suna ƙarƙashin sabon shugaban, za su sami hanyar komawa kan teburin sulhu kuma su kulla wata yarjejeniya da za ta warware matsalar ikon mallaka koyaushe mai wahala. (Duba matsayi na na ƙarshe akan batun: https://mgurtov.wordpress.com/2016/06/11/post-119-too-close-for-comfort-the-dangerous-us-china-maritime-dispute/.) Hakan zai yi kyau; amma ba zai magance babbar matsala ta yadda za a inganta da bin halaye masu bin doka ba a cikin duniyar rikice-rikice sau da yawa.
* Kotu, wanda aikinsa game da SCS ya fara a 2013, ya ƙunshi masu adalci daga Ghana, Poland, Netherlands, Faransa da Jamus.
