China Lobby Pre-WWII, Isra'ila Lobby Pre-WWIII

By David Swanson

Tarihin mummunar kisan kai da yaƙe-yaƙe da Amurka za ta iya haddacewa a ranar tunawa da ranar 1 kuma a baya, ya fara da kisan kare dangi na asalin mazaunan ƙasar, mamayar ƙasar Kanada, da sauransu, kuma daga wannan ranar zuwa wannan da yawa daga escaan taɓarɓarewa masu yawa waɗanda za a jera.

Amma wata hanyar da gwamnatin Amurka ta sami kanta a cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na kisan gilla shine ta hanyar jin abin da take son ji. Har ma ta kai ga barin manyan jami'an gwamnatin Amurka, wani lokaci a takaice daga kofar da ke jujjuya "ba da hidima," don yin aiki a cikin albashi da hidimar kasashen waje da ke ingiza farfagandar yaki a kan jama'ar Amurka.

Ana kiran sabon littafin James Bradley Miarfin China: Tarihin ofoye na Bala'i na Amurka a China. Yana da kyau a karanta. Shekaru da suka gabata kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Loasar Sin a Amurka ta shawo kan jama'ar Amurka, da manyan jami'an Amurka da yawa, cewa jama'ar Sinawa duk suna son zama Krista, cewa Chaing Kai-shek ƙaunataccen shugaban dimokiradiyya ne maimakon ya kasance mai raunin fascist shi ne, cewa Mao Zedong ba shi da muhimmanci babu wanda ya nufi wani wuri, cewa Amurka za ta iya ba da kuɗin Chaing Kai-shek kuma zai yi amfani da kuɗin don yaƙar Jafananci, sabanin amfani da shi don yaƙar Mao, kuma cewa Amurka na iya sanya takunkumi mai gurguntawa kan Japan ba tare da wani martani na sojan Japan ba.

Shekaru da suka gabata har zuwa kusan ƙarshen yakin duniya na III, Loungiyar Lobby ta Isra’ila a Amurka ta shawo kan Amurka cewa Isra’ila dimokiradiyya ce maimakon Apartasar wariyar launin fata tare da haƙƙoƙi dangane da asalin addini. (Asar Amirka, wadda ta yi watsi da shirinta, a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, game da mallakar yankin na Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ba za ta mallaki makaman kare-dangi ba, kuma ta aikata hakan ne bisa umarnin Isra’ila ta nukiliya, tana biye wa Isra’ilawa cikin bala’in jagorancin Iraki, Syria, Iran, da sauran yankuna, suna bin ƙa'idodin Isra'ila mai bin doka ta demokraɗiyya wanda ba shi da gaskiya kamar na China-Kiristanci na Amurka wanda a ƙarshe ya sa Amurka ta bayyana ƙaramin tsibirin Taiwan a matsayin "ainihin China."

Miunƙarar da ta ba da gudummawa ga “sabon tashar jirgin ruwan Pearl” na 911, a wasu kalmomin, ba gaba ɗaya ya bambanta da mirage wanda ya ba da gudummawar Pearl Harbor kanta. Tunanin Amurka game da China a matsayin fadada Amurka, alhali ba ta san komai game da China ba kuma haƙiƙa hana duk wani Sinawa shiga ƙasar, ya cutar da duniya fiye da tunanin Isra’ila yayin da ƙasa ta 51 ba ta cika ba. Bada lokaci.

Sabon littafin Bradley, a farkon bangarorin, ya fi sauri rufe wasu daga cikin kasa daya kamar yadda ya kasance abin birgewa Jirgin Jirgin ruwa, har yanzu yana da daraja sosai - gami da ƙarfafa sojojin Amurka na Japan da ƙarfafa Theodore Roosevelt na mulkin mallaka na Japan. Sabon littafin ya kunshi, fiye da yadda na gani a ko'ina, tarihin yadda yawancin masu kudi da cibiyoyi na Gabashin Amurka ta Gabas a cikin karni na 19 suka sami kuɗinsu - gami da kuɗin kakan Franklin Delano Roosevelt - ta hanyar sayar da opium ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a China. Kasuwancin opium ya haifar da yakin opium da kuma harin da Birtaniyya da Amurka suka kai wa da mamaye wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, yin amfani da sigar farko na abin da Amurka ke kira a yanzu a mafi yawan al'ummomin duniya "Matsayin Yarjejeniyar Soja."

