BOYLE YA BADA LAFIYA SHIRIN GAMMAN GARDAN SHIRI “LAIFI NE NA LAIFI”

Q. DA A. tare da FRANCIS A. BOYLE ON BIOWARFARE

By Sherwood Ross

Francis A. Boyle babban malamin Farfesa ne na Amurka, lauya kuma mai bada shawara ga dokokin duniya. Shi ne ke da alhakin rubutun Dokar Haramtacciyar Ta'addanci na Dabba na 1989 (BWATA), dokar aiwatar da Amurka game da yarjejeniyar 1972 na Kasuwancin Halitta. Kamfanin BWATA ya yi gaba ɗaya daga Ma'aikatar Majalisa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sannan kuma Shugaba George Bush Sr. ya rattaba hannu a doka. An fada labarin a littafinsa Biowarfare da Ta'addanci (Clarity Press: 2005). Ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Kwamitin Amnesty International Amurka (1988-1992), kuma ya wakilci Bosnia-Herzegovina a Kotun Duniya. Farfesa Boyle ya koyar da dokar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Ilimin Jami'ar Illinois a Champaign. Yana da Dokar Dokar Magna Cum Laude da kuma Ph.D. a Kimiyyar Siyasa, daga Jami'ar Harvard.

Tambaya: Don samun masaniyar girman binciken yaki da ilmin halittu na Amurka wanda ya shafi cututtuka masu saurin mutuwa a yanzu, Gwamnatin Tarayya tana daukar nauyin dakunan gwaje-gwaje 400 a duniya. Wadannan dakunan gwaje-gwajen da ake zargin suna hada sabbin nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta masu saurin kisa wadanda ba magani. Kai tsaye daga jemage, Ina so in tambaye ka, “Shin wannan ƙungiyar masu aikata laifi ce wacce ake ɓoye manyan abubuwanta ga jama'ar Amurka?"

A: Tabbas haka ne! Tun daga Satumba 11, 2001, mun kashe wani wuri a cikin kusan kusan dala biliyan 100 akan yaƙin nazarin halittu. Tabbas yanzu muna da Masana'antun Yaƙe-yaƙe na ensivearancin inabi'a a cikin wannan ƙasar wanda ya keta Yarjejeniyar Makaman Halitta da Dokata na Yaki da Ta'addanci na 1989. Mun sake gina masana'antar yaƙi da logicalarancin thatabi'ar thatabi'ar da muka tura a wannan gundumar kafin haramtacciyar Halitta ta hana ta Yarjejeniyar Makamai ta 1972 wacce Sy Hersh ya bayyana a cikin ɓata lokacin da ya bayyana ta a cikin littafinsa Chemical & Biological Warfare: Hidden Arsenal na Amurka (Bobbs-Merrill: 1968). Abokan adawarmu a duk duniya kamar Rasha da China babu shakka sun kai ga matsaya guda da na samo daga tushe ɗaya da na jama'a, kuma sun ba da amsa iri ɗaya. Don haka abin da duniya ke shaida yanzu shine tseren makamai masu nasaba da makamai masu guba tsakanin manyan sojojin soja na duniya: Amurka, Rasha, Birtaniyya, Faransa, China, Isra'ila, da sauransu. Yarjejeniyar Makaman Halittu ta zama karin magana "ɗan tarkaccen takarda." Amma har yanzu BWATA na kasance dokar ƙasa a cikin Amurka tare da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ga waɗanda suka karya doka. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa masu kiran kansu "masana kimiyyar halittu" suka gabatar da shawarar soke BWATA na domin suyi amfani da Synthetic Biology don ƙera sababbin ayoyin makamai masu guba sosai.

Tambaya: Daidai abin da ake nufi da biowarfare?

A: Yaƙin halittu ya ƙunshi yin amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta don dalilan soja. Irin waɗannan makamai na iya zama ƙwayoyin cuta, na kwayan cuta, da fungal, a tsakanin wasu nau'ikan, kuma ana iya yaɗasu a babban filin ƙasa ta iska, ruwa, kwari, dabbobi, ko watsawar ɗan adam. Har ila yau ana amfani da gubobi - ƙwayoyin halitta kamar fungi.

