Daga Peter van den Dungen, World BEYOND War, Janairu 23, 2022
Sharhin Littafi: Me yasa Yaki? by Christopher Coker, London, Hurst, 2021, 256 shafi., £20 (Hardback), ISBN 9781787383890
Takaitacciyar amsa mai kaifi ga Me yasa Yaki? cewa mata masu karatu na iya sanyawa a gaba shine 'saboda maza!' Wata amsar kuma na iya zama 'saboda ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin littattafai irin wannan!' Christopher Coker yana nufin 'asirin yaƙi' (4) kuma ya tabbatar da cewa 'Mutane suna da tashin hankali' (7); ‘Yaƙi ne ya sa mu mutane’ (20); "Ba za mu taba tserewa yaki ba saboda akwai iyaka ga yadda za mu iya sanya tushen mu a baya" (43). Koda yake Me yasa Yaki? nan da nan ya tuna da irin wasiƙa mai take tsakanin Albert Einstein da Sigmund Freud,1 da aka buga a 1933 ta Cibiyar Haɗin Kai ta Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Duniya, Coker ba ta magana a kai. Babu wani ambaton ɗayan CEM Joad's Why War? (1939). Ra'ayin Joad (dabamban da na Coker) ya kasance da gaba gaɗi a kan bangon wannan 1939 Penguin Special: 'Al'amarina shi ne cewa yaki ba wani abu ne da ba makawa, amma sakamakon wasu yanayi ne na mutum; cewa mutum zai iya shafe su, kamar yadda ya kawar da yanayin da annoba ta bulla. Hakanan abin mamaki shine rashin nuni ga wani al'ada akan batun, Kenneth N. Waltz's Man, Jiha da Yaƙi ([1959] 2018). Wannan fitaccen masanin ilimin alakar kasa da kasa ya tunkari wannan tambaya ta hanyar gano 'sifofin' yaki guda uku masu fafatawa, gano matsalar a cikin muhimman siffofi na mutum, jiha, da tsarin kasa da kasa, bi da bi. Waltz ya kammala, kamar Rousseau da ke gabansa, cewa yake-yake tsakanin jihohi na faruwa ne saboda babu wani abu da zai hana su (wanda ya bambanta da zaman lafiya a tsakanin jihohin kasar godiya ga gwamnatin tsakiya, tare da rashin zaman lafiya a tsakanin su saboda rashin tsarin mulkin kasa. mulkin duniya). Tun daga karni na 19, karuwar dogaro da kasashe gami da karuwar barnar yaki ya haifar da yunƙurin rage yawan yaƙi ta hanyar kafa tsarin mulkin duniya, musamman Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya da kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Kasashe bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin Turai, an cimma tsare-tsare na ƙarni don shawo kan yaƙi a ƙarshe (aƙalla a wani ɓangare) a cikin tsarin da ya haifar da Tarayyar Turai kuma hakan ya ƙarfafa bullar sauran ƙungiyoyin yanki. Maimakon abin daure kai ga farfesa mai ritaya na dangantakar kasa da kasa a LSE kwanan nan, bayanin Coker na yaki ya yi watsi da rawar da jihar ke takawa da kuma gazawar mulkin kasa da kasa kuma yana la'akari da mutum kawai.