Amurka ta mamaye China tare da dillalan magunguna, 'yan kasuwa na wasu kayan masarufi, da mishaneri na mishan, na baya basu sami nasara ba kamar na sauran, ya maida mutane kadan. Wani babban mishan ya yarda cewa a cikin shekaru 10 ya musuluntar da Sinawa 10 zuwa Kiristanci. Tare da sa ido kan kasuwancin China da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Amurka ta gina Canal na Panama kuma ta karɓi Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Cuba, da Puerto Rico. Tare da sa ido kan nisantar da Rasha daga cinikin Pacific mai riba, Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya goyi bayan faɗaɗa Japan zuwa Korea da China, kuma ya sasanta “zaman lafiya” tsakanin Japan da Rasha yayin da yake ɓoyewa Japan shawara a kowane mataki na hanya. (Wani maimaita magana game da “tattaunawar sulhu” ta Falasdinu inda Amurka ke bangaren Isra’ila da “tsaka tsaki.”) TR an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya kan aikin, game da kyautar wacce ake ganin ba a shawarci ko wani dan Koriya ko China ba. Lokacin da Woodrow Wilson ya ƙi ya sadu da Hoh Chi Minh wanda ba farar fata ba a Faris, ya kuma shiga cikin miƙa wa Japan yankunan mulkin mallaka da Jamus ta taɓa faɗi a cikin China, suna fusata Sinawa, ciki har da Mao. Yakin yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba ƙanana ne amma ana iya fahimtar su sosai.

Ba da daɗewa ba gwamnatin Amurka za ta sauya daga Japan zuwa China. Hoton mutumin kirki da kirista dan asalin kasar Sin ya jagoranci mutane kamar Triniti (daga baya Duke) kuma Vanderbilt ya ilmantar da Charlie Soong, 'ya'yansa mata Ailing, Chingling, da Mayling, da dan Tse-ven (TV), da mijinta Mayling Chaing Kai-shek, Henry Luce wanda ya fara Time mujallar bayan an haife su a yankin mishan na China, da Pearl Buck waɗanda suka yi rubutu Duniya Mai Kyau bayan irin wannan yarinyar. TV Soong ta yi hayar rundinar sojan Amurka Air Corps mai ritaya John Jouett kuma ta 1932 sun sami damar zuwa duk ƙwarewar Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka kuma suna da masu koyarwa guda tara, likitocin jirgin sama, makanikai huɗu, da kuma sakatare, duk US Air Corps sun horar amma yanzu suna aiki don Soong a China. Daidai ne farkon taimakon sojojin Amurka ga China ne ya kawo karancin labari a Amurka fiye da yadda aka yi a Japan.

A cikin 1938, tare da Japan suna kai hare-hare a biranen China, kuma Chaing da kyar yake yakar, Chaing ya umurci babban mai yada farfagandar Hollington Tong, wani tsohon dalibin aikin koyon aikin jarida na Jami'ar Columbia, da ya tura wakilai zuwa Amurka don daukar mishan mishan na Amurka da kuma ba su shaidar ta'addancin Japan, zuwa hayar Frank Price (Mashahurin mishaneri na Mayling), da kuma ɗaukar 'yan jaridar Amurka da marubuta don rubuta labarai masu kyau da littattafai. Frank Price da ɗan'uwansa Harry Price an haife su a China, ba tare da sun haɗu da China na Sinawa ba. 'Yan uwan ​​Price sun kafa shago a cikin Birnin New York, inda' yan kaɗan ke da ra'ayin cewa suna aiki ne ga ƙungiyar Soong-Chaing. Mayling da Tong sun ba su damar shawo kan Amurkawa cewa mabuɗin samun zaman lafiya a China shine takunkumi ga Japan. Sun kirkiro Kwamitin Ba da Amurkan na Zaluncin Japan. Bradley ya rubuta cewa, "Jama'a ba su taba sani ba, cewa mishanan Manhattan da ke aiki tukuru a kan titin East Fortieth don ceton Manyan Manyan Manyan Ma'aikatan Kasar China da ke biyansu wasu ayyukan da suka saba wa doka da cin amana."