Tambaya: Wanne ne mafi haɗari?

A: A yau yawancin labs na USG suna aiki a kan Anthrax, Tularemia, Cutar, Ebola, Botulism, da kuma cututtuka masu cutar Ebola.

Tambaya: Mene ne suke yi da waɗannan pathogens?

A: Yin amfani da aikin injiniya na DNA, masana kimiyyar mutuwa na Amurka suna kwantar da sababbin kwayoyin cutar marasa lafiya wanda babu magani. Misali, alal misali, za a iya magance maganin alurar riga kafi, ya zama mai sauƙi, sauki don yadawa, da wuya a kawar. A halin yanzu masana kimiyyar mutuwa na Amurka suna shawo kan kwayoyin halittu a duniya don gano duk wani kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin da zasu iya amfani da su kuma sunyi amfani da manufar manufar muhalli.

Tambaya: “USA Today” ta yi kyakkyawan rahoto game da wannan batun. Daga cikin wasu abubuwan, 'yan rahoton su sun fallasa manyan lamura na rashin tsaro a lamuran USG da dakunan binciken jami'o'in da USG ke tallafawa. Menene sakamakon wannan rashin kulawa ga aminci?

A: Wannan wata masifa ce da ke jiran faruwa a nan Amurka. A zahiri ya riga ya faru a Afirka ta Yamma tare da cutar Ebola a can. Lokaci ne kawai kafin mu sami irin wannan annoba a gida anan sakamakon shirye-shiryen rayuwar Amurka. Dangane da wannan ya kamata ku kalli kyakkyawar shirin fim na Coen & Nadler mai taken Anthrax-War (Films Transformer: 2009) wanda na fito kuma nayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara.

Tambaya: Kwanan nan, an ba da rahoton ɓarke ​​da annoba 13 a Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, New Mexico, Oregon da Utah, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane uku. Shin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kisa (masu kamuwa da cuta) sun fito ne daga likitocin yaƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta na gwamnatin Amurka (USG)?

A: Ina tsammanin suna da. Amma tabbatar da cewa wani abu ne. Duk lokacin da ka ga irin mummunar cutar da ke faruwa a fadin kasar, to dole ne ka shiga cikin lissafin nazari na bincike wanda zai iya haifar da wasu ayyukan ba da ka'ida na Amurka.

Tambaya: Shin gaskiya ne, kamar yadda aka yi zargi, cewa cututtukan Anthrax sun aikawa da Sanatocin Amurka biyu da wasu bayan 9/11 sun dawo kan dakin binciken halittu na USG a Ft. Detrick, Md.? Kun rubuta cewa Sanatoci Daschle da Leahy, duka 'yan Democrats, sun yi adawa da Dokar Patriot, wacce ke ba USG ikon da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma ta soke' yancin Amurkawa na gargajiya. Idan Pentagon ta aika da Pentagon, shin don tsoratar da sanatoci?

A: Ee! Na yi rubutu game da wannan a cikin littafina na Biowarfare and Terrorism (Clarity Press: 2005). Kwanan nan abokina kuma abokin aikina Farfesa Graeme MacQueen daga Jami'ar McMaster a Kanada shi ma ya yi rubutu game da wannan a cikin littafinsa The 2001 Anthrax yaudara (Clarity Press: 2014). Kuna da 'yanci ku karanta waɗannan littattafan guda biyu, ku yanke shawararku, ku gani idan kun yarda da mu. Tsawon shekaru akwai tambayoyi da yawa da nayi akan wannan lamarin wanda zaku iya samu ta hanyar Googling sunana da ƙara kalmar "anthrax" a injin binciken su. Manufofin biyu na wadannan hare-haren anthrax na Oktoba 2001 sun kasance (1) don tsoratar da Jama'ar Amurka da Majalisa don yin amfani da Dokar ta andasa da Orwellian USA Patriot da (2) don yin yaƙi na zalunci da Iraki. Kamar yadda Shugaba George Bush Jr. ya yi alfahari da cewa: "An kammala aikin!" - akan lambobin biyu.

