Batun Nazari: Amurkawa 20 da ke Supportan tallafi A halin yanzu

Ta hannun Phil Armstrong da Catherine Armstrong, 9 ga Yuli, 2020

Daga Yawa

Abin da al'ummomi ke faɗi cewa suna tsayawa kuma abin da shaidu ke nunawa na tsayawa na iya zama - kuma akai-akai - abubuwa biyu ne daban-daban. Wannan littafin mai zurfin tunani ya sanya kasar da ta fi karfi a duniya a cikin kallo kuma ya kwatanta manufofin gwamnatin Amurka da ainihin halayenta. Gwamnatin (asar Amirka na aiwatar da wani hoto, a matsayin mai kula da 'yanci da dimokiradiyya, a duniya; kamar yadda muke a koyaushe kuma kamar yadda muka shirya, ba tare da son ranmu ba, don tsoma baki cikin harkokin siyasar wasu al'ummomi idan, kuma sai dai idan, 'yanci da dimokiradiyya suna fuskantar barazana. Koyaya, sabanin adawa da zalunci ta kowane fanni, marubucin ya lura da yadda, a zahiri, gwamnatin Amurka take ba da kuɗi, makamai da horar da gwamnatocin zalunci da yawa, gami da mulkin kama-karya, idan ana ɗaukar irin wannan tallafi a cikin bukatun Amurka, ba tare da la'akari da waƙoƙin waƙa ba (game da dimokiradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam) na gwamnatocin kansu.

Tallafawa mulkin kama karya

A cikin sassan gabatarwar, David Swanson yayi la’akari da dimbin azzaluman gwamnatocin da Amurka ke samun goyon baya sannan kuma ya mayar da hankali musamman ga gwamnatocin kama karya, tunda sune gwamnatocin da gwamnatin Amurka take fada a kai a kai. Ya nuna yadda mafi yawan ƙasashe 'marasa abin duniya' (kamar yadda Rich Whitney ke bayyanawa [2017] wanda, bi da bi ya kusanta da tsarin harajin da 'Freedom House' ta bayar, ƙungiyar da Gwamnatin Amurka ke ba da - '' kyauta ', 'ba kyauta ba ne' da 'mara' ') Amurka tana tallafawa ta hanyar soja. Ya kuma nuna cewa, sabanin hujja da cewa daukar matakin soja a Amurka koyaushe yana kan 'dimokiradiyya', Amurka yawanci ke sayar da makamai ga bangarorin biyu Shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa a duniya. Marubucin ya ba da dogon haske game da tsawon wannnan hanyar: cewa ba a wata hanya ba kawai za a iya kallonta a matsayin wani ɓangare na shugabancin Trump kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa matsayin Amurka na goyon baya ga gwamnatocin zalunci ya biyo bayan ƙawancen ƙarfi tsakanin gwamnatin Amurka da makaman Amurka. masu kera (abin da ake kira 'rundunar masana'antar soji').

A cikin sassan da ke gaba, Swanson ya kalli mafi yawan mulkin mallaka na yanzu a duniya kuma yana nuna yadda Amurka ke tallafa musu, musamman ma sojoji. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar gabatar da karatuttuka guda XNUMX na halin yanzu na mulkin kama karya daga ko'ina cikin duniya, wanda dukkansu Amurka ke tallafa musu. Muna jayayya cewa, ta yin haka, marubucin ya ba da tabbataccen hujja don ɓata ra'ayin cewa Amurka tana adawa da masu mulkin kama karya da kuma ƙasashen da suke iko da su. Marubucin ya lura da mahimmancin samar da hujjojin hujja a cikin jerin abubuwa. Abu ne mai wahala koyaushe yana canza ra'ayi daga matsayin da aka kafa. Ana buƙatar ɗaukar nauyi na shaida, musamman idan ƙarfin sha'awar abubuwa suke da matuƙar ƙima.

A cikin sassan da aka kammala, marubucin ya baiyana halayen gwamnatin Amurka da ba a saba da su ba wajen shirya da kuma horar da sojoji a kasashen waje. Ya bayar da hujjoji masu karfi na da'awar sa na cewa Amurka ita ce, a yanzu haka, ke kan gaba wajen samar da makaman kare dangi, da alhakin kashe-kashen da suka shafi yaƙe-yaƙe a duk faɗin duniya da kuma waɗanda ke aiki da kashi 95% na sansanonin soja na duniya da ke wajen ƙasar da suke iko.