Na dauki maganar Bradley ba wai cewa talakawan China ba su da daraja, kuma ba Japan ba ta da laifi ba, amma yakin neman farfaganda ya gamsar da yawancin Amurkawa cewa Japan ba za ta kai wa Amurka hari ba idan Amurka ta yanke mai da karfe zuwa Japan - wanda ya kasance karya a ra'ayin masu sa ido kuma za'a tabbatar da shi karya ne yayin al'amuran.

Tsohon Sakataren Gwamnati kuma Sakataren War na gaba Henry Stimson ya zama shugaban kwamitin, wanda ya kara tsoffin shugabannin Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, Cocin Peace Union, Kawancen Duniya don Abota ta Duniya, Majalisar Tarayya ta Majami'un Kiristocin a Amurka , Boungiyar ofungiyar Kwalejin Kirista a China, da sauransu Stimson da ƙungiya sun biya ta China don da'awar Japan ba za ta taɓa kai wa Amurka hari ba idan aka sanya mata takunkumi - iƙirarin da waɗanda ke cikin masaniya a cikin Ma'aikatar Jiha da Fadar White House suka yi watsi da shi. da aka yi a lokacin da kusan Amurka ba ta da ainihin hanyar sadarwa da Japan.

Bukatar jama'a ta dakatar da kai hare-haren da Japan ta kaiwa China ya zama abin birgewa a gare ni kuma ya yi kama da burina cewa Amurka ta dakatar da harin Saudi Arabia kan Yemen, don ɗaukar misali guda da yawa. Amma magana zata iya kasancewa kafin takunkumi. Sanya matattaran wariyar launin fata da na addini domin ganin haƙiƙanin gaskiya a ƙasar Sin zai taimaka. Kasancewa daga barazanar sojan ruwa na Amurka, tura jiragen ruwa zuwa Hawaii da gina filayen jirgin sama a Tsibirin Pacific na iya taimakawa. Zaɓuɓɓukan yaƙi da yaƙin sun fi faɗaɗuwa fiye da ɓarkewar tattalin arziƙin Japan da maganganun ba da sadarwa ga girmamawar Japan.

Amma daga watan Fabrairun 1940, Bradley ya rubuta, kashi 75% na Amurkawa sun goyi bayan Japan mai hana fitarwa. Kuma yawancin Amurkawa, ba shakka, basa son yaƙi. Sun sayi furofaganda na Kamfanin China.

FDR da Sakatarensa na Baitulmalin Henry Morgenthau sun kafa kamfanoni na gaba da lamuni ga Chaing, suna bin bayan Sakataren Gwamnati Cordell Hull. FDR, da alama, ba wai kawai tana ba da harabar harabar China bane amma da gaske ta gaskata labarinta - aƙalla har zuwa aya. Mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta rayu a cikin Amurka dan China a matsayin yarinya tare da mahaifinta da ke tura mata kwayar cutar, ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta Majalisar Agaji ta China da kuma Kwamitin Amurka na Marayu na Yaƙin China. Matar FDR ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta Kwamitin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na China Pearl Buck. Kungiyoyin kwadagon Amurka dubu biyu sun goyi bayan sanya takunkumi kan Japan. Mai ba da shawara na tattalin arziki na farko ga shugaban Amurka, Lauchlin Currie, ya yi aiki ga duka FDR da Bankin China a lokaci guda. Mawallafin Mawallafi da dangin Roosevelt Joe Alsop ya biya cak daga TV Soong a matsayin "mai ba da shawara" ko da yake ya yi aikinsa a matsayin "haƙiƙa ɗan jarida." "Babu wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya, Rasha, Faransanci, ko Jafananci," in ji Bradley, "da zai yi imani cewa Chaing na iya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi game da Yarjejeniyar." Amma da alama FDR ta yi imani da shi. Ya yi magana da Chaing da Mayling a ɓoye, yana zagaya Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin sa.