Ya gano cewa aikin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Niko Tinbergen ('wanda ba za ku iya ji ba') - 'mutumin da ke kallon ruwan teku' (Tinbergen [1953] 1989), wanda ya sha'awar halayen su na tashin hankali - yana ba da kyauta. hanya mafi kyau don ba da amsa ga Me ya sa War? (7). Abubuwan da ke nuna halayen dabbobi iri-iri sun bayyana a cikin littafin. Duk da haka, Coker ya rubuta cewa ba a san yakin ba a cikin duniyar dabba kuma, yana ambaton Thucydides, yaki shine 'abun mutum'. Marubucin ya bi 'Hanyar Tinbergen' (Tinbergen 1963) wanda ya ƙunshi yin tambayoyi huɗu game da ɗabi'a: menene tushensa? menene hanyoyin da suke ba shi damar bunƙasa? menene ontogeny (juyin tarihi)? kuma menene aikinsa? (11). An keɓe babi ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan layin bincike tare da babi na ƙarshe (wanda ya fi ban sha'awa) yana magana da abubuwan da ke faruwa a gaba. Zai zama mafi dacewa kuma mai amfani idan Coker ya lura da aikin ɗan'uwan Niko Jan (wanda ya raba kyautar Nobel ta farko a fannin tattalin arziki a 1969; Niko ya raba kyautar a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani a 1973). Idan Coker ya ji labarin daya daga cikin manyan masana tattalin arziki na duniya wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya a shekarun 1930 kuma mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatin duniya, ba a ambace shi ba. Tsawon aikin Jan da ya yi fice ya dukufa wajen taimakawa wajen sauya al'umma, gami da rigakafi da kawar da yaki. A cikin littafinsa na haɗin gwiwa, Warfare and Welfare (1987), Jan Tinbergen ya yi jayayya da rashin rabuwar jin daɗi da tsaro. Cibiyar Sadarwar Masana Kimiyyar Zaman Lafiya ta Turai ta sanya sunan taronta na shekara-shekara bayansa (bugu na 20 a cikin 2021). Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa abokin aikin Niko Tinbergen, fitaccen masanin ilmin halitta kuma masanin dabbobi Robert Hinde, wanda ya yi aiki a RAF a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Pugwash ta Birtaniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Yaƙi.
Coker ya rubuta, 'Akwai takamaiman dalili na rubuta wannan littafin. A yammacin duniya, ba ma shirya ’ya’yanmu don yaƙi’ (24). Wannan ikirari yana da shakku, kuma yayin da wasu za su yarda kuma su yi la'akari da wannan gazawar, wasu za su mayar da martani, 'Haka ma - ya kamata mu ilmantar da zaman lafiya, ba yaki' ba. Ya jawo hankali ga hanyoyin al’adu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar dawwamar yaƙi kuma ya yi tambaya, ‘Ba mu yi ƙoƙari mu ɓoye munin yaƙi ba . . . kuma shin hakan baya cikin abubuwan da suke tafiyar da ita? Shin, ba har yanzu ba mu yi wa kanmu maganin kashewa ba ta wajen yin amfani da furci irin su “Faɗuwar”?' (104). Haka ne, amma da alama ya ƙi yarda cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan ba su dawwama. Coker da kansa ba zai zama marar laifi ba lokacin da ya ce, 'babu wani haramci game da yaki. Babu wani umurni da za a same shi a kansa a cikin Dokoki Goma' (73) - yana nuna cewa 'Kada ka kashe' bai shafi kisa a cikin yaki ba. Don Harry Patch (1898–2009), sojan Biritaniya na ƙarshe da ya tsira na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, 'Yaƙi an shirya kisan kai, kuma ba komai'2; ga Leo Tolstoy, 'sojoji masu kisan kai ne a cikin kayan aiki'. Akwai nassoshi da yawa game da Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya (Tolstoy 1869) amma babu ɗaya daga baya, rubuce-rubuce daban-daban akan batun (Tolstoy 1894, 1968).
