Janairu
Janairu 1
Janairu 2
Janairu 3
Janairu 4
Janairu 5
Janairu 6
Janairu 7
Janairu 8
Janairu 9
Janairu 10
Janairu 11
Janairu 12
Janairu 13
Janairu 14
Janairu 15
Janairu 16
Janairu 17
Janairu 18
Janairu 19
Janairu 20
Janairu 21
Janairu 22
Janairu 23
Janairu 24
Janairu 25
Janairu 26
Janairu 27
Janairu 28
Janairu 29
Janairu 30
Janairu 31
Janairu 1. Wannan Ranar Sabuwar Shekara ce da Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya. Yau ya fara sake gudana ta cikin kalandar Miladiyya, wanda Paparoma Gregory na XIII ya gabatar a 1582 kuma a yau shine kalandar fararen hula da akafi amfani da ita a duniya. Yau ya fara watan Janairu, wanda ake kira ko dai don Janus, allahn fuskoki biyu na ƙofofi da sauye-sauye, ko don Juno, Sarauniyar alloli, 'yar Saturn, da mata da' yar'uwar Jupiter. Juno wani nau'in yaƙi ne na baiwar Girka ta Hera. A shekarar 1967 Cocin Katolika ta ayyana 1 ga Janairu a matsayin Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya. Yawancin waɗanda ba Katolika ba ma suna yin bikin don yin biki, bayar da shawarwari, ilimantarwa, da kuma neman zaman lafiya. A cikin al'adar da ta gabata game da shawarwarin Sabuwar Shekara, fafaroma sun yi amfani da Ranar Aminci ta Duniya don yin jawabai da buga bayanai don tallafawa ciyar da duniya zuwa ga zaman lafiya, da kuma yin shawarwari don wasu dalilai na daban. Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a ranar 1 ga Janairu bai kamata a rikita ta da Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ba, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a 1982 kuma aka yi bikin kowace shekara a ranar 21 ga Satumba. Thearshen ya zama sananne sosai, watakila saboda ba addini ɗaya ya fara shi ba, kodayake kalmar "International" a cikin sunan ta haifar da rauni ga waɗanda suka yi imanin al'ummomi na da cikas ga zaman lafiya. Ranar Aminci ta Duniya ma ba daidai take da Lahadi ta Zaman Lafiya wacce ta zo a Ingila da Wales a ranar Lahadi da ta faɗi tsakanin Janairu 14th da 20. Duk inda kuma duk wanda muke a duniya, zamu iya zaɓar mu yanke shawara yau don aiki don zaman lafiya.
Janairu 2. A wannan rana a cikin 1905, taron na masana'antu na masana'antu a Birnin Chicago ya kafa Masana'antu na Ma'aikata na Duniya (IWW), wanda ake kira The Wobblies, kokarin da ya dace don samar da wata ƙungiya mai girma tare da kowane ma'aikacin duniya a cikinta. Wobblies sun haɗu don haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata, haƙƙin jama'a, adalci na zamantakewa, da zaman lafiya. Ana tunawa da hangen nesan su a cikin waƙoƙin da suka samar da kuma rerawa. Daya ana kiransa Kiristoci a Yaƙi kuma ya haɗa da waɗannan kalmomin: “Ci gaba, sojojin Kirista! Hanyar aiki a bayyane take; Kashe maƙwabta Kirista, ko kuma a kashe su. Masu fashin baƙi suna faɗar kumburi, Allah a sama yana kiran ku zuwa fashi, da fyade, da kisa. Duk ayyukanka tsarkakakke ne daga Dan Rago a sama; Idan kuna son Ruhu Mai Tsarki, kuyi kisan kai, kuyi addu'a, ku mutu. A gaba, sojojin Kirista! Rip da hawaye da kuma buga! Bari mai ladabi Yesu ya albarkaci mai kuzari. Kwanyan kwanya tare da shrapnel, takin sod; jama'ar da basa jin yarenku sun cancanci la'anar Allah. Fasa ƙofofin kowane gida, kyawawan mata sun kame; Yi amfani da mightarfinku da haƙƙin alfarma ku bi da su yadda kuke so. A gaba, sojojin Kirista! Blighting duk abin da kuka hadu; Tattar da 'yan Adam a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun masu taƙawa. Yabo ya tabbata ga Ubangiji wanda alamar dala ta dusashe tseren da yake so! Ka sanya kwandon ƙasashen waje ya mutunta alamun alheri. Amince da ceton izgili, zama kayan aikin zalunci; Tarihi zai ce game da ku: 'Wannan tarin wawayen da Allah ya la'ane su!'
Janairu 3. A wannan rana a cikin 1967, Jack Ruby, wanda aka kashe wanda aka kashe wanda aka kashe a hannun tsohon shugaban John F. Kennedy, mai suna Lee Harvey Oswald, ya mutu a gidan kurkukun Texas. An yanke wa Ruby hukuncin kisan Oswald kwanaki biyu bayan harbin Kennedy yayin da Oswald ke hannun ‘yan sanda. Ruby an yanke masa hukuncin kisa; amma duk da haka an daukaka kara kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa, kuma an sake ba shi wata sabuwar shari’a duk da cewa an yi harbin a gaban jami’an ‘yan sanda da‘ yan jarida da ke daukar hoto. Yayin da ake shirin sanya ranar sabuwar shari'ar Ruby, rahotanni sun ce ya mutu ne daga cutar huhun huhu sakamakon cutar kansa ta huhu da ba a gano ta ba. A cewar bayanan da ba a taba fitar da su ba a tarihin kasar sai a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, Jack Ruby ya gaya wa wani mai ba da labarin FBI cewa "ya kalli wasan wuta" a ranar da aka kashe Shugaba John F. Kennedy, kuma yana yankin da aka yi kisan. Ruby ya musanta wannan yayin shari'arsa, yana mai cewa ba ya nuna kishin kasa lokacin da ya kashe Oswald. Rahoton hukuma na Warren na 1964 ya kammala da cewa Oswald ko Ruby ba su kasance cikin maƙarƙashiyar makirci don kashe Shugaba Kennedy ba. Duk da cewa an tabbatar da cikakken bayani, rahoton ya kasa yin shiru game da shakkun da ke tattare da taron. A cikin 1978, Kwamitin Zabe na Majalisar kan kisan gilla ya kammala a cikin rahoton farko cewa Kennedy “mai yiwuwa an kashe shi ne sakamakon wata makarkashiya” wanda mai yiwuwa ya shafi masu harbi da yawa da aikata laifi. Sakamakon kwamitin, kamar na Hukumar Warren, ana ci gaba da samun sabani sosai. Tunanin shugaban Amurka mafi karancin shekaru ya sanya shi shahararre kuma aka rasa shi sosai: "Koma baya daga inuwar yaƙi kuma nemi hanyar zaman lafiya," in ji shi.
Janairu 4. A wannan rana a cikin 1948, kasar Burma (wanda aka fi sani da Myanmar) ta daina mallakar mulkin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya kuma ya zama tarin kanta mai zaman kanta. Birtaniya sun yi yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku da Burma a 19th karni, wanda kashi uku cikin 1886 ya yi Burma wani lardin British India. Rangoon (Yangon) ya zama babban birni da tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Calcutta da Singapore. Mutane da yawa Indiyawa da Sinanci sun isa tare da Birtaniya, kuma canjin al'adu ya haifar da gwagwarmaya, tarzoma, da zanga-zanga. Mulkin Birtaniya, da kuma ƙin cire takalma a lokacin da suka shiga masallacin, suka jagoranci 'yan Buddha su tsayayya. Jami'ar Rangoon ta samar da magungunan, kuma wani] alibin lauya mai suna Aung San, ya fara ne da "Kungiyar 'Yancin Agaji ta' Yancin Fascist" (AFPFL), da kuma "Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Kasa" (PRP). San, da sauransu, suka gudanar da shawarwari game da 'yancin Burma daga Birtaniya a 1947 da kuma kafa yarjejeniyar tare da kabilun kabilanci don Burma mai zaman kanta. An kashe San a gaban 'yancin kai. Sanarwar 'yar ƙaramar San Aung San Suu Kyi ta ci gaba da aikinsa ga dimokuradiyya. A cikin 1962, sojojin Burmaniya sun kame gwamnati. Har ila yau, an kashe a kan daliban 100 da ke cikin zanga-zangar lumana a Jami'ar Rangoon. A 1976, an kama daliban 100 bayan an zauna a cikin sauki. An sanya Suu Kyi a karkashin daurin gidan, duk da haka ya karbi Lambar Nobel a Duniya ta 1991. Ko da yake sojoji sun kasance mai karfi a kasar Myanmar, Suu Kyi ya zama Mataimakin Gwamnati (ko Firayim Minista) a 2016, wanda kungiyar ta Burma ta yi da Democrat. An soki Suu Kyi a ko'ina cikin duniya don dubawa ko kuma barin sojojin Burmaniya su kashe daruruwan maza, mata da yara daga kabilar Rohingya.