Tambaya: Kwanan nan, akwai annobar cutar Ebola a Saliyo da Laberiya. Ka tada yiwuwar cewa USG za a iya gwada gwaje-gwaje bisa doka ba tare da waɗannan cututtuka a kan 'yan ƙasa na waɗannan ƙasashen Afirka. Don Allah za a iya bayani dalla-dalla?

A: Wadannan maganin cutar Ebola sun kasance gwajin kwayoyin cutar kanjamau na Amurka waɗanda aka gwada su a Afirka ta Yamma. Sakamakon gwaji daga maganin rigakafi na Amurka a kanmu a Kenema, Saliyo, wanda ya haifar da cutar Ebola a Afrika ta Yamma. Na bayar da tambayoyi masu yawa don tallafawa taƙaitawa a nan a cikin cikakken bayani. Wadannan suna iya amfani da sunan Googling da kuma ƙara kalmar nan "Ebola" zuwa masanin binciken su.

Tambaya. Shin irin wannan ci gaba na yaki da kwayar cutar ne ya yi aiki ba bisa doka ba a karkashin yarjejeniyar BWC na 1974? (Dokta Boyle shi ne lauya na {asar Amirka wanda ya rubuta dokar aiwatarwa ga {asar Amirka, wadda ta wuce majalisa ba tare da za ~ e ba.

A: Ee. (Asar Amirka wata) ungiya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Makamai masu guba da Guba wanda aka haramta a shekara ta 1972 wanda ya hana “ci gaba, samarwa, adanawa da amfani da kwayoyin cuta ko kayayyakinsu masu guba sai dai adadin da ya dace na binciken kariya da lumana…” Kanar David Huxsoll, kwamandan Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Sojoji. na Cututtukan Cututtuka, ya yarda cewa bincike mai banƙyama ba shi da bambanci daga binciken kariya.

Tambaya: Kodayake Rasha ta ce ta soke shirinta na yakar cutar bayan kwaminisanci ya rasa iko a 1991, kasafin kudin Amurka don wannan dalili ya karu. Shin akwai wasu ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci waɗanda za su iya kai wa Amurka hari ta hanyar irin waɗannan makamai? Wani mai sukar ya ce turawar ta USG ta yi kama da "kare mai bin wutsiyarsa."

A: Gaskiyar lamarin ita ce, gwamnatin Amurka tana ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da shirye-shiryen bidiyo mai cin gashin kai da kuma masana'antu tun lokacin da gwamnatin Reagan da masu goyon bayansa suka shiga ikon 1981. Na gabatar da takardun da aka yi a baya game da Reagan da Neo-Cons a cikin littafin da na gabata The Future of International Law and American Foreign Policy (Transnational Publishers Inc .: 1989), babi na 8, Ra'ayoyin Shari'a Bayan Gidajen Gudanarwa na Gidan Gida da Rayayyun halittu. Ginin. Abin sha'awa ne, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta sake buga nazarin na a matsayin Babban Tarihi na yau da kullum: Fitowa Na Musamman: KARANTA KUMA, NO. 1586 (28 May 1987) kuma ta rarraba shi zuwa dubban manyan kamfanonin fararen hula DOD da na soja a fadin duniya.

Tambaya: Yana da kyau sosai, na san, amma masana kimiyya da aka biya ta hanyar USG don magance ciwon daji yanzu an biya su don bunkasa cututtuka na anthrax, dengue, likitan kasar Japan, tularemia, Q zazzabi, da sauran cututtuka masu ban tsoro. Ta yaya?

A: Game da dangantakar dake tsakanin bincike kan cutar daji da kuma kwayoyin halitta ya kamata ka duba littafin da Dokta Len Horowitz ya dubi littafin nan, Cutar Ebola: Cutar Ebola da Cutar Ebola - Yanayin, Cutar, ko Imani? (Tetrahedron Inc. 1996).