A kan zane-zane, wani tsarin al'adu da Coker yayi la'akari, yayi sharhi: 'Mafi yawan masu fasaha . . . ba a taɓa ganin filin yaƙi ba, don haka ba a taɓa yin fenti daga gwaninta na farko ba. . . aikinsu ya kasance cikin aminci ba tare da fushi ko fushi ba, ko ma jin tausayin waɗanda yaƙi ya rutsa da su. Da kyar suka zaɓi yin magana a madadin waɗanda suka kasance marasa murya har tsawon shekaru' (107). Wannan hakika wani lamari ne da ke ba da gudummawa ga yunkurin yaki wanda, duk da haka, yana iya canzawa kuma wanda tasirinsa, ya yi watsi da shi. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi watsi da ayyukan wasu manyan masu zane-zane na zamani irin su Vasily Vereshchagin na Rasha. William T. Sherman, kwamandan sojojin Tarayyar Amurka a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, ya shelanta shi 'mafi girman zanen mugayen yaki da ya taba rayuwa'. Vereshchagin ya zama soja don sanin yaki daga kwarewa na sirri da kuma wanda ya mutu a kan jirgin yaki a lokacin yakin Russo-Japan. A kasashe da dama, an hana sojoji ziyartar nune-nunen zane-zanensa na yaki. Littafinsa kan kamfen na Rasha na Napoleon (Versestchagin 1899) an haramta shi a Faransa. Dole ne kuma a ambaci Iri da Toshi Maruki, masu zane-zanen Jafananci na bangarorin Hiroshima. Shin akwai karin furcin fushi ko fushi fiye da Picasso's Guernica? Coker yana nufin hakan amma bai ambaci cewa sigar kaset ɗin da har kwanan nan aka nuna a cikin ginin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York (a) sananne ne a cikin watan Fabrairun 2003, lokacin da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell ya yi gardama kan batun yaƙi da Iraki. 3
Ko da yake Coker ya rubuta cewa sai da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ne masu zane-zane suka zana al'amuran 'da ya kamata duk wanda ya yi tunanin shiga cikin launuka' (108), ya yi shiru a kan hanyoyi daban-daban da hukumomin jihar ke amfani da su don hana irin wannan yanke ƙauna. Sun haɗa da sa ido, hanawa da kona irin waɗannan ayyuka - ba kawai, alal misali, a cikin Nazi-Jamus ba har ma a cikin Amurka da Burtaniya har zuwa yanzu. Ƙarya, dannewa, da magudi na gaskiya, kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan yakin yana da kyau a rubuce a cikin bayanan gargajiya ta, misali Arthur Ponsonby (1928) da Philip Knightly ([1975] 2004) kuma, kwanan nan, a cikin Takardun Pentagon ( Yaƙin Vietnam), 4 Rahoton Binciken Iraki (Chilcot),5 da Craig Whitlock na Takardun Afganistan (Whitlock 2021). Hakazalika, tun daga farko, an kewaye makaman nukiliya da sirri, tantancewa da kuma karya, ciki har da sakamakon tashin bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a watan Agustan 1945. Ba a iya nuna shaidarsa a bikin cika shekaru 50 da kafuwa a shekarar 1995 a wani babban baje kolin da an shirya shi a cikin Smithsonian a Washington DC; an soke shi kuma an kori daraktan gidan kayan gargajiya saboda kyakkyawan ma'auni. Fina-finan farko na lalata biranen biyu Amurka ta kwace kuma ta danne su (duba, misali Mitchell 2012; kuma duba sharhin Loretz [2020]) yayin da BBC ta hana nunawa a talabijin na Wasan Yaki, fim din da ta yi. An ba da izini game da tasirin jefa bam na nukiliya a London. Ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta watsa fim din ba saboda fargabar yana iya karfafa yunkurin yaki da makamin nukiliya. Jajirtattun masu busa busa kamar su Daniel Ellsberg, Edward Snowden da Julian Assange an gurfanar da su gaban kuliya tare da hukunta su saboda fallasa yaudarar da suka yi a hukumance, da laifuffukan yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci, da kuma laifukan yaƙi.