Janairu 5. A wannan rana a 1968, Antonin Novotny, masanin Stalinist Czechoslovakia, ya maye gurbin Alexander Dubcek, wanda ya gaskanta cewa 'yan gurguzu zai iya cimma. Dubcek ta goyi bayan kwaminisanci, duk da haka an gabatar da 'yancin yin magana a cikin sake fasalin sake tallafawa kungiyoyi, da kuma' yanci. An san wannan lokacin ne "Spring Prague". Sai Soviet Union ya mamaye Czechoslovakia; Shugabannin Soviet sun maye gurbin shugabannin 'yan tawaye zuwa Moscow. An sake gurfanar da Dubcek, kuma Gustav Husak, wanda ya maye gurbinsa, ya sake kafa wata gwamnatin gurguzu. Wannan ya haifar da zanga-zangar adawa a fadin kasar. An dakatar da gidajen rediyon, jaridu, da littattafai da aka buga a wannan lokaci, irin su Jam'iyyar Jam'iyyar da Memorandum by Vaclav Havel, kuma an tsare Havel a kusan shekaru hudu. Dubban dalibai sun gudanar da kwanciyar hankali na kwana hudu a manyan makarantu da kwalejoji a fadin kasar, tare da masana'antun da ke aikawa da su abinci cikin hadin kai. Wasu mummunan abubuwa masu ban mamaki sun faru. A cikin Janairu 1969, Jan Palach wani] alibi na kwalejin ya kafa wuta a Wenceslas Square don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin da kuma kawar da 'yancin jama'a. Ya mutu ya zama daidai da lokacin Prague Spring, kuma jana'izar ya zama wata zanga-zanga zanga zanga. Wani dalibi na biyu, Jan Zajíc ya yi irin wannan aiki a filin, yayin da na uku, Evžen Plocek, ya mutu a Jihlava. Yayin da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci suka ketare a gabashin Turai, zanga-zangar Prague ta ci gaba har zuwa Disamba 1989 lokacin da gwamnatin Husak ta amince. An sake sake kira Dubcek shugaban majalisar, kuma Vaclav Havel ya zama shugaban Czechoslovakia. Ana kawo kwaminisanci a ƙarshen Czechoslovakia, ko Prague "Summer," ya dauki fiye da shekaru ashirin na zanga-zanga.
Janairu 6. A wannan rana a cikin 1941, shugaban kasar Franklin Delano Roosevelt yayi jawabin da ya gabatar da kalmar "'yanci hudu," in ji shi ya hada da' yancin magana da magana; 'yancin addini; 'yanci daga tsoro; da kuma 'yanci daga son. Jawabin nasa yana nufin 'yanci ne ga' yan ƙasa na kowace ƙasa, amma har yanzu 'yan ƙasa na Amurka da na duniya da yawa suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya a kowane ɓangare huɗu. Ga wasu daga cikin kalmomin da Shugaba Roosevelt ya fada a wannan ranar: “A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, wadanda muke son tabbatarwa, muna sa ran duniyar da za ta kafu bisa wasu muhimman’ yanci guda hudu na dan Adam. Na farko shi ne 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da bayyana ra'ayi - a ko'ina cikin duniya. Na biyu 'yanci ne ga kowane mutum ya bauta wa Allah ta yadda ya dace - a ko'ina cikin duniya. Na uku shi ne 'yanci daga buƙata - wanda, wanda aka fassara zuwa ma'anar duniya, yana nufin fahimtar tattalin arziki wanda zai tabbatar wa kowace ƙasa kyakkyawan zaman lafiya ga mazaunanta - ko'ina a duniya. Na huɗu shine yanci daga tsoro - wanda, wanda aka fassara shi zuwa ga ma'anar duniya, yana nufin rage kayan yaƙi a duniya har zuwa wannan matsayin kuma ta hanyar da ta dace ta yadda babu wata ƙasa da zata kasance cikin halin yin ta'adi na zahiri akan maƙwabcinsa. - ko'ina a duniya…. A wannan babban ra'ayi ba za a sami wata nasara ba sai dai nasara. ” A yau gwamnatin Amurka ta kan taƙaita haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko. Gidajen zabe sun sami mafiya rinjaye a ƙasashen waje suna kallon Amurka a matsayin babbar barazana ga zaman lafiya. Kuma Amurka tana jagorantar duk ƙasashe masu arziki a cikin talauci. Yankuna huɗu sun kasance ana ƙoƙari don su.
Janairu 7. A wannan rana a 1932, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Henry Stimson ya ba da darussan Stimson. Kungiyar League of Nations ta yi kira ga Amurka da ta tashi tsaye kan hare-haren da Japan ta kai wa China a kwanan nan. Stimson, tare da amincewar Shugaba Herbert Hoover, ya bayyana a cikin abin da ake kira koyarwar Hoover-Stimson, adawar Amurka ga yaƙin na yanzu a Manchuria. Rukunan ya bayyana, da farko, cewa Amurka ba za ta amince da duk wata yarjejeniya da ta kawo cikas ga ikon mallaka ko mutuncin China ba; na biyu kuma, cewa ba za ta amince da duk wani canjin yanki da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da makamai ba. Bayanin ya ta'allaka ne kan yadda aka haramta yakin ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Kellogg-Briand ta 1928 wacce a karshe ta kawo karshen karbuwa da kuma amincewa da cin nasara kusan a duniya. (Asar Amirka ta sha wahala a lokacin bayan WWI yayin da 'yan ƙasa ke fama da rikice-rikicen Wall Street, rashin nasarar banki da yawa, rashin aikin yi da yawa, da kuma fushin yakin. Da alama Amurkawa ba za ta shiga wani sabon yaƙi ba da daɗewa ba kuma ta ƙi tallafa wa League of Nations. Tuni dai aka bayyana koyarwar Stimson a matsayin mara tasiri, saboda mamayar da 'yan Japan din suka yi wa Shanghai makonni uku bayan haka, da kuma yake-yake da suka biyo baya a fadin Turai da ya shafi wasu kasashen da suka yi watsi da tsarin doka. Wasu masana tarihi sunyi imanin cewa rukunan na son kai ne, kuma ana nufin kawai a buɗe ciniki a lokacin Babban Rikicin yayin da yake tsaka tsaki. A gefe guda kuma, akwai masana tarihi da masana ka'idoji wadanda suka yarda da cewa sanya al'aura cikin siyasar duniya ya sa koyarwar Stimpson ta zama babbar hanyar samar da sabon ra'ayi na duniya game da yaki da sakamakonsa.