Amma duk da haka FDR ta yi imanin cewa idan aka sanya mata takunkumi, Japan za ta kai hari kan Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas (Indonesia) tare da yiwuwar sakamakon yaƙin duniya da yaɗu. Morgenthau, a cikin bayanin Bradley, ya yi ta ƙoƙarin zamewa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi kan man fetur zuwa Japan, yayin da FDR ya ƙi. FDR ta tura rundunar jiragen ruwa zuwa Pearl Harbor, ta sanya takunkumi na bangare kan jirgin sama da tarkacensa, da kuma ba da rancen kudi ga Chaing. Soungiyar Soong-Chaing ta kuma yi aiki tare da FDR Fadar White House don ƙirƙirar rundunar sama da Amurka ta ba da tallafi, horar da Amurka, da Amurka don China don amfani da shi wajen kai hari biranen Japan. Lokacin da FDR ya nemi mai ba shi shawara Tommy Corcoran da ya duba shugaban wannan sabuwar rundunar ta sama, tsohon kyaftin din Amurka Air Corps Claire Chennault, wataƙila bai san cewa yana tambayar wani ne a cikin kuɗin TV Soong don ba shi shawara kan wani a cikin ba. biya TV Soong.

Bradley ya ce FDR ya tona asirin yakin na Asiya game da jama'ar Amurka. Duk da haka, a watan Mayu 24, 1941, da New York Times ya ba da rahoto game da horar da Amurka ta ba da rundunar sojojin sama ta Sin, da kuma samar da “yaƙe-yaƙe da jiragen sama masu yawa na bama-bamai” ga Amurka ta Amurka. "Ana tsammanin Bama-bamai a Garuruwan Japan," karanta ƙaramin kan layi. Wannan wataƙila an “ɓoye shi” ta yadda jerin sunayen kisan Obama na sirri ne duk da sun bayyana a cikin New York Times. Ba a tattaunawa akai-akai saboda bai dace da cikin ƙaramin labarin ba. "Rubutun farko na tarihi" koyaushe ana shiga cikin littattafan tarihi waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa shekaru masu zuwa.

Amma Bradley yayi gaskiya cewa wannan ba asiri bane daga Japan. Kuma ya hada da wani abu da ban tuna da na sani a da ba, wato Chennault ya yarda cewa lokacin da jirgin da ke dauke da matukansa ya bar San Francisco zuwa Asiya a watan Yulin 1941, mutanensa sun ji ana yada wani rediyo na Japan yana cewa, “Wannan jirgin ba zai taba isa China ba. Za a nutse. ” Hakanan a cikin watan Yuli, FDR ta amince da shirin Ba da Hayar-haya ga China: karin mayaka 269 da masu jefa bama-bamai 66, da kuma toshe dukiyar Japan. Duk wannan wani ɓangare ne na mafi tsayi da faɗaɗa hanyoyin da Bradley zai iya haɓaka gaba ɗaya. Amma ya ba da wasu bayanai masu ban sha'awa da kuma kyakkyawar fassara game da su, yana mai cewa Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Dean Acheson ya cusa Amurka cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II ta hanyar yin ƙoƙari don hana duk wani man Amurka zuwa Japan har tsawon wata ɗaya, yana farawa yayin da FDR ke shirin kulla yarjejeniya da Winston Churchill a cikin jirgin ruwa da ƙirƙirar abin da za a kira Yarjejeniyar Atlantika.

A cikin asusun Bradley Hull ya sami labarin takunkumin, wata guda a, ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1941, kuma ya sanar da FDR a wannan ranar. Amma sun zabi su bar shi ba canzawa kamar yadda ko ta yaya za a ga cewa zai ba Japan damar samun "karin" mai fiye da da. Wannan takunkumin ya kasance a wannan lokacin ya zama labarin jama'a a Japan har tsawon wata guda. FDR tana da damar samun rahotanni kan labaran kasar Japan, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na sirri na gwamnatin Japan, ba tare da ambaton cewa ya hadu da jakadan Japan din a cikin rikon kwarya. Shin sadarwa ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin 1941 fiye da yadda suke lokacin da Texas ta ɗauki dogon lokaci don sanin cewa bautar ta ƙare?

A kowane hali, lokacin da Japan ta ga takunkumin da ke sanya takunkumi na dindindin, ba ta koma ga tsarin dimokiradiyya mai matsakaici ba kamar yadda Lobby China ta ce koyaushe zai faru. Maimakon haka ya zama mulkin kama karya na soja. A halin yanzu Time mujallar tana fatan cewa yaƙin Amurka da Ingila a ɓangaren China zai rinjayi Sinawa su musulunta. Makamantan a cikin Isra'ila Zaɓen Haƙiƙa ba shakka Kiristoci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne waɗanda suka yi imani da cewa Isra'ila tana kan hanya zuwa wasu al'amuran da aka annabta game da masifa mai kyau.