Marubucin ya tattauna yadda abin da ake kira 'Arab Spring' na 2011 wanda aka ba da fifiko ga matsayin da ake da sabani game da Amurka; ya fito fili yana ikirarin goyon bayan sojojin da ke neman karuwar dimokradiyya amma, a zahiri, ayyukanta sun samar da muhimman shawarwari ga gwamnatocin da azzaluman shugabanni ke jagoranta da masu zanga-zangar adawa. Yana haɓaka lamuran jayayya ta hanya mai gamsarwa ta hanyar nuna gaskiyar cewa Amurka tana da martabar tallafawa masu mulkin kama karya na dogon lokaci - galibi a soja - sannan kuma ta bijire musu da zarar ta ji sha'awar ta canza. Ya nuna goyon bayan Amurka ga Saddam Hussein, Noriega da Assad ta hanyar misalai da ci gaba da bayar da wasu misalai da dama, kamar su Rafael Trujillo, Francisco Franco, Francoise Duvalier, Jean-Claude Duvalier, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Fulgencio Batista, da Shah na Iran.

Rhetoric vs gaskiya

Mun yi jayayya cewa Swanson ya harba ƙusa a kai lokacin da ya lura:

'Idan har goyon bayan Amurka ga masu mulkin kama-karya ya yi hannun riga da maganganun Amurka game da yada dimokiradiyya, wani bangare na bayanin hakan na iya kasancewa ta hanyar amfani da “dimokiradiyya” a matsayin lambar kalma ta “bangarenmu” ba tare da la’akari da wata alaka da hakikanin dimokiradiyya ko wakilcin gwamnati ko mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam '(shafi na 88).

Sannan ya bayar da hujjar cewa idan abokan gaba ba su a zahiri ba.

'zalunci amma maimakon Tarayyar Soviet ko Kwaminisanci ko Ta'addanci ko Islama ko Gurguzu ko China ko Iran ko Rasha, kuma idan wani abin da aka aikata da sunan kayar da makiyi ana lakafta shi ne' 'dimokiradiyya,' 'to yalwa da ake kira yaduwar dimokiradiyya unshi goyan bayan mulkin kama-karya da kowane irin salo na zalunci gwamnatoci '(shafi na 88).

A cikin kammalawarsa ga wannan bangare na marubucin, marubucin ya kuma jaddada mahimmancin kudade, wanda ya sake samun goyon baya ta wasu misalai, musamman, yawan kudaden kasashen waje na tankokin tunani wadanda ke da tasiri sosai a game da manufar Amurka.

Sashe na ƙarshe na littafin ya yi magana game da matsi da ƙalubale game da yadda tallafin da Amurka ke bayarwa ga mulkin kama karya. Swanson ya yi nuni da 'Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Zagi, HR 5880, 140', 'yar majalisa Ilhan Omar ta gabatar. Swanson ya lura cewa idan kudirin ya zama doka to hakan zai hana gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da cikakken tallafi ga gwamnatocin kasashen da suka fi zalunci a duniya. Zai yi wuya a iya yarda da ra'ayi da marubucin ya bayyana a ƙarshen littafinsa:

'Duniya tana matukar bukatar kwace gwamnatocin ta daga hannun azzalumai da masu zartarwa. Kasar Amurka tana matukar bukatar sauya abubuwan da ta sa gaba daga ikon mallakar makamai da kuma kera muggan makamai ga kamfanonin kasuwanci. Irin wannan motsin zai zama mafi kyawun ɗabi'a, muhalli, tattalin arziƙi, kuma dangane da tasirin tasirin rayuwar mutane '(shafi na 91).

Mawallafin ya fito da wata hujja mai gamsassun hujja game da hujjar cewa Amurka koyaushe tana fada a kan dimokiradiyya, tana mai ba da hujja cewa ko ana kallon wata jiha (ko jagora) a matsayin pro-Amurka ko anti-Amurka ita ce babbar tambayar (ra'ayi da ke iya , kuma akai-akai yakeyi, canji). Yanayin gwamnatin kasashen waje da kanta ba ita ce ta jagoranci ba.

Kamar yadda kasashen waje, haka ma a gida

Don haka Swanson ya ba da babbar ma'ana ta kusanci ga manufofin ketare da zurfafa bincike, muna jayayya cewa bambance-bambance daidai yake a cikin manufofin cikin gida. Dangane da ra'ayin mashahuri (Ba'amurke), 'yanci shine tushe wanda aka gina Amurka akansa. Amma a aikace-aikacen wannan ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar gwamnatin Amurka tana da zaɓi cikin damuwa - a cikin gida har da manufofin waje. Endancin Kwaskwarimar Farko na citizensancin Baƙin speechancin Magana da taron lumana a gwamnatocinsu a lokuta da yawa sun yi biris da su yayin da ya dace da bukatun na ƙarshen.

Da wuya a ce wannan ya fi fitowa fili yayin martani kan ci gaba da zanga-zangar da ake ci gaba da yi game da kisan gilla na Black Lives Matter sakamakon kisan George Floyd. Duk da tabbacin kare Kwaskwarimar Farko, an yi zanga-zangar lumana da yawa ta hanyar karfi. Wata Yuni 1^st lamarin abin misali ne, inda 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye, harsasai na roba da kuma gurneti na goge-goge don share dandalin Lafayette na masu zanga-zangar lumana don ba Shugaba Trump damar daukar hoto a wajen cocin St John (Parker et al 2020). A halin yanzu a cikin jawabin na fadar White House, shugaban ya ayyana kansa a matsayin 'abokin kawancen duk masu zanga-zangar lumana' - aboki, da alama, wanda ya yarda da amfani da hanyoyin da ba na zaman lafiya ba kwata-kwata don rufe fadar albarkacin baki.