Janairu 8. A wannan rana, AJ Muste (1885 - 1967), Ba'amurke haifaffen Holan, ya fara rayuwarsa. AJ Muste daya daga cikin manyan masu adawa da zamantakewar jama'a a lokacinsa. Da farawa a matsayin Minista a cikin Ikilisiya na Reformed Dutch, ya zama dan jarida mai zaman kansa da kuma ma'aikacin aiki, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kuma babban darektan Brookwood Labour College na New York. A cikin 1936, ya mika kansa ga kullun da kuma mayar da hankali akan yakin yaki, 'yancin jama'a,' yanci na 'yanci, da rikici. Ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Fellowship of Peace, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), da kuma War Resisters League, kuma ya kasance a matsayin editan 'Yanci mujallar. Ya ci gaba da aikinsa na neman zaman lafiya yayin yakin Amurka a Vietnam; jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa, ya yi tattaki zuwa Vietnam ta Arewa tare da wata tawaga ta malamai kuma ya gana da shugaban kwaminisanci Ho Chi Minh. AJ Muste an girmama shi sosai kuma an yaba da shi a cikin gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci ga zamantakewar jama'a saboda ikonsa na alaƙa da mutane na kowane zamani da al'adu daban-daban, don saurarawa da yin tunani a kan dukkan ra'ayoyi, da kuma haɗar da nisa tsakanin ɓangarorin siyasa daban-daban. An shirya Cibiyar Bikin Tunawa da AJ Muste a cikin 1974 don kiyaye gadon AJ ta hanyar ci gaba da tallafawa ƙungiyoyi marasa ƙarfi don canjin zamantakewa. Cibiyar tana wallafa takardu da litattafai kan tashin hankali, tana ba da tallafi da tallafi ga kungiyoyin tushe a duk fadin Amurka da duniya, a Birnin New York na “Peace Pentagon.” A cikin kalmomin Muste: “Babu wata hanyar salama; zaman lafiya ne hanya. ”
Janairu 9. A wannan rana a 1918, Amurka ta yi yakin basasa tare da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka a yakin Bear Valley. Yaƙin Indiyan Yaqui ya kore su zuwa arewa ne saboda dogon yaƙin da suka yi da Mexico, kuma suka tsallaka kan iyaka kusa da wani sansanin soja a Arizona. Yaquis wani lokaci zai yi aiki a cikin bishiyoyi na citrus na Amurka, ya sayi makamai tare da albashinsu, ya kuma mai da su Mexico. A wannan rana mai ban tsoro, sojojin sun sami ƙaramin rukuni. Fada ya kaure har sai da wani Yaqui ya fara daga hannu yana mika wuya. An kama Yaquis Goma, kuma aka ce musu su yi layi tare da hannayensu a kawunansu. Shugaban ya tsaya tsayi, amma ya riƙe hannayensa a kugu. Da yake an daga hannuwansa sama da karfi, a bayyane yake kawai yana kokarin rike cikinsa ne. Ya yi fama da fashewar wani abu da harsashin wutar harsashi ya kunsa a kugu, kuma ya mutu washegari. Wani daga cikin wadanda aka kama shi ne wani yaro dan shekara goma sha daya wanda bindigarsa tana da tsayi in dai yana da tsayi. Wannan rukunin jajirtattun sun baiwa babbar kungiya damar tserewa. Wadanda aka kama an ɗauke su a kan dawakai zuwa Tucson don shari'ar tarayya. Sunyi nasarar burge sojoji yayin tafiyar da karfin gwiwa da kuma karfin gwiwa. A shari’ar, alkalin ya yi watsi da duk tuhumar da aka yi wa dan shekara goma sha daya, sannan ya yanke wa sauran takwas hukuncin daurin kwanaki 30 kawai. Kanar Harold B. Wharfield ya rubuta: "hukuncin ya fi dacewa ga Yaquis wanda in ba haka ba za a tasa keyarsa zuwa Mexico kuma zai iya fuskantar hukuncin kisa a matsayin 'yan tawaye."
Janairu 10. A wannan rana a 1920 an kafa kungiyar League of Nations. Ita ce kungiyar kasa da kasa ta farko da aka kafa don wanzar da zaman lafiyar duniya. Ba sabon tunani bane. Tattaunawa bayan yaƙe-yaƙe Napoleonic ya kai ga taron Geneva da Hague. A cikin 1906, Theodore Roosevelt wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ya yi kira da “Leagueungiyar zaman lafiya.” Bayan haka, a ƙarshen WWI, Birtaniyya, Faransa da Amurka sun shirya ingantattun shawarwari. Wadannan sun haifar da tattaunawa da yarda da "Alkawarin kungiyar kasashen" a taron zaman lafiya na Paris a shekarar 1919. Wa'adin, wanda ya maida hankali kan tsaro na gama gari, kwance damara, da sasanta rigingimun kasa da kasa ta hanyar shawarwari da sasantawa, sannan aka sanya su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Versailles. Wasungiyar ta kasance ƙarƙashin Babban Taro da Majalisar zartarwa (buɗewa ga manyan iko kawai). Da farkon WWII, a bayyane yake League ɗin ya gaza. Me ya sa? Gwamnonin: Mahimman shawarwari na buƙatar kuri'a ɗaya ɗaya na majalisar zartarwa. Wannan ya ba mambobin majalisar wakilci mai karfi. Membobinsu: Al'ummai da yawa ba su taɓa shiga ba. Akwai mambobin kafa 42 da 58 a saman sa. Mutane da yawa sun kalle shi a matsayin "ofungiyar Nasara." Ba a ba wa Jamus izinin shiga ba. Ba a maraba da gwamnatocin kwaminisanci ba. Kuma abin ban mamaki, Amurka ba ta taɓa shiga ba. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, babban mai gabatar da kara, bai sami damar hakan ba ta hanyar Majalisar Dattawa. Rashin iyawa don aiwatar da yanke shawara: Ƙungiyar ta dogara ga masu nasara na WWI don aiwatar da shawarwarin. Sun kasance m don yin haka. Shirye-shiryen rikici: Bukatar yin amfani da makamai a cikin rikice-rikice da kokarin da aka yi a rukuni. A cikin 1946, bayan shekaru 26 kawai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta maye gurbin kungiyar League.
Janairu 11. A wannan rana a 2002, Gundumar Kurkuku na Guantanamo Bay ta fara aiki a Cuba. Da farko an yi niyyar zama "tsibirin a waje da doka" inda za'a iya tsare ta'addanci ba tare da tsari ba, kuma ana yi musu tambayoyi ba tare da guiwa ba, to gidan kurkuku da kwamitocin soja a Guantánamo Bay sune rashin lalacewa. Guantánamo ya zama alamar rashin adalci, zalunci, da rashin kula da doka. Tun lokacin da aka bude sansanin kurkuku, kusan mutane 800 sun ratsa ta jikinta. Bugu da ƙari, a tsare shi ba bisa doka ba, mutane da yawa sun fuskanci azabtarwa da kuma sauran mummunan magani. Yawanci an gudanar da su ba tare da cajin ko fitina ba. Yawancin fursunoni an gudanar da su shekaru da yawa bayan an sallame su don saki gawar sojojin Amurka, sun rataye a cikin wani yanki wanda babu wani sashi na gwamnati da ya yarda ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen cin zarafi. Guantánamo ya kasance wani bidi a kan lakabi da tsaro na Amurka da kuma kayan aiki don kungiyoyi kamar ISIS da suka kulla fursunoni a GITMO orange. Shugaban Amurka da hukumominsa na tsawon shekaru sun yi amfani da shi amma ba su yi amfani da iko ba don dakatar da su har abada kuma suna kusa da Guantánamo. Closing Guantanaamo hanya madaidaiciya na bukatar ƙarewa ba tare da ɗaure shi ba tare da caji ko gwaji ba; canza masu tsare da aka haramta don canja wuri; da kuma masu tsare masu tsare-tsaren wa] anda ke da alamun laifin aikata laifuka, a kotun laifuka ta tarayya, a {asar Amirka. Kotunan tarayya na Amurka suna rike da shari'ar ta'addanci. Idan mai gabatar da kara ba zai iya hada shi da wani fursuna ba, to babu wani dalili da ya kamata mutumin ya kasance a kurkuku, ko a Guantánamo ko Amurka.
Janairu 12. A wannan rana a 1970 Biafra, yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, ya mika wuya ga rundunar sojojin tarayya, ta haka ya kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya. Nijeriya, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, ta sami 'yancin kai a 1960. Wannan yunkuri na jini da rikice-rikice na haifar da 'yancin kai wanda aka tsara musamman domin bukatun mulkin mallaka. Nijeriya ta kasance tarin gado na jihohi masu zaman kanta. A lokacin mulkin mallaka an gudanar da shi a matsayin yankuna biyu, Arewa da Kudancin. A cikin 1914, don gyaran gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare da kuma tasiri mafi mahimmanci akan albarkatu, Arewa da Kudu sun haɗu. Nijeriya na da ƙungiyoyi uku masu girma: Igbo a kudu maso gabas; Hausa-Fulani a Arewa; da kuma Yoruba a kudu maso yamma. A kan 'yancin kai, Firayim Ministan ya fito ne daga arewa, mafi yawan jama'a. Bambance-bambancen yanki sun haifar da haɗin kai na kasa. An yi tashin hankali a lokacin zaben na 1964. Bisa ga zargin da ake yi na yaudarar, an sake zabar da wanda ya zama dan takara. A 1966, manyan 'yan sanda sun yi kokarin juyin mulki. Aguiyi-Ironsi, shugaban rundunar sojin Najeriya da Igbo, ya shafe shi kuma ya zama shugaban kasa. Bayan watanni shida, jami'an tsaro na arewa sun yi juyin mulki. Yakubu Gowon, dan Arewa, ya zama shugaban kasa. Wannan ya haifar da pogroms a arewa. Har zuwa 100,000 Igbo aka kashe kuma mutane miliyan sun gudu. Ranar Mayu 30, 1967, da Igbo, sun bayyana yankin kudu maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Biafra. Gwamnatin Sojojin sun shiga yakin domin sake fadada kasar. Manufar su na farko ita ce ta kama garin Port Harcourt da kuma kula da man fetur. Blockades suka bi, wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai tsanani da kuma yunwa har zuwa 2 miliyan Biafran fararen hula. Shekaru arba'in daga baya, yakin da sakamakonsa ya kasance abin da ke cikin muhawarar muhawara.