Jawabin Mayling Soong ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a watan Fabrairun 1943 ya yi daidai da na Bibi Netanyahu na shekarar 2015 don girmamawa da yawa, rudi, da sadaukar da kai ga wata kasar waje ta zamba. Hauka za ta ci gaba har tsararraki. Loungiyar Katolika ta Vietnam za ta shiga cikin wasan. Amurka ba za ta amince da Mao ta China ba har sai da ta rage zuwa sanya Richard Nixon shugabanta. Don cikakken asusu, Ina ba da shawarar littafin Bradley.

Amma duk da haka ina ganin littafin yana da wasu gibi. Ba ya neman taɓa FDR game da sha'awar yaƙi a kan Jamus, ko a kan ƙimar da shi da gwamnatin sa ta kai hari ta Japan a matsayin mabuɗin shiga duka yaƙin Atlantika da na Pacific. Abinda ya biyo baya nayi rubutu akai.

Menene Wasan FDR?

A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, FDR ta gabatar da sanarwar yaƙi a kan Japan da Jamus, amma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta yi aiki ba kuma ta tafi tare da Japan ita kaɗai. Jamus, kamar yadda aka zata, da sauri ta shelanta yaƙi da Amurka.

FDR ta yi kokarin kwance ga jama'ar Amurka game da jiragen ruwan Amurka ciki har da Greer da Kerny, wanda ya taimaka wa jiragen saman Birtaniya su yi wa Jamus jiragen ruwa, amma abin da Roosevelt ya dauka an kai shi ba tare da laifi ba.

Roosevelt ya kuma yi ƙarya cewa yana da taswirar taswirar Nazi mai ɓoye na kudancin Amirka, da kuma shirin Nazi na asiri don maye gurbin dukan addinai tare da Nazism.

Bisa ga watan Disamba na 6, 1941, kashi 80 cikin 100 na jama'ar Amirka, sun shiga shiga yakin. Amma Roosevelt ya riga ya kafa wannan shirin, ya kunna Masarautar Tsaro, ya gina babbar Rundunar ruwa a cikin teku biyu, ya sayar da tsoffin mayaƙa zuwa Ingila don musayar kasusuwan asusunsa a cikin Caribbean da Bermuda, kuma a asirce sun umarci tsara lissafin kowane Jafananci da Jafananci-Amurka a Amurka.

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1941, Churchill ya rubuta wasiƙar sirri ga majalissar sa ta yaƙi: “Ana iya ɗaukar kusan cewa shigar Japan cikin yaƙi zai biyo bayan shigowar Amurka nan da nan a gefenmu.”

A ranar 18 1941, 10, Churchill ya sadu da gidansa a 23 Downing Street. Taron ya kasance da kama da 2002 1941 na Yuli, XNUMX, tare da su a wannan adireshin, minti daya da suka zama sanannun Minishin Downing Street. Dukansu tarurruka sun bayyana asirin Amurka da nufin shiga yaki. A cikin taron na XNUMX, Churchill ya shaida wa majalisarsa, cewar minti: "Shugaban ya ce za ya yi yaki amma ba a bayyana shi ba." Bugu da ƙari, "Duk abin da za a yi don sa ido kan lamarin."

Daga tsakiyar 1930s masu rajin kawo zaman lafiya a Amurka - wadancan mutanen suna da haushi daidai game da yaƙe-yaƙen Amurka na baya-bayan nan - suna tafe don adawa da adawa da Amurka da Japan da Navy na shirin yaƙi a Japan - Maris 8, 1939, wanda fasalinsa ya bayyana "yaƙin yaƙi na dogon lokaci ”wanda zai lalata soja kuma ya dagula rayuwar tattalin arzikin Japan.

A Janairu 1941, da Japan Advertiser ya nuna fushinsa game da Pearl Harbor a cikin edita, kuma jakadan Amurka a Japan ya rubuta a cikin littafin nasa: “Akwai maganganu da yawa a kusa da gari game da cewa Jafananci, idan sun huta da Amurka, suna shirin tafi duka cikin harin bazata da aka kai kan tashar jirgin ruwan Pearl. Tabbas na sanar da gwamnatina. ”

Ranar Fabrairu 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ya rubuta wa Sakataren War Henry Stimson cewa ya yi gargadin yiwuwar wani hari mai ban mamaki a Pearl Harbor.

