Daga Carter zuwa Jihar Islama, 35 Shekaru na Ginin Gine-gine da Cutar Guda
By David Vine, TomDispatch
Tare da kaddamar da sabon yaki da Amurka ke jagoranta a Iraki da Siriya game da Musulunci Musulunci (IS), Amurka ta dauki matakan soja a aƙalla kasashen 13 a cikin Great Middle East tun 1980. A wannan lokacin, kowane shugaban Amurka ya mamaye, shagaltar da shi, fashe shi, ko ya tafi yaki a kalla kasa guda a yankin. Jimlar yawan hare-haren, aiki, fashewa da boma-bamai, yakin basasa da kisan kai hare-haren magungunan jiragen ruwa sun sauko cikin sauƙi.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin ayyukan soja a Ƙasar Gabas ta Tsakiya, sojojin Amurka da ke yaki IS sun taimaka ta hanyar samun damar yin amfani da kundin sansanin sojan da ba a taɓa gani ba. Suna zaune a yankin da ke zaune a cikin mafi yawan man fetur na man fetur da gas na duniya da ya fi dacewa muhimmin mahimmanci wuri a duniya. Lalle ne, tun da 1980, sojojin Amurka sun kame Kasa da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin wani salon da Yakin Cold din ke tsare a yammacin Yammacin Turai, ko kuma game da taro, ta hanyar asusun da aka gina domin yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe a Koriya da Vietnam.
a cikin Gulf Persian kadai, {asar Amirka na da manyan sasantawa a kowace} asa, sai dai Iran. Akwai matukar muhimmanci, ƙara girma a cikin Djibouti, kusan kilomita a fadin Bahar Maliya daga Ƙasar Arabiya. Akwai wuraren ajiya a Pakistan a kan iyakar yankin da kuma cikin Balkans a daya, da kuma a kan tsibirin tsibirin Indiya na Diego Garcia da Seychelles. A Afghanistan da Iraki, akwai lokuta da dama 800 da kuma 505 asali, bi da bi. Kwanan nan, gwamnatin Obama shiga yarjejeniya da sabon shugaban kasar Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani don kulawa da sojojin 10,000 da akalla mahimman bayanai guda tara a kasarsa fiye da karshen aikin yakin basasa a wannan shekara. Sojojin Amurka, waɗanda ba su wuce Iraqi ba bayan 2011, yanzu suna dawowa zuwa yawan cibiyoyin asali akwai a yawan lambobi da yawa.
A takaice dai, babu kusan wata hanya ta nuna damuwa sosai yadda sojojin Amurka ke rufewa a yanzu da wuraren da asali da dakarun. Wannan makamin yaki ya kasance na tsawon lokaci kuma an dauka ba tare da izini ba cewa Amirkawa ba sa tunani game da ita da 'yan jaridu kusan ba rahoton akan batun. Ma'aikatan Majalisa sun kashe biliyoyin daloli akan tushe yi da kuma kiyayewa a kowace shekara a yankin, amma ka tambayi 'yan tambayoyi game da inda ake samun kudi, dalilin da yasa akwai asusun da yawa, da kuma irin rawar da suke yi. Ta hanyar kimanin daya, Amurka ta kashe $ 10 tiriliyan kare albarkatun man fetur na Persian Gulf a cikin shekaru hudu da suka wuce.
Yayin da yake kusantar bikin tunawa da 35, dabarun kiyaye tsarin irin garrisons, dakarun, jirage, da jirgi a Gabas ta Tsakiya na daya daga cikin manyan masifu a cikin tarihin manufofin Amurka. Rushewar muhawar muhawara game da sabuwar mu, yiwu ba bisa doka ba yakin ya kamata mu tunatar da mu kamar yadda sauki wannan babbar kayan aiki ya sanya shi ga kowa a ofishin Oval don fara yakin da ya tabbatar da tabbas, kamar wadanda suka riga ya kasance, don sake sabbin hanzari da kuma yakin basasa.
A kan kansu, wanzuwar wadannan asisoshin sun taimaka wajen haifar da jiyya da kuma tunanin Amurka. Kamar yadda aka shahara yanayin tare da Osama bin Laden da dakarun Amurka a Saudi Arabia, wuraren da aka kafa a fagen fama da cutar, da kuma hare-hare a kan Amurka da 'yan ƙasa. Suna da biyan kuɗi na biliyoyin daloli, ko da yake ba lallai ba ne, a gaskiya, wajibi ne don tabbatar da faduwar man fetur a fadin duniya. Sun karkatar da biyan haraji daga yiwuwar bunkasa hanyoyin samar da makamashi da kuma saduwa da sauran bukatun gida. Kuma sun tallafa wa 'yan mulkin mallaka da' yan tawaye, masu mulkin demokuradiyya, da taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar mulkin demokra] iyya a cikin yankin da yawancin mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaka ke sarrafawa.