Tambaya: Kun rubuta cewa kungiyar Dr. Yoshihiro Kawaoka a Jami'ar Wisconsin ta samo wata hanyar kara yawan kwayar cutar ta mura sau 200. Menene dalilin wannan mummunan binciken da sauti kuma me yasa UW zata goyi bayan sa?

A: Wannan shi ne masanin kimiyya na mutuwa na Amurka wanda ya tayar da cutar Ebola a kan Pentagon saboda mummunar manufar bidiyo. Kamar dukkanin jami'o'in Amurka, Bucky Badger U. yana da kisa daga dukkanin bincike da aka kawo daga waje. A nan a Jami'ar Illiniwak Jami'ar sun yarda da cewa sun dauki 51 cents daga kowane bincike $ 1 Buck da aka kawo daga waje da kuma cajin shi "zuwa sama." A yawancin Jami'o'in Amirka a yau, maganganun kuɗi da ka'idodi na tafiya. My Disalma Mater Harvard ba mafi kyau ba, ba mafi muni, kuma ba bambanta.

Tambaya: A tsakanin yakin 1980 zuwa 88 tsakanin Iraki da Iran, Fadar White House ta nuna rashin jin dadin yadda Pentagon ta sayar da wasu sinadarai masu amfani da makamai da iskar gas mai guba ga Iraki da Saddam Hussein ya yi amfani da ita kan Iran da kuma tsirarun Kurdawa nasa? Akalla Kurdawa 5,000 ne suka saka musu gas. Kuma, a cewar mujallar Time na Janairu 20, 2014, CIA ta lasafta Iran ta sha wahala mutuwar 50,000. Shin wannan ba ya tabbatar da Fadar White House ta yi amfani da jami'ai masu cutarwa ba?

A: An yi amfani da makamai masu guba a haramtacciyar doka. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Reagan ta kori makamai masu linzami-makamai a Saddam Hussein a Iraki a cikin bege da kuma tsammanin cewa zai yi amfani da makamai da amfani da su ga Iran. Bai yi amfani da su ba. Har ya zuwa yanzu ban taɓa ganin shaidar da ya yi amfani da kwayoyin halitta a kan Iran ko Kurda ba. Amma wadannan makamai masu linzami na Saddam Hussein da ke nuna godiya ga Reagan da Neo-Cons sun "karawa" a kan sojojin Amurka lokacin da suka shiga Iraqi a 1991. Wannan "busawa" ya taka rawar gani a cikin Gulf War Syndrome wanda ya jawo sojojin Amurka da suka shiga Gulf War I karkashin Shugaba Bush Sr. Na tattauna wannan a cikin littafin na Destroying World Order (Clarity Press: 2004) da kuma a cikin gidan talabijin na Birtaniya. Dirty War (1993) da aka samar ta kuma nuna a gidan talabijin na Independent Television TV ta TV4 cewa na nemi kuma in shiga.

Tambaya: Kun nuna cewa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Galveston National da ke Texas, babban dakin bincike ne, ya yarda da neman kwararrun masu binciken halittun cikin daji a wasu sassan duniya “domin a mayar da su makaman kare dangi.”

A: Dama! Yakamata su rufe Galveston a matsayin cinikin masu aikata laifuka tare da layin SS da Gestapo - sai dai Galveston ya fi hatsari ga bil'adama fiye da yadda deathan ƙungiyar Hitler suka taɓa mutuwa. Sun ce aikin da suke yi da cutar ta Ebola na yin allurar riga-kafi ne, amma ana iya yin amfani da irin wannan fasahar ta hanyar amfani da makami. Galveston yana aiki don magance cutar ta Ebola kamar yadda Ft. Detrick yayi aiki don maganin Anthrax. Aerosolization na wakili na zamani shine koyaushe ga cigaban makamin da za'a isar dashi ta iska ga yan adam da zasu shaka shi. Ft. Detrick yakamata a rufe shi ma saboda shima kasuwancin ci gaba ne na aikata laifi.