Kamar yadda aka sani, a farkon 1932 Amurka tana tattaunawa da China game da samar da jiragen sama, matukan jirgi, da horarwa don yaƙin ta da Japan. A watan Nuwamba 1940, Roosevelt ya ranta da China dala miliyan ɗari don yaƙi tare da Japan, kuma bayan tattaunawa tare da Biritaniya, Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka Henry Morgenthau ya yi niyyar tura thean China da masu bautar Amurka don amfani da su wajen jefa Tokyo da sauran biranen Japan.

A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1940, Ministan Kudi na TV din Soong da Kanar Claire Chennault, sojan Amurka da ya yi ritaya wanda ke yi wa Sinawa aiki kuma ya ke rokon su da su yi amfani da matukan jirgin Amurka su jefa bam a Tokyo tun a kalla 1937, sun hadu a cin abincin Henry Morgenthau daki don shirya fashewar bam ɗin Japan. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya sa a saki maza daga bakin aiki a rundunar sojan Amurka idan Sinawa za su iya biyan su $ 1,000 a kowane wata. Soong ya yarda.

A watan Yuli, Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Sojojin Ruwa ya amince da wani shiri da ake kira JB 355 don cinnawa Japan wuta. Wani kamfani na gaba zai sayi jiragen Amurka wanda voluntean sa kai na Amurka waɗanda Chennault suka horar kuma wasu flowungiyar gaba zasu biya su. Roosevelt ya amince, kuma masanin sa na China Lauchlin Currie, a cikin lafazin Nicholson Baker, "ya sanya Madame Chaing Kai-Shek da Claire Chennault wata wasika da ta yi rokon da 'yan leken asirin Japan su yi katsalandan." Ko ba komai wannan shi ne batun, wannan ita ce wasikar: “Ina matukar farin cikin samun rahoton yau Shugaban kasa ya ba da umarnin a samar da bama-bamai sittin da shida ga kasar Sin a bana tare da isar da ashirin da hudu nan take. Ya kuma amince da shirin horar da matukan jirgi na kasar Sin a nan. Cikakkun bayanai ta hanyoyin al'ada. Gaisuwa mai dadi. ”

Xungiyoyin Masu ba da agaji na Amurka na 1st (AVG) na Sojan Sama, wanda kuma aka sani da Flying Tigers (tambari daga baya Walt Disney, kamar yadda Bradley ya lura), sun ci gaba tare da daukar horo da horo nan da nan kuma an ba da su ga China kafin Pearl Harbor.

A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1941, a cikin Kare Amurka daga Yaƙin War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin ya ba da gargaɗi mai tsanani: “Aauracewa tattalin arzikin Japan gabaɗaya, dakatar da jigilar mai alal misali, zai tura Japan cikin hannun Axis. Yakin tattalin arziki zai kasance share fage ne na yakin ruwa da na soja. ”

A ranar 24 ga Yulin, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ce, “Idan muka yanke mai, [Jafananci] da alama ya sauka zuwa Dutch East Indies shekara guda da ta wuce, kuma da kun yi yaƙi. Yana da matukar mahimmanci daga ra'ayinmu na son kai na kariya don hana yaƙi daga farawa a Kudancin Pacific. Don haka manufofinmu na kasashen waje ke kokarin dakatar da yaki daga ballewa a can. ” Masu rahoto sun lura cewa Roosevelt ya ce "ya kasance" maimakon "shine." Kashegari, Roosevelt ya ba da babban umarnin hana daskarar da kadarorin Japan. Amurka da Birtaniyya sun yanke mai da karafa zuwa Japan, shin Acheson da gaske ya tsallake wannan Roosevelt ɗin da ya gabata ko a'a. Radhabinod Pal, wani masanin shari’a dan kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a kotun hukunta laifukan yaki bayan yakin, ya kira takunkumin a matsayin “bayyananniya kuma mai karfin gaske ga kasancewar Japan,” kuma ya kammala da cewa Amurka ta tunzura Japan.