Janairu 13. A wannan rana a cikin 1991, Sojojin Sojan Rasha sun kai hari kan gidan talabijin Lithuania da gidan rediyo, suka kashe 14 da kuma rauni a kan 500 kamar yadda jiragen ruwa suka motsa ta hanyar taron jama'a marasa lafiya wanda ke kula da hasumiya don kare 'yancin kai na watsa labaru na Lithuania. Majalisar Koli ta Lithuania ta ba da gagarumar kira ga duniya don gane cewa Soviet Union sun kai hari kan mulkin su, kuma Lithuania sun yi niyyar kula da 'yancin kansu a kowane hali. Lithuania ta bayyana 'yancin kanta a 1990. Majalisar dokokin Lithuania ta wuce dokar da ta ba da umurni ga ƙungiyar gwamnati ta gudun hijira a yayin da kungiyar ta Soviet ta kashe ta. Shugaban Rasha, Boris Yeltsin, ya amsa ya ki amincewa da hannunsa a hare-haren, ya kuma yi kira ga sojojin Rasha da su furta wannan aiki ne na haramtacciyar doka, da kuma kiran su su yi tunani game da iyalansu suka bar gida. Kodayake da Mikhail Gorbachev ya ki amincewa da duk wata yarjejeniya, hare-haren Soviet da kashe-kashen sun ci gaba. Wata ƙungiyar Lithuania ta yi ƙoƙarin kare gidan talabijin da gidan rediyo. Soviet tankuna sun ci gaba da kuma harbe su a kan taron. Sojojin Soviet sun ci gaba da kashe watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na live. Amma ƙarami gidan talabijin ya fara watsa shirye-shirye a harsuna da yawa don bari duniya ta sani. Babban taron jama'a sun taru don kare gidan majalisar dattawan, kuma sojojin Soviet sun koma. Ƙetare ta duniya ta biyo baya. A watan Fabrairun, Lithuanians sun yi zabe sosai saboda 'yancin kai. Yayin da Lithuania ta sami 'yancin kai, sai ya zama fili cewa ƙungiyoyin soja ba su da shirye-shiryen duniya don karuwar' yancin yin sadarwa.
Janairu 14. A wannan rana a 1892 An haifi Martin Niemöller. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1984. Wannan fitaccen malamin Furotesta wanda ya fito fili ya zama babban abokin gaba na Adolf Hitler ya share shekaru bakwai na mulkin Nazi a sansanonin taro, duk da tsananin kishin kasa. Ana iya tuna Niemöller da ambaton: “Da farko sun zo ne don masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kuma ban yi magana ba saboda ni ba na Socialist ba ne. Daga nan sai suka zo domin ’yan Kungiyar Kwadago, ni kuma ban yi magana ba saboda ni ba’ yar Kungiyar Kwadago ba ce. Sai suka zo don Yahudawa, kuma ban yi magana ba saboda ni Bayahude ne. Daga nan suka zo don ni, kuma ba wanda ya yi magana a wurina. ” An sallami Niemöller daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamusawa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Ya yanke shawarar bin sawun mahaifinsa ta hanyar shiga makarantar hauza. Niemöller ya zama sananne a matsayin mai wa’azi mai kwarjini. Duk da gargadin da ‘yan sanda suka yi masa, ya ci gaba da yin wa’azi game da yunƙurin da jihar ke yi na tsoma baki cikin coci-coci da abin da yake kallo a matsayin bautar gumaka da’ yan Nazi suka ƙarfafa. Sakamakon haka, an kame Niemöller sau da yawa kuma aka saka shi a kurkuku tsakanin 1934 da 1937. Niemöller ya zama sanannen mutum a ƙasashen waje. Ya gabatar da jawabin budewa a taron 1946 na Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Tarayya a Amurka kuma ya yi balaguro yana magana game da kwarewar Jamusawa a ƙarƙashin Nazism. A tsakiyar 1950s, Niemöller ya yi aiki tare da wasu kungiyoyin duniya, gami da Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya, don zaman lafiyar duniya. Kishin kishin Jamusanci na Niemöller bai taɓa girgiza ba yayin da yake zagi da rarrabuwar kan Jamus, yana mai cewa ya fi son haɗewa koda kuwa a ƙarƙashin Kwaminisanci ne.
Janairu 15. A wannan rana a 1929, an haife Martin Luther King, Jr.. Rayuwarsa ta ƙare ba tare da ɓata ba a ranar 4th, 1968, lokacin da aka kashe shi a Memphis, Tennessee. Wanda ba shi da shugaban kasa ba ne kawai ya sami zaman hutu na kasa da kasa na Amurka da aka girmama shi, kuma kawai wanda ba a cikin shugaban ya tuna da babban abin tunawa a Washington, DC, Dokta King "Ina da Mafarki" magana, Nobel Peace Prize lecture, da kuma "Harafi daga gidan yarin Birmingham" suna cikin mafi girman girmamawa da rubuce-rubuce cikin harshen Turanci. Tawaita daga bangaskiyar Kirista da koyarwar Mahatma Gandhi, Dr King ya jagoranci motsi a cikin 1950s da 1960s don cimma daidaitattun dokoki ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka a Amurka. Yayin da ya wuce shekaru 13 da ya jagoranci jagorancin 'Yancin Harkokin' Yancin Bil'adama ta Amirka, daga watan Disambar, 1955 har zuwa watan Afrilu 4, 1968, Amirkawa sun samu nasarar ci gaba da nuna bambancin launin fata a Amirka fiye da shekaru 350 da suka gabata. Dokta King yana dauke da shi daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da ba su da kariya a tarihin duniya. Yayin da wasu suna yin shawarwari don 'yanci ta hanyar "duk abin da ake bukata," Martin Luther King, Jr. yayi amfani da ikon maganganu da kuma ayyukan tashin hankali, irin su zanga-zangar, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma rashin biyayya ga jama'a don cimma burin da ba zai yiwu ba. Ya ci gaba da jagorantar irin wannan gwagwarmaya da talauci, da rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa, da ci gaba da kasancewa da amincewa da ka'idodin rashin zaman lafiya. Matsayinsa na yaki da yaki a Vietnam, da kuma bada shawara don motsawa fiye da wariyar launin fata, militarism, da kuma dukiyar jari-hujja na ci gaba da haifar da masu zaman lafiya da adalci masu neman neman hadin guiwa don samun kyakkyawar duniya.
Janairu 16. A wannan rana a cikin 1968, Abbie Hoffman da Jerry Rubin sun kafa matasa International Party (Yippies), wata rana kafin shugaban kasar Lyndon Baines Johnson ya ba da jawabinsa na Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Turai da ke nuna cewa Amurka tana ci gaba da yaki a Vietnam. Yippies wani ɓangare ne na ƙawancen yaƙi da yaɗuwa na 1960s-70s wanda ya tsiro daga ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam. Dukansu Hoffman da Rubin suna daga cikin watan Maris na yaƙin yaƙi a Pentagon a watan Oktoba 1967, wanda Jerry Rubin ya kira "linchpin na siyasar Yippie." Hoffman da Rubin sun yi amfani da “salon Yippie” a cikin yaƙinsu na yaƙi da adawa da jari hujja, tare da mawaƙa kamar Country Joe da Kifin, da mawaƙa / marubuta kamar Allen Ginsberg waɗanda suka faɗi abubuwan da Hoffman ke ji game da lokacin tashin hankali: “[Hoffman] ya ce siyasa ta zama wasan kwaikwayo da siddabaru, a zahiri, cewa yin amfani da hotunan ne ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai suna rudani da nunawa mutane a Amurka, hakan ya sa suka yarda da yakin da da gaske ba su yi imani da shi ba. ” Yawancin zanga-zangar da Yippies suka yi da zanga-zangar sun hada da daya a Babban Taron Demokradiyya a cikin 1968 inda suka kasance tare da Black Panthers, Studentsalibai na Societyungiyar Demokraɗiyya (SDS) da Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na toasa don Endare Yaƙin Vietnam (MOBE). Bikinsu na wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa a Lincoln Park, gami da gabatar da alade mai suna Pigasus a matsayin wanda za su zaba a matsayin shugaban kasa, ya haifar da kame Hoffman, Rubin, da mambobin sauran kungiyoyin tare da yi masa shari'a. Magoya bayan Yippies sun ci gaba da zanga-zangar siyasa, kuma sun buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Yippie a cikin Birnin New York.