Q: Bayan Ft. Detrick da Galveston, akwai wasu kantunan gwaje-gwajen biofarfare da ka yi imani ya kamata a rufe?

A: Dukansu. Tun daga 1981, Pentagon yana ta shirye-shiryen yaƙi da “cin nasara” a fagen yaƙi ba tare da sanin jama'a da sake dubawa ba. Abin da ya fi haka, jami'o'in Amurka suna da dogon tarihi na yarda da ƙudurin binciken su, masu bincike, cibiyoyi, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje don haɗin gwiwa, gurɓata, kuma Pentagon da CIA suka ɓata cikin kimiyyar mutuwa. Wadannan sun hada da Wisconsin, North Carolina, Boston U., Harvard, MIT, Tulane, University of Chicago, da kuma kaina University of Illinois da kuma wasu da yawa.

Tambaya: Ci gaban yaƙin halittu yana buƙatar fasaha mai inganci da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aminci. Babu wata kungiyar da ake kira “‘ yan ta’adda ”da aka san ta mallaki wani abu kamar abubuwan da ake bukata. Baya ga Amurka, waɗanne ƙasashe ke da ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aiki?

A: US, Birtaniya, Rasha, Faransa, China, Isra'ila, don tabbatar. Akwai wasu ƙasashe da dama da Amurka ta kafa ɗakunan shafukan da ke cikin talikan tallace-tallace a cikin.

Tambaya: Shin akwai wasu bayanan da aka buga game da kuɗin da USG ta kashe don biowarfare tun 9/11? Ina tsammanin ya dauke kamar sauran bayanan Pentagon.

A: Haka ne, akwai adadin da aka buga a wannan a cikin rikodi. A karshe na yi lissafin daga gare su, jimillar na kusan kusan dala biliyan 100. Ta hanyar kwatanta, a 2012 Dollars mun kashe dala biliyan 30 a kan Manhattan Project don samar da bam din bam wanda aka amfani dasu don halakar Hiroshima da Nagasaki. Kuna iya ganin littafin nan The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence (Clarity Press: 2002), babi na 2, Koyaswar Hiroshima da Nagasaki. Don haka tarihin tarihi da kuma misalan shi ne kyakkyawar alamar nuna cewa kamfanin Amurka na Kasuwancin Lafiya yana nufin don amfani da mutane a wani wuri. Halin da ake ciki a bayan wannan kudaden yana ba da amfani ga makamai.

Tambaya: Shin Pentagon na kwanan nan ya aika da kwayar cutar ta anthrax zuwa ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje 86 a nan da kuma ga ƙasashe 7 na ƙasashen waje, ya ba da sanarwar da kuka yi game da yadda USG ya kula da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta?

A: Hakika. Amma ban yi imani akwai wani abu "rashin kulawa" ko "bala'i" game da kowane irin wannan. Pentagon ya san ainihin abin da suke yi. Ba su da "m" a Pentagon. Wannan shi ne da gangan. Kamar yadda hare-haren anthrax na watan Oktoba 2001 suka yi da gangan.

Tambaya: Kuna da'awar cewa masana'antun Pharmaceutical American da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) suna fitar da alurar rigakafi masu guba a Afirka ta Yamma inda mutane ke fama da cutar Ebola. Me yasa WHO zai shiga wannan? Za ku iya fadada?

A: Na farko, don samun kuɗi. Na biyu, don rage yawan Blackan Afirka ta Yamma na baƙar fata - kisan kare dangi. WHO kungiya ce ta gaba don BABBAR FARMA.

Tambaya: An kiyasta cewa Amurkawa 36,000 ke mutuwa kowace shekara daga mura. Akasin haka, Amurkawa biyar ne suka mutu daga cutar Anthrax kuma hakan ya dawo a 2001. Amma duk da haka, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa (NIH) a 2006, shekara mai kamala, ta karɓi dala miliyan 120 kawai daga Majalisar don yaƙi da mura amma dala biliyan 1.76 don “ biodefense ”?

