A cikin littafin 1929 Man na Year, Time mujallar ta amince da cewa masu karatu masu yawa za su gaskanta Sakataren Harkokin Sakataren Gwamnati Frank Kellogg da zaɓaɓɓen zabi, kamar yadda mafi yawan labarai na 1928 ya kasance sun sanya hannu ta hanyar 57 kasashe na Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact a birnin Paris, yarjejeniyar da ta yi yakin basasa, yarjejeniyar da ta kasance a cikin littattafai a yau.
Amma, a lura Time, “Manazarta na iya nuna cewa Mista Kellogg bai samo asali daga ra'ayin yaƙe-yaƙe ba; cewa wani adadi wanda ba a san shi ba mai suna Salmon Oliver Levinson, lauyan Chicago, "shine ya tursasa lamarin.
Lalle ne ya kasance. SO Levinson lauya ne wanda ya yi imanin cewa kotuna suna magance rikice-rikicen tsakanin mutane fiye da yadda aka yi kafin a dakatar da shi. Yana so ya haramta yaƙi a matsayin hanyar magance rikice-rikice na duniya. Har zuwa 1928, ƙaddamar da yaƙi koyaushe ya kasance daidai da doka. Levinson ya so hana duk wani yaƙi. "A ce," in ji shi, "da an shawarce shi cewa kawai 'zalunci mai karfi' ya kamata a haramta shi kuma a bar 'karfin tuhuma'
Levinson da kuma motsi na masu aikata laifuka wanda ya taru a kusa da shi, ciki har da sanannun dan Chicagoan Jane Addams, sun yi imanin cewa yin yaki da aikata laifuka zai fara razanar da shi da kuma taimakawa wajen cin hanci da rashawa. Suna bi da tsarin halittar dokokin kasa da kasa da tsarin sasantawa da kuma hanyoyin da za a magance rikice-rikice. Yin yakin yaƙi ya zama mataki na farko a cikin wani tsari mai tsawo na zahiri ya kawo karshen wannan ɗayan.
An ƙaddamar da motsi na Haramtacciyar doka tare da labarin Levinson wanda ke ba da shawarar a ciki The New Jamhuriyar mujallar a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1918, kuma ta ɗauki shekaru goma don cimma yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand. Aikin kawo karshen yaƙi yana gudana, kuma yarjejeniya kayan aiki ne wanda har yanzu zai iya taimakawa. Wannan yarjejeniya ta sanya al'ummomi sasanta rikice-rikicensu ta hanyar lumana kadai. Tashar yanar gizon Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta lissafa ta har yanzu tana aiki, kamar yadda Dokar Tsaro ta Dokar Yakin ta buga a watan Yunin 2015.
Levinson da abokan kawancen sa sun tursasa sanatoci da manyan jami'ai a Amurka da Turai, gami da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Faransa Aristide Briand, Shugaban Harkokin Harkokin Wajen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka William Borah, da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Kellogg. 'Yan tawaye sun haɗu da ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka fiye da yadda take da karɓa fiye da duk abin da ke cikin sunan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Amma motsi ne da aka rarrabu akan League of Nations.
Rashin haushi na tsari da gwagwarmaya wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya yayi yawa. Nemi ƙungiyar da ke kusa da ita tun daga 1920s kuma zan nemo muku ƙungiya a rikodin don tallafawa kawar da yaƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da Legungiyar Amurkan, Leagueungiyar Mata Masu Zabe, da ofungiyar Iyaye da Malamai ta Nationalasa.
Ta hanyar 1928, buƙatar yin yakin basasa ba zai iya rinjaye ba, kuma Kellogg wanda ya yi ba'a da la'akari da 'yan gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya, ya fara bin jagorancin su kuma ya gaya wa matarsa cewa zai iya samun kyautar Nobel a zaman lafiya.
A ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1928, a Faris, tutocin Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet sun tashi tare da wasu da yawa, yayin da wurin ya gudana wanda aka bayyana a cikin waƙar “Daren Jiya Ina da Mafarki Mafi Girma.” Takardun da mutanen suke sa hannu da gaske sun ce ba za su sake yin yaƙi ba. Masu Haramtacciyar doka sun rinjayi Majalisar Dattijan ta Amurka don amincewa da yarjejeniyar ba tare da wani tanadi na yau da kullun ba.