Janairu 17. A wannan rana a 1893, masu amfani da kasuwancin Amirka, 'yan kasuwa, da kuma Marines sun watsar da mulkin Hawaii a Birnin Yamma, suka fara yin amfani da tsattsauran ra'ayi na rikice-rikicen gwamnati a duniya. Sarauniyar Hawaii, Lili'uokalani, ta ba da amsa tare da bayanin da ke zuwa ga Shugaba Benjamin Harrison: “Ni Lili’uokalani, Da yardar Allah, kuma a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki na Masarautar Hawaii, Sarauniya, ta yin ƙazamar nuna rashin amincewa ga kowa da kowa ayyukan da aka yiwa kaina da Gwamnatin Tsarin Mulki ta Masarautar Hawaii ta wasu mutane da ke ikirarin kafa Gwamnati na wannan lokacin kuma don wannan Masarautar… don guje wa duk wani karo da sojoji, da watakila asarar rayuka, na yi haka ne a zanga-zangar, kuma tilastawa daga karfi ya ba da iko na har sai lokacin da Gwamnatin Amurka za ta, kan hujjojin da aka gabatar mata, ta warware aikin wakilin ta kuma dawo da ni cikin ikon da nake ikirarin cewa shi ne mai kundin tsarin mulki na Tsibirin Hawaiian."An ambaci Yakubu H. Blount Kwamishinan Kwamishinan, wanda aka aika don bincika, kuma ya bayar da rahoto game da binciken da ya samu game da batun. Blount ya tabbatar da cewa Amurka tana da alhakin ƙetare doka ta gwamnatin haramtacciyar kasar, kuma cewa ayyukan gwamnati na Amurka sun keta dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka na kasar. Shekaru dari bayan haka, a yau a 1993, Hawaii ta yi babban zanga-zanga game da aikin Amurka. {Asar Amirka ta ba da uzuri, ta amince da cewa, "jama'ar {asar Amirka" ba su daina faɗar da'awarsu ... ga mulkin mallaka. "'Yan kabilar Hawaii suna ci gaba da yin shawarwari game da' yantar da {asar Amirka daga {asar Amirka, da kuma sojojin {asar Amirka.
Janairu 18. A yau, a 2001, biyu 'Yan kungiyar da ke aiki a kai tsaye, Trident Plowshares, sun sami' yanci bayan an zarge su da cin zarafin Birtaniya Hukunciyar HMS wanda ya dauki kwata na makaman nukiliyar Burtaniya. Sylvia Boyes, 57, West Yorkshire, da Kogin, da Keith Wright, na 45, na Manchester, sun yarda da kai hare hare. Hukunciyar HMS tare da guduma da gatari a wata tashar jirgin ruwa da ke Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, a watan Nuwamba na 1999. Su biyun sun musanta aikata wani laifi, amma, suna da’awar cewa abin da suka yi daidai ne saboda makaman nukiliya haramtattu ne a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Arin muhawara da ke tattare da amincewa da beingan siyasa da makaman kare dangi ya haifar da sassauci daga kotu cewa farar hula suna jin takaici kuma suna da alhakin yin aiki. Wata mai magana da yawun Trident Plowshares ta kara da cewa: "A karshe an kafa misali ga mutanen Ingilishi su bi lamirinsu tare da ayyana Trident a matsayin wanda ya saba doka." Ayyukan farko da aka yi a Biritaniya wanda ya kai ga samin laifin Trident Plowshares sun hada da tuhumar da aka gabatar a 1996 lokacin da masu yanke hukunci a Kotun Kotun Koli ta Liverpool suka wanke wasu mata biyu da ake zargi da haifar da mummunar illa ga jirgin saman Hawk a wata masana'antar Aerospace ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1999, wani sheriff a Greenock, Strathclyde, ya sami wasu mata uku da ake zargi da lalata kayan aikin komputa na jirgin ruwa na Trident a wani jirgin ruwa da ke Loch Goil ba laifi. Kuma a shekarar 2000, an wanke wasu mata biyu da ake zargi da fesa zanen yaki da yaki a kan jirgin ruwan nukiliya da aka wanke a Manchester, duk da cewa daga baya masu gabatar da kara sun nemi a sake shari'ar. Rashin jajircewar gwamnatoci kan matakai na samar da zaman lafiya a duniya ya bar fararen hula a duk duniya suna tsoron yaƙin nukiliya, kuma suna da ƙarancin imani ga gwamnatocinsu don rage haɗarin.
Janairu 19. A wannan rana a cikin 1920, a yayin da ake cin zarafin 'yanci na' yanci, wani karamin rukuni ya tsaya, kuma an haifi Ƙasar Amirka ta Liberties Union (ACLU). Bayan yakin duniya na farko, akwai tsoro cewa juyin juya halin gurguzu a Rasha zai yada zuwa Amurka. Kamar yadda sau da yawa lokuta ne lokacin da tsoro ba ya wuce muhawarar muhawara, 'yanci na' yanci sun biya farashin. A cikin watan Nuwamban Nuwamba 1919 da Janairu 1920, a cikin abin da aka sani da sunan "Palmer Raids", Babban Mai Shari'a Mitchell Palmer ya fara tayar da hankali da kuma fitar da wanda ake kira "radicals." An kama dubban mutane ba tare da yardarta ba kuma ba tare da kariya ga tsarin mulki ba bisa doka bincika da kuma kamawa, aka bi da su, kuma ana gudanar da su cikin mummunan yanayi. ACLU ta kare su, kuma ya samo asali a cikin shekaru daga wannan ƙananan ƙungiya zuwa wakilin firaministan kasar na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da ke cikin tsarin mulkin Amurka. Suna kare malamai a cikin Scopes shari'ar a cikin 1925, sun yi yunkurin shiga cikin 'yan asalin Japan a 1942, ya shiga NAACP a cikin 1954 a yakin shari'a don daidaita ilimi a cikin Brown v. Board of Education, da kuma kare daliban da aka kama saboda rashin amincewa da wannan shirin da kuma yaki da Vietnam. Suna ci gaba da yakin neman hakkokin haihuwa, maganganu kyauta, daidaito, tsare sirri da rashin daidaituwa, kuma suna jagorancin yaki don kawo karshen azabtarwa kuma suna buƙatar cikakken bayani ga wadanda suka amince da shi. Kusan kusan shekaru 100, ACLU ta yi aiki don karewa da kuma adana haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma haƙƙin da suka dace da ka'idojin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. ACLU ta shiga cikin Kotunan Koli mafi girma fiye da kowace kungiyoyi, kuma ita ce babbar mashawarcin lauya ta jama'a.