Bayan shekaru 35 na gine-ginen a yankin, lokaci ne da ya wuce don duba hankali a kan sakamakon da sojojin Amurka suka yi a babban yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya faru a yankin, Amurka, da kuma duniya.
"Tsarin Rashin Gudanar Da Hanyoyi"
Yayinda cibiyar gina cibiyar gabas ta Tsakiya ta fara ne a 1980, Washington ta dade tana kokarin amfani da dakarun soji don sarrafa wannan rudani mai arzikin Eurasia kuma, tare da shi, tattalin arzikin duniya. Tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, a matsayin marigayi Chalmers Johnson, masanin ilmin dabarun Amurka, ya bayyana a cikin 2004, "Amurka ba ta da wata hanya ta samo dakarun da ke da dindindin, wanda kawai manufarsa ta kasance tana mamaye ɗayan manyan wurare masu mahimmanci na duniya."
A cikin 1945, bayan shan kashi na Jamus, masu sakataren War, State, da kuma Rundunar Sojoji sun yi kira ga kammala wani ginin da aka gina a cikin Dharan, Saudi Arabia, duk da cewa sojojin sun tabbatar da cewa ba dole ba ne ga yaki da Japan. "Yayinda ake gina wannan filin jirgin sama," in ji su, "zai kasance mai karfi da nuna sha'awar Amurka a Saudi Arabia, kuma hakan ya sa ya karfafa tsarin siyasa na kasar nan inda yawancin man fetur ya kasance a hannun Amurka."
By 1949, Pentagon ya kafa wani ƙananan rundunar soja na gabas ta Tsakiya (MIDEASTFOR) a cikin Bahrain. A farkon 1960s, gwamnatin Shugaba John F. Kennedy ta fara aikin farko na sojojin sojan ruwa a cikin Tekun Indiya kusa da Tekun Fasha. A cikin shekaru goma, Sojojin Ruwa sun kirkiro tushe don abin da zai zama babban sansanin Amurka na farko a yankin - a tsibirin da Birtaniyya ke iko da shi Diego Garcia.
A cikin farkon Yakin Cold War, duk da haka, Washington na kokarin kara karfin tasirinsa a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar goyon baya da kuma karfafa makamai na yankuna kamar mulkin Saudiyya, Iran karkashin Shah da Isra'ila. Duk da haka, a cikin watanni na mambobin 1979 na Soviet Union na Afghanistan da kuma juyin juya halin 1979 na Iran wanda ya ragargaza Shah, hakan bai kasance ba.
Buga Ginin
A Janairu 1980, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sanar da wani canji na manufofin Amurka. Za a san shi da koyarwar Carter. A cikin Jihar na Union ya yi gargadin cewa asarar da ta samu a yankin "dauke da fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na man fetur na duniya" da kuma "sojojin Soviet suna barazanar barazanar" a Afghanistan wadanda suka sanya "mummunan barazana ga motsi na Gabas ta Tsakiya."
Carter ya yi gargadin cewa "wani ƙoƙari na wani karfi na waje don samun iko kan yankin Gulf na Persian za a dauka a matsayin wani hari a kan muhimmancin Amurka." Kuma ya kara da cewa, "Irin wannan hari za a sake shi yana nufin zama dole, ciki harda sojojin soja. "
Tare da waɗannan kalmomi, Carter ya kaddamar da wani babban shiri na ginin tarihi. Shi da magajinsa Ronald Reagan ne suka jagoranci fadada asali a Masar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, da wasu ƙasashe a yankin don karɓar bakuncin "Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarƙashin, "Wanda shine ya kasance mai kula da kayan aikin man fetur na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Jirgin sama da na sojan ruwa a kan Diego Garcia, musamman, an fadada su da sauri fiye da kowane tushe tun lokacin yaki a Vietnam. By 1986, fiye da $ 500 miliyan an zuba jari. Ba da da ewa ba, jimlar ta shiga cikin biliyoyin.
Ba da da ewa ba, rundunar tsaro ta Rapid ta kara girma a cikin Dokar Kasuwancin Amurka, wanda yanzu ya lura da yaƙe-yaƙe uku a Iraq (1991-2003, 2003-2011, 2014-); da yaki a Afghanistan da Pakistan (2001-); shigarwa a Lebanon (1982-1984); jerin jerin hare-haren ƙananan Libya (1981, 1986, 1989, 2011); Afghanistan (1998) da kuma Sudan (1998); da "tanker yaki”Tare da Iran (1987-1988), wanda ya haifar da raguwa na wani jirgin saman farar hula na Iran, wanda ya kashe 290 fasinjoji. A halin yanzu, a Afghanistan a lokacin 1980s, CIA ta taimakawa asusu da kuma kirkiro manyan yakin da aka rufe da Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar goyon bayan Osama Bin Laden da sauran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi mujahidin. Dokar ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasa Yemen (2002-) da duka biyu overt da kuma rufe yaki a Somalia (1992-1994, 2001-).