Lokacin yaro, Coker yana son yin wasa da sojojin wasan yara kuma tun yana matashi ya kasance mai ƙwazo a wasannin yaƙi. Ya ba da kansa ga ƙwararrun ƴan makaranta kuma ya ji daɗin karantawa game da Yaƙin Trojan da jarumtansa kuma ya ji daɗin tarihin manyan janar-janar kamar Alexander da Julius Kaisar. Na karshen ya kasance 'daya daga cikin manyan maharan bayi a kowane lokaci. Bayan ya yi kamfen na shekara bakwai ya koma Roma da fursunoni miliyan ɗaya da aka sayar da su bauta, ta haka . . . ya sa ya zama hamshakin attajirin dare’ (134). A cikin tarihi, yaƙe-yaƙe da mayaka suna da alaƙa da kasada da jin daɗi, gami da ɗaukaka da jarumtaka. Jiha, makaranta da coci sun gabatar da ra'ayoyi na ƙarshe da dabi'u bisa ga al'ada. Coker bai ambaci cewa buƙatar wani nau'in ilimi daban-daban, na gwarzo da tarihin an yi jayayya a baya shekaru 500 da suka gabata (lokacin da yaƙi da makamai suka kasance na farko a kwatanta da yau) ta hanyar manyan 'yan adam (da masu sukar gwamnati, makaranta da coci). irin su Erasmus da Vives wadanda su ma suka kafa tsarin koyarwa na zamani. Vives ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga rubuce-rubuce da koyarwa na tarihi kuma ya soki ɓarnansa, yana mai cewa 'Zai zama gaskiya a kira Herodotus (wanda Coker ya yi magana akai-akai a matsayin mai ba da labarun yaki) uban ƙarya fiye da tarihin'. Vives kuma ya ƙi yabon Julius Kaisar don aika dubban mazaje zuwa mutuwa ta tashin hankali a yaƙi. Erasmus ya kasance mai sukar Paparoma Julius II (wani mai sha'awar Kaisar wanda, a matsayinsa na Paparoma, ya karɓi sunansa) wanda aka ce ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa a fagen fama fiye da na Vatican.
Ba a ambaci wasu bukatu da yawa da ke da alaƙa da yaƙi ba, na farko da sana'ar soji, masu kera makamai da dillalan makamai (aka 'yan kasuwan mutuwa'). Wani shahararren sojan Amurka da aka yi wa ado, Manjo Janar Smedley D. Butler, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yaƙi Rake ne (1935) wanda ƴan tsirarun riba da yawa ke biyan kuɗi. A cikin jawabinsa na bankwana ga jama'ar Amurka (1961), Shugaba Dwight Eisenhower, wani janar na sojan Amurka da aka yi wa ado sosai, ya yi kashedi a annabci game da hatsarori da ke tattare da haɓaka rukunin masana'antu na soja. Hanyar da ta shiga cikin yanke shawara da ke haifar da yaki, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da shi da rahotanni, yana da kyau a rubuce (ciki har da littattafan da aka ambata a sama). Akwai gamsassun nazarce-nazarce da yawa waɗanda ke haskaka asali da yanayin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na zamani waɗanda ke ba da amsoshi bayyanannu da tada hankali ga tambayar Me Ya Sa Yaƙi? Halin dabino yana da alama bai dace ba. Irin wannan binciken tushen shaida ba shi da wani yanki na binciken Coker. Babu sha'awa daga lissafin ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa na ca. lakabi 350 shine wallafe-wallafen masana kan zaman lafiya, warware rikici da rigakafin yaki. Hakika, kalmar 'salam' ba ta nan a cikin littafin littafin; Maganar da ba kasafai ba ta faru a cikin taken shahararren littafin Tolstoy. Don haka mai karatu ya jahilci sakamakon bincike kan musabbabin yaki sakamakon binciken zaman lafiya da nazarce-nazarcen zaman lafiya da aka yi a shekarun 1950 saboda damuwar cewa yaki a zamanin nukiliya yana barazana ga rayuwar bil'adama. A cikin littafin wawanci da ruɗani na Coker, nassoshi game da ɗimbin adabi da fina-finai sun ɓata shafin; abubuwa daban-daban da aka jefa a cikin mahaɗin suna haifar da rudani. Misali, ba da jimawa aka gabatar da Clausewitz sannan Tolkien ya bayyana (99-100); Homer, Nietzsche, Shakespeare da Virginia Woolf (a tsakanin wasu) ana kiran su a cikin wasu shafuka masu zuwa.