A ranar 7 1941, XNUMX, da Japan Advertiser ya rubuta cewa: "Da farko an halicci wani abu mai ban tsoro a Singapore, sojojin Britaniya da Empire sun ƙarfafa su sosai. Daga wannan ɗakin an gina wata babbar ƙafa kuma an haɗa shi da asusun Amurka don samar da babbar murya a cikin babban yanki a kudu da yamma daga Philippines ta hanyar Malaya da Burma, tare da haɗin ginin da ke cikin yankunan tsibirin Thailand. Yanzu an samar da shi ne don hada da ruɗun da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke zuwa Rangoon. "

A watan Satumbar da ya gabata, manema labaru na Japan ya yi fushi da cewa Amurka ta fara sayar da man fetur a Japan zuwa Rasha. Kasar Japan, jaridarta ta ce, tana mutuwa ne da jinkirin mutuwar "yaki da tattalin arziki."

A ƙarshen Oktoba, Ambasada Edgar Mower na Amurka yana aiki ne ga Colonel William Donovan wanda ya ziyarci Roosevelt. Mower ya yi magana da wani mutum a Manila wanda ake kira Ernest Johnson, memba na Hukumar Maritime, wanda ya ce ya sa ran "Japs zai dauki Manila kafin in iya fita." Lokacin da Mower ya bayyana mamaki, Johnson ya amsa ya ce "Shin, ba ku san Japan ba? Rundunar sojin ta tashi zuwa gabas, mai yiwuwa ana iya kai hari kan motoci a Pearl Harbor? "

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1941, jakadan na Amurka ya aike da wani dogon sakon waya zuwa ga Sashen Harkokin Wajen yana mai gargadin cewa takunkumin na tattalin arziki ka iya tilasta wa Japan aikata “hara-kiri na kasa.” Ya rubuta: "Rikici da Amurka na iya zuwa da haɗari da ban mamaki kwatsam."

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Babban hafsan Sojan Amurka George Marshall ya yi wa manema labarai bayani game da wani abu da ba mu tuna da “Tsarin Marshall.” A zahiri ba ma tuna da shi kwata-kwata. Marshall ya ce, "Muna shirya wani mummunan yaki ne kan Japan," in ji Marshall, yana neman 'yan jaridar da su rufa masa asiri, wanda kamar yadda na sani sun yi hakan ne bisa cancanta.

Kwana goma bayan haka Sakataren War Stimson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa zai hadu a Ofishin Oval tare da Marshall, Shugaba Roosevelt, Sakataren Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, da Sakataren Gwamnati Cordell Hull. Roosevelt ya gaya musu cewa akwai yiwuwar Jafananci su kai hari ba da daɗewa ba, wataƙila Litinin mai zuwa.

An yi rubuce rubuce sosai cewa Amurka ta karya lambobin Japan kuma Roosevelt ya sami damar yin amfani da su. Ta hanyar sakonnin abin da ake kira Purple code sako ne Roosevelt ya gano shirin Jamus na mamaye Rasha. Hull ne ya fallasa sakonnin Jafananci ga 'yan jaridu, wanda ya haifar da Nuwamba 30, 1941, taken "Jafananci na iya yajin aiki a karshen mako."

Cewa Litinin mai zuwa zai kasance 1 ga Disamba, kwana shida kafin harin ya zo da gaske. "Tambayar," in ji Stimson, "ita ce ta yaya za mu iya juya su zuwa matsayin harbin bindiga na farko ba tare da barin haɗari da yawa ga kanmu ba. Magana ce mai wahala. "

Kashegari bayan harin, Majalisa ta zabi yaƙi. 'Yar majalisa Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Ta tsaya ita kaɗai a jefa ƙuri'a a'a. Shekara guda bayan jefa ƙuri'a, a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1942, Rankin ya gabatar da maganganu a cikin Rikodin Majalisar yana bayanin adawa da ita. Ta ambaci aikin wani masanin farfaganda dan Burtaniya wanda yayi jayayya a cikin 1938 don amfani da Japan don kawo Amurka cikin yakin. Ta ambaci bayanin Henry Luce a cikin Life mujallar mujallar ta 20, 1942, ga "{asar China wanda {asar Amirka ta ba da kyautar da ta kawo wa Pearl Harbor." Ta gabatar da shaidar cewa, a taron na Atlantic na 12, 1941, Roosevelt, ya tabbatar da cewa, {asar Amirka za ta kawo matsalolin tattalin arziki na Japan. "Na bayyana," in ji Rankin, "a watan Disamba na 20, na 1941, na Gwamnatin Jihar, wanda ya bayyana cewa, a ranar Satumba 3, an aika da wata sanarwa zuwa {asar Japan, ta bukaci cewa, ta amince da irin yadda ake 'ba da labarin irin yadda ake samu a cikin Pacific, 'wanda ya zo ne don neman tabbacin da ba a yi ba ne a cikin kudancin Gabas.'