Babu ɗayan wannan ba tare da munafunci ba. Sojojin Amurka suna yaƙi a Nicaragua duk tsawon lokacin, kuma ƙasashen Turai sun sanya hannu a madadin ƙasashensu. Dole ne Rasha da China su yi magana game da shiga yaƙi da juna kamar yadda Shugaba Coolidge ke sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Amma magana daga ciki sun kasance. Kuma babban laifi na farko na yarjejeniyar, yakin duniya na II, ya biyo bayan gabatar da kara na farko (duk da cewa yana gefe daya) don laifin yaki - kararrakin da suka tsaya a kan yarjejeniyar. Nationsasashe masu arziki suna da, saboda wasu dalilai masu yuwuwa, ba sa yaƙi da juna tun, suna yaƙi kawai a ɓangarorin talauci na duniya.
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta biyo baya ba tare da maye gurbin yarjejeniyar ta Kellogg-Briand ba, tana neman halatta yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda ko dai na kare ne ko kuma izini na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya - ramuka da aka fi zalunta fiye da yadda aka yi amfani da su tsawon shekaru. Darussan motsi na Haramtacciyar hanya na iya kasancewa suna da abin da za su koya wa masu neman yaƙin neocon da “Hakkin Kare” mayaƙan jin kai. Abin kunya ne kasancewar an manta da adabin su gaba daya.
A St. Paul, Minn., Godiya yana farfadowa ga dan jarida Frank Kellogg, wanda aka ba da Nobel, an binne shi a Cathedral na kasar, kuma ana kiran sunan Kellogg Avenue.
Amma mutumin da ya jagoranci motsi wanda ya fara rikici da yaki a matsayin mummuna da kuma yakin da aka fahimta a matsayin zabi ba bisa ga yiwuwar daga Chicago ba, inda babu wani abin tunawa kuma babu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
David Swanson shi ne marubucin "Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya Ya Haramta." Zai yi magana a cikin Chicago a ranar 27 ga Agusta. Don bayani, duba http://faithpeace.org.
13 Responses
Ba na tuna da samun labarin wannan motsi a cikin Ilimin Janar na Ilimi. Da alama makarantu sun yi hanzarin yin gunaguni har zuwa karni na ashirin a ƙarshen shekarar makaranta, suna barin abubuwan da suka dace na zamani ga titin. Na tuna yin rahoto a kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Na gano cewa da gaske an kirkireshi ne a San Francisco, kuma daga baya bayan an koma cikin ginin masu hannu da shuni a cikin New York mutane irin su Barney Baruk suka sami sabon yanayi kamar 'Cold War'.
Babu wanda ya koyar da wannan. Littafin yana nan:
http://davidswanson.org/outlawry
Wannan yanki bai ambaci theungiyar Nationsasashen Duniya ba, mai gabatar da gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma an ɓata shi a cikin shekarun 1930 lokacin da yaƙe-yaƙe, yaƙin duniya, ya kasance duk haushi. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/League_of_Nations.aspx
Don haka wannan yana nufin GW Bush shi ne mai aikata laifuka. Ya ci gaba da yaki da wannan yarjejeniya akan littattafai.
George Bush the Lesser wani mai aikata laifuka ne ko kuma ba tare da wannan bayani ba.
Robert,
Yawancin tarihin ba a koyar da su ba a makarantu. Dole ne ku yi bincikenku ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da kuka samo a kan ku don ku fahimci manyan matsaloli da kuma ci gaban da suka tsara mutane a baya, abubuwan da ke faruwa a baya a yau.
Tarihi, tarihin gaske, yana yin barazana ga wasu buƙatu masu ƙarfi na hukuma. Tarihi a ilimantarwa gabaɗaya ya dusashe zuwa karatun maimaita ma'ana na al'amuran, kwanan wata da adadi duk ba tare da mahallin fahimtar abin da gwagwarmayar su ke nufi a zamanin su ba. Fahimtar wannan mahallin, duk da haka, shine abin da ya buɗe tarihi a matsayin mafi mahimmancin kayan aiki da muke da shi don samun hangen nesa game da al'amuranmu na yau, da sanin cewa abin da muke yi a yau zai zama tarihin da muka bari don wasu su ɗora daga inda muka tsaya. Mun kasance ɓangare na ci gaba wanda ke gudana kafin lokacinmu da bayan lokacinmu. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa zurfin fahimtar tarihi ke da matukar barazana kuma me yasa rashin jin daɗin al'umma yake da mahimmanci don kiyaye mu da yarda, mai da hankali kan mara ma'ana da maras muhimmanci kuma baza mu iya ɗaukar wata babbar manufa ga kanmu ba.