Coker bai yi la'akari da cewa za mu iya yin yaƙe-yaƙe ba domin 'duniya ta cika da makamai kuma ba ta da kuɗaɗen zaman lafiya' (Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon). Ko kuma saboda har yanzu muna da ja-gora ta hanyar tsoho (da kuma rashin amincewa) dictum, Si vis pacem, para bellum (Idan kuna son zaman lafiya, ku shirya yaƙi). Zai iya zama saboda yaren da muke amfani da shi yana ɓoye gaskiyar yaƙi kuma an lulluɓe shi da zaɓe: ma’aikatun yaƙi sun zama ma’aikatun tsaro, yanzu kuma tsaro. Coker baya (ko kawai yana wucewa) yana magance waɗannan batutuwa, duk waɗanda za a iya la'akari da su azaman gudummawa ga dorewar yaƙi. Yaki ne da mayaka ne suka mamaye littattafan tarihi, wuraren tarihi, gidajen tarihi, sunayen tituna da murabba'ai. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a baya-bayan nan da motsi don kawar da tsarin koyarwa da kuma fage na jama'a, da tabbatar da adalci da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da jinsi, suma suna bukatar a fadada su zuwa kawar da makamai na al'umma. Ta wannan hanyar, al'adar zaman lafiya da rashin tashin hankali na iya maye gurbin al'adun yaki da tashin hankali mai zurfi.
Lokacin da ake magana akan HG Wells da sauran 'tatsuniyoyi na gaba', Coker ya rubuta, 'Yin tunanin makomar gaba, ba shakka baya nufin ƙirƙirar shi' (195-7). Duk da haka, IF Clarke (1966) ya bayar da hujjar cewa wani lokaci labarun yakin da ake yi a gaba ya haifar da tsammanin da ke tabbatar da cewa, lokacin da yaki ya zo, zai zama mafi tashin hankali fiye da in ba haka ba. Hakanan, tunanin duniyar da ba ta da yaƙi yana da mahimmanci (ko da yake bai isa ba) sharadi don kawo shi. Muhimmancin wannan hoton wajen tsara makomar gaba an yi jayayya mai gamsarwa, misali, ta E. Boulding da K. Boulding (1994), majagaba biyu na binciken zaman lafiya, wasu daga cikinsu sun sami wahayi daga Hoton nan gaba na Fred L. Polak. (1961). Hoton mai zubar da jini a bangon Me ya sa War? yana cewa duka. Coker ya rubuta cewa, 'Karanta gaske yana sa mu mutane daban-daban; muna son kallon rayuwa da kyau . . . karanta wani labari mai ban sha'awa na yaki yana sa ya zama mafi kusantar cewa za mu iya rataya a kan ra'ayin nagartar 'yan Adam' (186). Wannan alama wata hanya ce mara kyau don zaburar da nagarta ta ɗan adam.
Notes
- Me yasa Yaki? Einstein zuwa Freud, 1932, https://en.unesco.org/courier/may-1985/ why-war-letter-albert-einstein-sigmund-freud Freud zuwa Einstein, 1932, https:// en.unesco.org /Courier/marzo-1993/why-war-letter-freud-einstein
- Patch da Van Emden (2008); Littafin Audio, ISBN-13: 9781405504683.
- Don sake buga ayyukan masu zanen da aka ambata, duba War and Art wanda Joanna Bourke ta shirya kuma aka sake nazari a cikin wannan mujalla, Vol 37, No. 2.
- Takardun Pentagon: https://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers
- Binciken Iraki (Chilcot): https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20171123122743/http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/
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Peter van den Dungen
Bertha Von Suttner Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya, Hague
petervandendungen1@gmail.com
An sake buga wannan labarin tare da ƙananan canje-canje. Waɗannan canje-canjen ba sa tasiri abubuwan ilimi na labarin.
© 2021 Peter van den Dungen
https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2021.1982037