Rankin ya gano cewa Hukumar Tsaron Tattalin Arziki ta samu takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasa da mako guda bayan taron Atlantic. A ranar Disamba 2, 1941, da New York Times ya ce, a gaskiya, Japan ta "yanke daga kimanin 75 bisa dari na cinikayyar cinikinta ta hanyar Rundunar Allied." Rankin kuma ya ruwaito bayanin Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, a cikin Asabar Maraice Post na 10, 1942, a ranar Nuwamba 28, 1941, kwanaki tara kafin harin, mataimakin Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (wanda ya kasance mai taken "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") ya ba da umarni gareshi da wasu su "tayar da duk abin da muka gani a sararin sama da kuma bomb duk abin da muka gani a bakin teku."

Janar George Marshall ya amince da Majalisar Dattijai a 1945: An karya ka'idodin, Amurka ta kaddamar da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch-Amurka don hadin gwiwa da Japan da kuma sanya su a gaban Pearl Harbor, kuma Amurka ta sun ba da jami'an tsaro ga kasar Sin don yin gwagwarmaya a gaban Pearl Harbor.

Takardar ta Oktoba 1940 ta Laftanar Kwamanda Arthur H. McCollum ta yi aiki ne ta hanyar Shugaba Roosevelt da manyan mukarraban sa. Ya yi kira ga ayyuka guda takwas da McCollum ya annabta zai jagoranci Jafananci don kai hari, gami da shirya amfani da sansanonin Burtaniya a Singapore da kuma amfani da sansanonin Dutch a cikin yanzu Indonesia, taimaka wa gwamnatin China, aika wani yanki na nesa manyan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu zuwa Philippines ko Singapore, suna aikawa da rukuni biyu na jirgin ruwa na “Gabas,” suna kiyaye babban karfin rundunar a Hawaii, suna mai cewa Dutch ta musanta man na Japan, kuma ta kulla dukkan kasuwanci da Japan tare da hadin gwiwar Masarautar Burtaniya .

Washegari bayan bayanan McCollum, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gaya wa Amurkawa cewa su kwashe kasashen gabashin duniya, kuma Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin a tsare rundunar a Hawaii saboda tsananin adawa da Admiral James O. Richardson wanda ya ambaci Shugaban yana cewa "Ba da daɗewa ba ko daɗe Japan ɗin za su aikata nuna adawa ga Amurka kuma al'ummar kasar za su yarda su shiga yakin. ”

Sakon da Admiral Harold Stark ya aika wa Admiral Husband Kimmel a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1941, ya karanta cewa, "IDAN BAZAI SAMUN RASHIN MAKAMAI BA SAI A GUJE WA JAMI'AN JAM'IYYAR DA JAPAN YAYI HARKAR FARKO."

Joseph Rochefort, wanda ya kasance sashin bayanan sirri na rundunar sojan ruwa, wanda ya taimaka sosai wajen rashin sanar da kamfanin Pearl Harbor abin da zai zo, daga baya zai yi sharhi: “Wannan shi ne farashi mai sauki da za a biya don hada kan kasar.”

Daren bayan harin, Shugaba Roosevelt ya sami Edward R. Murrow na CBS News da Roosevelt Coordinator of Information William Donovan don cin abincin dare a Fadar White House, kuma duk abin da Shugaban ke so ya sani shi ne ko jama'ar Amurka za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Donovan da Murrow sun ba shi tabbacin mutane za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Daga baya Donovan ya fadawa mataimakinsa cewa mamakin Roosevelt ba na wasu da ke kusa da shi bane, kuma shi, Roosevelt, ya yi maraba da harin. Murrow bai sami damar yin bacci a wannan daren ba kuma ya addabe shi tsawon rayuwarsa ta hanyar abin da ya kira "babban labarin rayuwata" wanda bai taba fada ba.