Kyakkyawan aiki a kan karatun game da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kai ne daya daga cikin banbanci ga mulkin, wanda ya shiga makarantar kuma ya sami ilimi.
"Albarka tā tabbata ga masu kawo zaman lafiya domin za a kira su 'ya'yan Allah." Don haka me yasa za ku zama masu kawo zaman lafiya idan kun riga kun zama dan Allah? Yabo ya tabbata ga Ubangiji kuma ya wuce ammonium!
Tashin hankali na maganganu wani lokaci ya zama dole. Yesu Kiristi, wanda na ambata dazu, ba shi da matsala ya kira mugayen abokan gāba, 'yayan Shaidan.' Kamar Kristi, muna buƙatar kunyatar da waɗanda ke izgili ga rikice-rikice ba rikici ba kuma suna ɓata hanyoyinsu cikin yaƙe-yaƙe.
Mataki na farko - Dole ne a gurgunta jari-hujja.
Godiya ga wannan mahimmin labarin, David & RootsAction. Zan tabbatar da tallata wannan a cikin al'ummata ta zo tsakiyar watan Satumba, musamman ma yayin da laburarena na jama'a suka ga ya dace da yada ayyukan ta'addanci ta hanyar shigar da kananan yara da matasa a cikin wani shiri da ake kira Miliyan Godiya, wanda a ciki aka rubuta wasiku ga mambobin soja suna musu godiya. don “hidimarsu”. Na kasance ina ba da martani ga laburarena game da wannan mummunan yanke shawara, ƙila ka tabbata!
Yaƙe-yaƙe shine kisan kai da yawa, saboda haka laifi ne akan bil'adama. Dole ne a maye gurbinsa tare da Kotun Duniya mai ban sha'awa. Muna buƙatar kwamiti na duniya don ganin al'amarin ta hanyar. Duba Duniya Lafiya a kan shafin yanar gizon yanar gizon parisApress.com
Bukatar kwance game da zaman lafiya da diplomasiyya shine wannan ka'ida game da tarihin amfani. Bayanin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya fara a gaban annashuwa na mutum guda a 1880-81, da kuma hada da mutumin da aka tura ta ba tare da hukunci ba, an ci gaba da ci gaba a yau, ita ce ta Oligarchs da kuma gagarumar nasara!
Mene ne sabuwar sabuwar-Roma mai kyau, idan ba don mliitary-Hegemony da riba da sababbin usages na NSDU-238 na farko makaman nukiliya-makami.
Sabuwar Rome ba zata taba bada “PeaceAwards” a matsayin Nobels ba, amma duk da haka sun yi nesa da yake-yake-Daurin aure da jirgin yaki / Laureate… godiya ga David, muna bukatar se gaskiya-Sanarwa…
Marigayi, da yawa sun yi baƙin ciki Terry Pratchett ya jagoranci wannan ra'ayin tare da kwarewa sosai a cikin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan fansa na Discworld, JINGO, wani babban labarin da aka saba da shi.
Ga faɗar magana, sa'annan ku je ku karanta dukkan littafin:
[Vimes zuwa Prince Cadram] "An kama ka," inji shi.
Yariman ya yi dan karamin sauti tsakanin tari da dariya. "Ni menene?"
"Ina kama ku don yin makirci don kashe ɗan'uwanku. Kuma akwai wasu caji. ". . .
"Vimes, ka tafi mahaukaci, in ji Rust. "Ba za ka iya kama kwamandan sojojin ba!"
"A gaskiya, Mr. Vimes, ina tsammanin za mu iya," in ji Carrot. "Kuma sojojin, ma. Ina nufin, ban ga dalilin da yasa ba za mu iya ba. Za mu iya cajin su da halayyar da za su haifar da saɓin zaman lafiya, ya Shugaba. Ina nufin, wannan shine yakin. "
Magana mai mahimmanci, amma wanda Amurka da Tsohon Harkokin Jakadancin Amurka ba su da sha'awar sarauta na sauran ƙasashe. Dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasashen duniya sune lambobin da suka shafi kasuwancin kasuwancin kasashen waje wanda zasu saya a kowane farashin.