A: Dama! Wadannan karancin kudade na kasafin kudi sun nuna cewa fifiko a nan ba shine gabatar da lafiyar Jama'atu na 'yan Amurka ba amma don ci gaba da bunkasa masana'antun Amurka da ke da mummunan aiki wanda wata rana zata haifar da mummunar cututtuka a kan mutanen Amurka wadanda ke fama da annobar cutar.

Tambaya: Masana kimiyya da ke adawa da ayyukan Pentagon sun dage kan cewa kare-yaƙin-yaƙi ba shi da amfani a fili; cewa kowane mutum dole ne ayi masa allurar rigakafi daga kowane mai cutar cutarwa. Tunda wannan yiwuwar ba zai yiwu ba a fili shin ba kawai aikace-aikacen ci gaba na kariya ba tare da haɗuwa da mummunan amfani?

A: A halin yanzu muna ɗaukar alurar rigakafi don yalwata mana jagorancin jagoranci na jagorancin soja da soja don idan kuma lokacin da suke yanke shawara su kashe mummunan batu. Tsayar da Tsarin Mulki, "Mu jama'ar {asar Amirka", dole ne mu yi wa kanmu gagarumin aiki, tare da irin wa] anda ke fama da rashin lafiya, da kuma rashin lafiyar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda aka kashe su da gangan don ciyar da {asar Amirka.

Tambaya: Kwanan nan, Sakataren Tsaro Ashton Carter ya gaya wa masu sauraron gwamnatin na St. Louis cewa, “Ku wasu daga cikin kwararrun masana kimiyyar lissafi ne, masu ilmin kimiya da kimiyyar halittu,” da sauransu. Ee, hakika. Ma'aikata nawa ne Pentagon yanzu suke cikin aikin yaƙe-yaƙe kuma nawa ne yake kashe jama'ar Amurka?

A: A bayyane na karanta adadi cewa a game da masana kimiyyar mutuwa na 13,000 a Amurka a yau suna aiki mai lalataccen aiki mai ladabi wanda ke kira kansu "masana kimiyyar rayuwa." Doctor Mengele zai yi alfahari da su duka! Kamar yadda Doctor Strangelove ya ce: "Mein Fuhrer, zan iya tafiya!" Shekaru saba'in bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare na Nazis sun ci nasara.

Tambaya. Bisa ga dukkanin abin da ke sama, shin ya bayyana a gare ku cewa Pentagon yana tasowa makamin yaki ne don yada tsoro ga duniya? Bayan haka, an kafa shi a cikin shafukan 900 a fadin duniya daga abin da zai iya, kuma ya aikata, ya yi amfani da makamai na yau da kullum, kuma ya yi amfani da bindigogi ba tare da izini ba a yakin da Iraki ke yi.

A: Hakika. Amma ba kawai barazana ba. Pentagon da CIA suna shirye, shirye-shiryen, kuma suna iya kaddamar da yanayin rayuwa idan ya dace da bukatun su. Sun riga sun kai farmaki ga jama'ar Amurka da Majalisar dattawan kuma sun gurgunta Jamhuriyarmu ta Jamhuriyar Nijer tare da ƙananan kayan bindigogi a watan Oktoba 2001. Za su sake yin haka ga kasashen waje da mutane idan sun dace. Mu ma! Suna da kayan ajiyar kayan da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin watan Oktoba 2001.

Tambaya. Na gode, Farfesa Francis Boyle.

A: Na gode da yawa don yin wannan hira.

(Sherwood Ross da aka bayar da rahotanni game da Daily News da kuma sauran manyan tsare-tsare da kuma ayyukan waya, kuma ya zama Babban Daraktan Hul] a da Jama'a na WOL Radio, Washington, DC. A halin yanzu yana aiki da Ofishin Watsa Labarun Yakin Watsa Labarai daga Miami, FL. sherwoodross@gmail.com )