Janairu 20. A wannan rana a 1987, an ba da agajin jin kai da mai zaman lafiya Terry Waite, wakilin musamman na Bishop na Canterbury, a Lebanon. Ya je wurin ne don sasantawa game da sakin mutanen yamma da aka yi garkuwa da su. Waite yana da rikodin waƙa mai ban sha'awa. A shekarar 1980 ya yi nasarar tattauna batun sakin mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su a Iran. A shekarar 1984 ya yi nasarar tattauna batun sakin mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su a Libya. A 1987 bai cika samun nasara ba. Yayin tattaunawa, shi kansa an yi garkuwa da shi. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1991, ƙasa da shekaru biyar, aka sake shi da wasu. Waite ya sha wahala sosai kuma an yi masa maraba da zuwa gida a matsayin jarumi. Koyaya, ayyukansa a Lebanon ba zai zama abin da suke gani ba. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa kafin ya tafi Lebanon ya hadu da Laftanar Kanar Oliver North na Amurka. Arewa na son ɗaukar nauyin Contras a Nicaragua. Majalisar Amurka ta hana shi. Iran ta so makamai amma an sanya mata takunkumi. Arewa ta shirya makamai don zuwa Iran a madadin kuɗin da aka aika zuwa Contras. Amma Arewa ta buƙaci murfin. Kuma Iraniyawa suna buƙatar inshora. Za a yi garkuwa da mutanen har sai an kawo makaman. Za a gabatar da Terry Waite a matsayin mutumin da ya yi shawarwarin sakinsu. Babu wanda zai ga ɓoye yarjejeniyar makamai a bayan fage. Ko Terry Waite ya san ana wasa da shi ba tabbas. Koyaya, Arewa tabbas ta sani. Wani dan jarida mai bincike ya ruwaito cewa wani jami'in Majalisar Tsaron Tsaro ya yarda cewa Arewa "ta gudu Terry Waite kamar wakili." Wannan tatsuniyar taka tsantsan tana jaddada buƙata, har ma ga waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar shaida da kyakkyawar niyya, su kiyaye daga yin ruɗani ko rashin sani.
Janairu 21. A wannan rana a 1977, shugaban Amurka Amurka Jimmy Carter, a ranar farko da ya zama shugaban kasa, ya yafe dukan 'yan jaridar Vietnam. {Asar Amirka ta zargi 'yan 209,517 da su keta dokokin, yayin da wani 360,000 ba a taba cajista ba. Shugabannin biyar da suka gabata sun lura da abin da Vietnam ta kira Yakin Amurka, kuma Amurka ta kira War ta Vietnam. Biyu daga cikin wadannan shugabannin sun zaɓa a kan alkawuran da za su kawo karshen yakin, alkawuran da basu yi ba. Carter ya yi alkawalin bayar da agaji ga mutanen da suka keta wannan takarda ta gudu daga ƙasar ko ta hanyar yin rajista. Ya yi alkawarin nan da nan. Carter ba ta mika gafara ga wadanda suka kasance mambobin sojojin Amurka ba, kuma ba wanda aka yi zargin cewa ya shiga tashin hankali a matsayin mai zanga-zanga. Game da 90 bisa dari na waɗanda suka bar Amurka don kauce wa wannan shirin ya tafi Kanada, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka gudu. Gwamnatin Kanada ta yarda da wannan, kamar yadda ya riga ya bari mutane su gudu daga bauta ta hanyar ƙetare iyakarta. Kusan 50,000 jerin dodanni sun zauna har abada a Kanada. Yayinda wannan takarda ya ƙare a 1973, a cikin shugaban na 1980 Shugaba Carter ya sake buƙatar cewa kowane ɗayan maza na 18 mai shekara daya don kowane takardun gaba. A yau wasu sunyi la'akari da rashin wannan bukata ga mata, yana yantar da su daga barazanar tilastawa wajan yaki, a matsayin nuna bambanci. . . da mata, yayin da wasu ke ganin abin da ake bukata ga maza a matsayin abin da ya dace da barbarci. Duk da yake babu wani tsari da ya tsere, dubban dubban sojojin Amurka sun janye sojojin Amurka a 21st karni.
Janairu 22. A wannan rana a 2006, an kafa Evo Morales a matsayin shugaban kasar Bolivia. Shi ne shugaban kasar farko na Bolivia. A matsayin matashi mai ninkaya, Morales ya kasance a cikin zanga-zangar yaki da yaki da kwayoyi da kuma tallafawa 'yancin' yan asalin gona don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da Andes mai amfani da launi na coca. A cikin 1978 ya shiga kuma ya tashi zuwa matsayi a cikin yankunan karkara. A cikin 1989 ya yi magana a wani taron tunawa da kisan gillar manoma na 11 na coca da jami'ai na Rural Area Mobile Patrol Unit. Kwanan nan masu shafewa na yau suka kori Morales, suka bar shi cikin duwatsu don ya mutu. Amma an ceto shi kuma ya rayu. Wannan wani juyi ne ga Morales. Ya fara yin la'akari da kafa wata rundunar soja da kuma yada yakin basasa a kan gwamnati. A ƙarshe, duk da haka, ya zaɓi ba tashin hankali ba. Ya fara ne ta hanyar bunkasa ɓangaren siyasa na ƙungiyar. By 1995 shi ne shugaban kungiyar neman gurguzanci (MAS) kuma an zabe shi zuwa Majalisar. By 2006 ya kasance shugaban Bolivia. Gwamnatinsa ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da manufofi don rage talauci da rashin fahimta, don kare yanayin, don kafa gwamnati (Bolivia tana da yawancin asalin 'yan asalin), da kuma magance rinjayar Amurka da sauran kamfanoni. Ranar Afrilu 28, 2008, ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Abubuwan La'akari da Indigenous da kuma bayar da shawarar Dokokin 10 don ajiye shirin. Umarninsa na biyu ya ce: "Karyatawa kuma KASA KASANCEWA zuwa yakin, wanda kawai ke kawo riba ga daular, yankuna, da wasu dangi, amma ba mutanen ba. . . . "
Janairu 23. A wannan rana a cikin 1974, Misira da Isra'ila sun fara sakin sojojin da suka kawo karshen rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu a Yom Kippur War. Yaƙin ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, ranar tsarkake Yahudawa ta Yom Kippur, lokacin da sojojin Masar da na Siriya suka kai hari a kan Isra’ila tare da fatan sake dawo da yankin da suka rasa a yakin Larabawa da Isra’ila na 1967. Rarrabawar Sojojin Isra’ila da na Masar sun sami izini ne daga yarjejeniyar raba Sinai ta Sojojin da kasashen suka sanya hannu kwanaki biyar kafin, a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1974, a karkashin jagorancin taron Geneva da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyi a shekarar 1973. Ya yi kira ga Isra’ila da ta janye daga yankunan yamma da mashigar Suez da ta mamaye tun daga lokacin da aka tsagaita wuta a watan Oktoba 1973, sannan kuma za a ja da baya da yawa a gaban Sinai a gabashin gabashin mashigar domin a kafa yankin ajiyar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke iko da shi tsakanin sojojin masu adawa. Duk da haka sulhun ya bar Isra’ila ta mallaki sauran yankunan Tsibirin Sinai, kuma har yanzu ba a cimma cikakkiyar zaman lafiya ba. Ziyara ta Nuwamba 1977 da Shugaban Masar Anwar el-Sadat ya yi zuwa Urushalima ya haifar da tattaunawa mai tsanani a shekara mai zuwa a Camp David a Amurka A can, tare da taimako mai mahimmanci daga Shugaba Jimmy Carter, Sadat da Firayim Ministan Isra’ila Menachem Begin sun cimma yarjejeniya wanda duk ɗayansu suka amince da shi Za a mayar da Sinai zuwa Masar da kuma kulla huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ne a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1979, kuma a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1982, Isra’ila ta mayar da yankin Sinai na karshe da ya mamaye zuwa Masar.
Janairu 24. A wannan rana a 1961, bama-bamai guda biyu sun fadi a Arewacin Carolina lokacin da jigilar B-52G tare da 'yan wasan takwas suka fashe midair. Jirgin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Firayim Ministan Harkokin Kasuwanci da aka kafa a lokacin yakin sanyi a kan Soviet Union. Daya daga cikin dozin, jet ya kasance wani ɓangare na jirgin sama na yau da kullum a kan Atlantic Coast lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani ba shi da karfin man fetur. 'Yan wasan sun yi ƙoƙari su sauka a Seymour Johnson Air Force Base a Goldsboro, North Carolina, kafin fashewar ya kai biyar zuwa jirgi ta hanyar fashewa, hudu daga cikinsu suka tsira, kuma wasu biyu sun mutu a cikin jirgin. An saki fashewar bom na MK39 guda biyu tare da fashewa, kowane lokacin 500 ya fi karfi fiye da wanda aka jefa a Hiroshima, Japan. Rahotannin farko da sojoji suka bayar sun tabbatar da cewa an gano bama-bamai, ba su da lafiya, kuma yankin yana da lafiya. A gaskiya ma, wani bam ya sauko daga parachute kuma an dawo dashi tare da sauya guda ɗaya daga hudu ko shida da ake buƙatar da ya hana detonation. Sauran bam din bai yi nasara ba, amma ya zo ba tare da wani ɓangare ba kuma ya rabu da tasiri. Yawanci har ya zuwa yau mai zurfin ƙasa a cikin fadin inda ya sauka. Bayan watanni biyu, wani jigilar B-52G ya fadi a kusa da Denton, North Carolina. Biyu daga cikin 'yan ƙungiya takwas sun tsira. Ana iya ganin wuta ga 50 mil. Windows sun fice daga gine-gine don 10 mil kewaye. Sojojin sun ce jirgin saman bai kunshi fashewar makaman nukiliya ba, amma dai ya ce game da jirgin saman Goldsboro.