Abin sha'awa, ana irin wannan murkushe zanga-zangar ba tare da izini ba yayin da wata ƙasa ke aikata wannan aika-aika. A wata tweet na Mayu 2020, Trump ya bukaci gwamnatin Iran da kada ta yi amfani da tashin hankali a kan masu zanga-zangar kuma 'bari' yan jarida su yi ta yawo '. Irin wannan ƙa'idar kare ƙaƙƙarfan aikin jarida ba ta sa shugaban ya amince ko ya la'anci hare-haren 'yan sanda da yawa kan' yan jaridun da ke ba da rahoto game da zanga-zangar Baƙin Lan Rayuwa a cikin Amurka ba (a cewar Pressan Jaridar 'Yan Jarida ta Amurka, har zuwa 15 ga Yuni , harin da ‘yan sanda suka kai wa‘ yan jarida na zahiri sun kai 57). Tushen wannan rashin daidaito bashi da wahalar bayani.

Hakanan, rashin alheri, rashin kulawa ne ga freedancin Kwaskwarimar Farko wanda aka keɓance ga shugabancin Trump mai tayar da hankali, ko ma na Republicans. Gwamnatin Obama, alal misali, ta ga zanga-zangar Tsayayyar Rock ta 2016 game da gina Dakota Access Pipeline a kan ƙasar Asalin Amurkawa - inda 'yan sanda suka amsa da hayaki mai sa hawaye, gurneti da gurneti da igwa a ruwa a yanayin sanyi. Shugaba Obama ya kasa yin Allah wadai da wannan mummunar tarzomar 'yan sanda kan masu zanga-zangar lumana (Colson 2016), wata hujja ce ta' yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ake dannewa da karfi.

Duk da cewa wannan yanayin da ake ciki na danniya yana da tsauri, ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba. Hanyar zaɓin gwamnatin Amurka game da mahimmancin 'yanci ya bayyana a cikin lura da ownan ƙasar ta, musamman ma a cikin ma'anar zanga-zanga (Fara et et 2020). Daga qarshe, 'yancin tsarin mulki yana nufin kadan ne a aikace idan aka yi watsi da su ko keta wata doka daga gwamnatin da ake ganin zata iya aiwatar da su, a maimakon haka ta yanke hukuncin aiwatar da manufofin da ya dace da fuskar dimokiradiyya.

A farkon aikin marubucin ya rubuta,

'Dalilin wannan gajeren littafin shine don sanar da mutane cewa, sojoji na Amurka suna tallafawa mulkin kama karya, har zuwa karshen bude zukatan mutane game da yiwuwar yin tambayoyi kan ayyukan' soja '(shafi na 11).

Muna jayayya cewa ko shakka babu ya sami nasarar cimma wannan burin. Abu mafi mahimmanci, yana yin hakan yayin da yake nuna zurfin rikice-rikicen da ke cikin manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka; sabani wanda muke jayayya a sama shima fili ne a tsarin gida. Saboda haka manufar Amurka 'ba ta sabawa doka'. An gabatar da shi azaman tushensa na asali game da kare 'yanci da dimokiradiyya, amma a aikace, an kafa shi ne sakamakon bin manufofin gwamnatin Amurka da manyan kungiyoyin matsin lamba da ke bayan kafa Amurka.

Mun yi imani cewa littafin Swanson yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a cikin muhawarar; yana bada dukkan hujjojinsa da hujjoji masu rinjayarwa; Shaidar da muke jayayya ta isa ta gamsar da mai karanta tunanin mai gaskiya game da ingancin bincikensa. Muna bayar da shawarar wannan aikin ga duk waɗanda ke da sha'awar fahimtar sojojin tuki waɗanda ke bayan aiwatar da manufar Amurka ta ketare.

References

Colson, N., 'Shiru na ɓoye na Obama akan tsayayyen Dutse', Ma'aikacin Socialist Disamba 1, 2016.

Gidan Yanci, 'Kasashe da Manyan Biranan'.

Parker, A., Dawsey, J. da Tan, R., 'A cikin turawa masu zanga-zangar hayaki mai sa hawaye a gaban hoton Trump', Washington Post Yuni 2, 2020.

Farashin, M., Smoot, H., Clasen-Kelly, F. da Deppen, L. (2020), '"Babu ɗayanmu da zai iya yin girman kai." Magajin gari ya kashe CMPD. SBI don nazarin wakili mai guba game da amfani da zanga-zangar, ' Charlotte Observer Yuni 3.

Whitney, R., 'Amurka ta Ba da Taimako na Soja zuwa Kashi 73 cikin Dandalin Fitowa na Duniya,' Truthout, Satumba 23, 2017.