Janairu 25. A wannan rana a cikin 1995, mataimakiyar shugaban kasar Rasha, Boris Yeltsin, ta taimakawa takunkumin. A ciki, wani allo na bayanan lantarki ya nuna cewa wani makami mai linzami da aka harba mintuna huɗu da suka gabata a kusa da Tekun Norway kamar ana nufin zuwa Moscow. Arin bayanai sun nuna cewa makami mai linzami makami ne mai tsaka-tsaki da sojojin NATO suka tura a duk yammacin Turai kuma cewa hanyar jirgin ta yi daidai da ƙaddamarwa daga jirgin ruwan Amurka. Hakkin Yeltsin ne ya yanke hukunci a cikin ƙasa da mintuna shida ko a faɗakar da ƙaddamar da ɗaukar fansa nan take na makamai masu linzami na nukiliya na Rasha da ke iya kaiwa hari a duniya. Abin da kawai zai buƙata shi ne latsa maɓallan maɓallin ƙasa da allon bayanan. Abin farin ciki, duk da haka, dangane da shigar da layin zafi daga Babban Janar na Rasha, wanda ke da nasa "ƙwallon ƙafa na nukiliya," da sauri ya bayyana cewa yanayin makami mai linzamin da aka gano ba zai ɗauke shi zuwa yankin Rasha ba. Babu wata barazana. Abin da aka ƙaddamar da gaske shine roket na yanayi daga Norway wanda aka tsara don nazarin aurora borealis. Norway ta sanar da kasashe tun kafin wannan aika-aikar, amma, game da Rasha, bayanin bai isa ga jami'an da suka dace ba. Wannan gazawar har yanzu tana matsayin ɗayan tunatarwa da yawa a cikin tarihin kwanan nan game da yadda sauƙin sadarwa, kuskuren ɗan adam, ko rashin aikin injiniya na iya haifar da bala'in nukiliya da ba a tsammani. Mafita mafi kyau ga matsalar tabbas za ta kasance kawar da makaman nukiliya gaba ɗaya. A halin yanzu, cire makaman nukiliya daga yanayin faɗakarwar gashi, kamar yadda yawancin masana kimiyya da masu rajin zaman lafiya suka ba da shawara, da alama matakin tsaka-tsaki ne mai ma'ana.
Janairu 26. A wannan rana a cikin shugaban kasar 1992 Rasha, Boris Yeltsin ya sanar da shirinsa na kasar don dakatar da makamai masu linzamin makamin nukiliya na nukiliya a kan birane na Amurka da abokanta. Jawabin ya kasance kafin tafiyar Yeltsin ta farko a matsayin Shugaban Amurka, inda zai hadu a Camp David tare da Shugaba George HW Bush. A wani taron manema labarai da suka gudanar a can a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shugabannin biyu sun yi shelar cewa kasashensu sun shiga wani sabon zamani na "abota da kawance." Amma duk da haka, yayin amsa tambayoyin mai rahoto game da sanarwar makircin Yeltsin, Shugaba Bush ya ƙi yarda da Amurka ga manufar sasantawa. Maimakon haka, ya ce kawai Sakataren Harkokin Wajen James Baker zai yi tafiya zuwa Moscow a cikin watan don aza tushen ci gaba da tattaunawar makamai. Wanda ke nuni da sabon zamanin da aka nuna na kawancen Amurka da Rasha, tattaunawar da aka samu da sauri ta zama mai fa'ida. A ranar 3 ga Janairun 1993, Bush da Yeltsin sun sanya hannu kan wata Yarjejeniyar Rage Makamai ta Dabarun (START II), wacce ta hana amfani da motoci da yawa wadanda za a iya sake shigowa da su (MIRVs) - kowane ɗauke da nasa warhead - a kan manyan makamai masu linzami. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance ta ƙarshe Amurka da Amurka (a cikin 1996) da Rasha (a cikin 2000) sun amince da ita, amma saurin koma baya a cikin dangantakar Amurka da Rasha ya hana shi daga aiki har abada. Harin bam din NATO da Amurka ta jagoranta kan kawayen Rasha din na Serbia a Kosovo a 1999 ya haifar da rashin amincewar Rasha da yardar Amurka, kuma lokacin da Amurka ta fice daga yarjejeniyar Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty a 2002, Rasha ta amsa ta hanyar ficewa daga START II. Wata dama ta tarihi don bin kadin makaman nukiliya ta lalace haka, kuma, a yau, ƙasashen biyu suna ci gaba da ƙaddamar da makaman nukiliya a manyan cibiyoyin juna.
Janairu 27. A wannan rana a cikin 1945, sansanin mutuwar Nazi mafi girma a sansanonin Nazi ya yantar da shi daga Sojan Rundunar Soviet don tunawa da wannan rana kamar yadda Ranar Amincewar Duniya ta DuniyaƘaddamarwa a Memory of Victims of the Holocaust. Kalmar Helenanci, Holocaust, ko "sadaukarwa ta wuta," ta kasance kalmar da aka fi alakanta da sa baki na dubban ɗaruruwan da ke sansanonin mutuwa don a kashe su da yawa a ɗakunan gas. Lokacin da Nazis suka karɓi mulki a cikin Jamus a cikin 1933, sama da yahudawa miliyan tara suna zaune a ƙasashen da Nazis ɗin Jamusawa za su mamaye ko mamaye yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Zuwa 1945, kusan Yahudawa miliyan 6 da wasu mutane miliyan 3 aka kashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Magani na ”arshe" na manufofin Nazi. Duk da cewa ana kallon yahudawa a matsayin kaskantattu, kuma babbar barazana ga Jamus, ba su kadai ba ne wadanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata na Nazi. Kusan Romawa 200,000 (Gypsies), Jamusawa 200,000 masu larurar hankali ko nakasa, fursunonin yaƙin Soviet, da dubun dubatar wasu ma an azabtar da su kuma an kashe su shekara goma sha biyu. Tsarin Nazi na shekaru shi ne korar yahudawa, ba kashe su ba. Amurka da kawayenta na yamma tsawon shekaru sun ki karbar karin yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira. Mummunar azabar da 'yan Nazi suka yiwa yahudawa ba ta kasance cikin farfagandar Yammacin Turai ba har sai bayan yaƙin. Yaƙin da aka kashe sau da yawa kamar waɗanda aka kashe a sansanonin, kuma ba ya da wani yunƙuri na diflomasiyya ko soja don dakatar da mummunan Nazis. Jamus ta miƙa wuya ga Allies a cikin Mayu na 1945, ta ’yantar da waɗanda har yanzu suke sansanonin.
Janairu 28. A wannan rana a shekarar 1970, aka gudanar da bikin bazara don zaman lafiya a Madison Square Garden a cikin birnin New York don samar da kuɗi don 'yan takarar siyasa. Wannan shine taron kida na farko da aka samar tare da niyyar tara kuɗi don dalilan yaƙi. Peter Yarrow na Peter Paul da Maryamu ne suka samar da Bikin Amincin Hunturu na Aminci. Phil Friedmann, wanda yayi aiki a yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa ga Sanata Eugene McCarthy; da Sid Bernstein, fitaccen mai tallata kiɗa wanda ya fara kawo Beatles zuwa Amurka. Wasu daga cikin sanannun dutsen da aka fi sani da duniya, jazz, blues da al'adun gargajiya sun yi, ciki har da Gumi da Hawaye, Peter Paul da Mary, Jimi Hendrix, Richie Havens, Harry Belefonte, Muryoyin Gabas Harlem, Rascals, Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond, Judy Collins da 'yan wasan Gashi. Peter Yarrow da Phil Friedmann sun sami damar shawo kan masu wasan don ba da lokacinsu da wasanninsu. Wannan babbar nasara ce idan aka kwatanta da Woodstock, wanda aka gudanar watanni kaɗan a baya, inda yawancin masu yin hakan suka dage kan a biya su. Nasarar Bikin Zaman Lafiya na Hunturu ya jagoranci Yarrow, Friedmann, da Bernstein don samar da Bikin Zaman Lafiya na bazara a filin wasa na Shea a New York. An gudanar da shi a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1970 don yin bikin 25th ranar tunawa da faduwar bam din bam a Hiroshima, da farko amfani da makamin nukiliya. Ta hanyar nuna cewa za a iya amfani da abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo don wayar da kan jama'a, da tallafi da kuma kudaden kuɗi, Gasar Lafiya ta Zaman Lafiya ta zama abin koyi don yawancin kide-kide na cin nasara da suka biyo baya, irin su The Concert for Bangladesh, Farm Aid and Live Aid.
Janairu 29. A wannan rana a 2014, kasashen 31 Latin Amurka da Caribbean sun bayyana yankin zaman lafiya. Bayanin nasu ya sanya Latin Amurka da Caribbean yankin zama na zaman lafiya bisa girmama ka'idoji da dokokin dokokin kasa da kasa, gami da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran yarjejeniyoyi. Sun bayyana "sadaukar da kai na dindindin don warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar lumana da nufin tumbuke barazanar har abada ko amfani da ƙarfi a yankinmu." Sun yi wa al'ummominsu “ba su tsoma baki, kai tsaye ko a fakaice, a harkokin cikin gidan wata Jiha kuma su kiyaye ka'idojin ikon kasa, 'yancin daidaito da cin gashin kai na mutane." Sun bayyana cewa "sadaukar da kai na mutanen Latin Amurka da Caribbean don bunkasa hadin kai da kuma sada zumunci a tsakanin su da sauran al'ummomi ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambance a tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewar su ko matakan ci gaba ba, don yin hakuri da juna tare a zauna lafiya tare da juna a matsayin makwabta masu kyau. " Sun sadaukar da kan kasashensu don “mutunta right yancin da ba za a iya kawar da shi ba na kowace Jiha ta zabi tsarinta na siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al’adu, a matsayin wani muhimmin yanayi na tabbatar da zaman lafiya a tsakanin kasashe.” Sun sadaukar da kansu ga "ingantawa a yankin al'adun zaman lafiya, tsakanin alia, kan ka’idojin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Al’adun Salama. ” Sun kuma tabbatar da '' kudurin kasashensu na ci gaba da inganta kwance damarar nukiliya a matsayin babbar manufa da bayar da gudummawa tare da cikakken kwance damara, don karfafa karfafa gwiwa tsakanin kasashe. '
Janairu 30. A wannan rana a 1948, Mohandas Gandhi, shugaban kungiyar Indiya ta Independence a kan mulkin Birtaniya, aka kashe. Nasarar da ya samu ta amfani da falsafar adawa ta wuce gona da iri ya sa aka dauke shi a matsayin “Uba ga Al’ummarsa,” kamar yadda kuma ake daukar shi a matsayin uba na gwagwarmaya mara tashe. Mohandas kuma ana kiransa "Mahatma," ko "babban mai-rashi." "Ranar Makarantar Rikicin da Zaman Lafiya" (DENIP) an kafa ta ne a Spain don tunawa da shi a wannan rana a shekarar 1964. Wanda kuma aka sani da Duniya ko Ranar Duniya ta Rikicin Rikici da Zaman Lafiya, ita ce majagaba, ba ƙasa ba , ba na gwamnati ba, ba na hukuma ba, mai zaman kansa, kyauta da son rai na Ba da karfi da Ilimin Tattalin Arziki, wanda ake aiwatarwa a makarantu a duk faɗin duniya kuma wanda ake gayyatar malamai da ɗalibai na dukkan matakai da kuma daga dukkan ƙasashe don shiga ciki . DENIP tana ba da shawara ga ilimi na dindindin a cikin kuma don jituwa, haƙuri, haɗin kai, mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, rashin tashin hankali da zaman lafiya. A cikin ƙasashe da ke da kalandar Kudancin Kudancin duniya, ana iya kiyaye hutun a ranar 30 ga Maris. Sakonsa na asali shi ne “Universalauna ta Duniya, Rashin Tashin hankali da Zaman Lafiya. Universalauna ta Duniya ta fi rikici, kuma Aminci ya fi yaƙi. ” Sakon karantar da wannan ilimin cikin dabi'u yakamata ya kasance na gogewa kuma ana iya amfani dashi cikin kowace cibiyar ilimi daidai da tsarin koyarwarsa. Abokan DENIP su ne mutanen da, ta hanyar karɓar fifikon mutum da zamantakewar ƙaunatacciyar duniya, rashin tashin hankali, haƙuri, haɗin kai, mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam da zaman lafiya sama da kishiyoyinsu, masu ba da shawara ga yada ƙa'idodin da suka karfafa ranar.
Janairu 31. A wannan rana a 2003, Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush da Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Tony Blair sun hadu a fadar White House. Shugaba Bush ya gabatar da wasu tsare-tsaren fasa kauri don fara yaki a Iraki, gami da fentin jirgin sama da alamun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kokarin ganin an harbe shi. Bush ya ce wa Blair: “Amurka na tunanin tuka jirgin sama na leken asiri U2 mai dauke da mayakin yaki a Iraki, wanda aka zana a launuka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Idan Saddam ya yi harbi a kansu, to yana iya keta doka. ” Bush ya gaya wa Blair cewa "akwai yiwuwar kuma a fito da wani wanda ya yi bajinta wanda zai gabatar da jawabi a bainar jama'a game da Saddam's WMD, sannan kuma akwai yiwuwar a kashe Saddam din." Blair ya sadaukar da Burtaniya don shiga yakin Bush a kan Iraki, amma har yanzu yana ci gaba da ingiza Bush don kokarin neman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba ta izini. Blair ya fadawa Bush cewa, "Kudiri na biyu na Kwamitin Tsaro, zai samar da tsarin inshora kan abin da ba zato ba tsammani da kasa da kasa." Bush ya tabbatar wa Blair cewa "Amurka za ta sanya duk wani nauyin da ke wuyanta na neman wani kuduri kuma za ta 'murda makamai' har ma da barazanar '." Amma Bush ya ce idan ya gaza, "daukar matakin soja zai biyo baya ne." Blair ya yi wa Bush alkawarin cewa “yana tare da Shugaban kasa kuma a shirye yake ya yi duk abin da za a yi don kwance damarar Saddam.” A daya daga cikin hasashen da ya yi game da dumu-dumu, Blair ya ce "yana ganin ba zai yuwu a yi yaki tsakanin mabiya addinai da kabilu daban-daban" a Iraki ba. Sannan Bush da Blair sun gudanar da taron manema labarai inda suka yi ikirarin yin duk abin da za su iya don kaucewa yaki.
Wannan Almanac Peace yana ba ku damar sanin mahimman matakai, ci gaba, da koma-baya a cikin motsi don zaman lafiya da ya gudana a kowace ranar shekara.
Sayi bugun bugawar, Ko PDF.
Wannan Almanac Peace ya kamata ya kasance mai kyau don kowace shekara har sai an kawar da duk yaƙe-yaƙe da samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Riba daga tallace-tallace na buga da nau'ikan PDF suna tallafawa aikin World BEYOND War.
Rubutun da aka buga kuma aka inganta David Swanson.
Audio da aka yi rikodin Tim Pluta.
Abubuwan da aka rubuta Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, da Tom Schott.
Tunani don batutuwa da aka gabatar David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music amfani da izini daga “Ofarshen Yaƙi,” ta Eric Colville.
Kiɗan sauti da haɗewa ta hanyar Sergio Diaz
Graphics by Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ƙungiya ce mai son tashin hankali a duniya don kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da tabbatar da adalci mai dorewa. Muna nufin kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da goyon baya don kawo karshen yaki da ci gaba da wannan tallafin. Muna aiki don ciyar da manufar ba kawai hana kowane takamammen yaki ba amma mu kauda ma'aikatun gaba ɗaya. Muna ƙoƙarin sauya al'adun yaƙi da ɗayan zaman lafiya wanda hanyar tashin hankali ta rikice rikice ta rikice ya zama zubar da jini.