A lokacin da kuma bayan Gulf War na 1991, Pentagon ya karu sosai a gaban yankin. An tura daruruwan dubban dakarun zuwa Saudi Arabia a shirye-shiryen yaki da Iraqi autocrat da kuma tsohon Saddam Hussein. A cikin wannan yakin, dubban dakarun da kuma fadada muhimman kayan aikin gina jiki sun bar Saudi Arabia da kuma Kuwait. A wasu wurare a cikin Gulf, sojoji sun fadada karfin jiragen ruwa a wani tsohon masarautar Birtaniya a Bahrain Fifth Fleet a can. An gina manyan wutar lantarki a Qatar, kuma ana gudanar da ayyukan Amurka a Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, da Oman.
Harin da aka kai Afghanistan a 2001 da na Iraki a 2003, da kuma ayyukan da aka yi a kasashen biyu, ya haifar da fadada gagarumar fadada a yankin. Da tsawon yakin, an yi nasara sosai 1,000 Ƙididdigar Amurka, wurare masu mahimmanci, da manyan wuraren asali a kasashen biyu kadai. Har ila yau, sojojin na gina sababbin asali a Kyrgyzstan da Uzbekistan (tun an rufe), binciko da yiwuwar na yin haka a Tajikistan da Kazakhstan, kuma, a kalla, ci gaba da amfani da dama daga cikin kasashen Asiya ta tsakiya kamar yadda ake amfani da man fetur don samar da dakaru a Afganistan.
Duk da yake gwamnatin Obama ba ta ci gaba ba 58 "sansanin" a Iraki bayan da aka janye dakarun Amurka ta 2011, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Afghanistan ta ba sojojin Amurka damar zama a kasar har sai 2024 da kulawa samun dama ga Ƙananan Bagram da kuma akalla takwas manyan kayan aiki.
Matakan Harshe
Ko da ba tare da babban tushe na asali a Iraki ba, sojojin Amurka sunyi yawa a yayin da suke fuskantar yaki da IS. A cikin wannan ƙasa kadai, babbar gagarumar Amurka ya kasance bayan da janyewar 2011 a cikin hanyar shigar da ma'aikata na jihar, da kuma mafi girma ofishin jakadancin a duniyar duniya a Baghdad, da kuma babban nau'in yan kwangila na zaman kansu. Tun lokacin farawar yaki, akalla 1,600 sojojin sun dawo kuma suna aiki ne daga Cibiyar Harkokin Gudanarwa a Baghdad da kuma babban tushe a babban birnin Iraqi, Erbil. A makon da ya wuce, Fadar White House ta sanar da cewa za ta buƙaci dala biliyan 5.6 daga Congress don aika ƙarin 1,500 masu shawarwari da kuma sauran ma'aikata a kalla sababbin wurare biyu a Baghdad da lardin Anbar. Ayyuka na musamman da sauran runduna suna kusan aiki daga duk inda ba a bayyana ba.
Akalla mahimmanci shine manyan kayan aiki kamar Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Combined Air a Qatar Al-Udeid Air Base. Kafin 2003, cibiyar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Central Command ta gabas ta tsakiya ta Saudi Arabia. A wannan shekarar, Pentagon ta tura cibiyar zuwa Qatar kuma ta janye dakarun soji daga Saudi Arabia. Wannan shi ne ya mayar da martani ga bama-bamai na 1996 na Khobar Towers a cikin mulkin, da wasu al-Qaeda hare-hare a yankin, da kuma gabatar da fushi da al-Qaeda ke yi a kan kasancewar dakarun musulmi ba a yankin musulmi mai tsarki ba. Al-Udeid yanzu yana da hanyoyi na 15,000-foot, manyan manyan bindigogi, da kuma kewaye 9,000 yan tawaye da masu kwangila wadanda ke jagorantar yaki da sabon yakin Iraki da Siriya.
Kuwait ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ayyukan Washington yayin da sojojin Amurka ke ci gaba da zama a kasar a lokacin Gulf War na farko. Kuwait ta zama babban cibiyar tsaro da kuma cibiyar bincike don sojojin kasa a mamaye 2003 da kuma zama a Iraki. Har yanzu ana kiyasta 15,000 sojojin a Kuwait, da kuma sojojin Amurka a gwargwadon rahoton yan ta'addan da ake amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da jirgin sama daga Ali al-Salem Air Base daga Kuwait.
A matsayin abin da ke gabatar da gaskiya a cikin Washington Posttabbatar a wannan makon, sansanin jirgin saman Al-Dhafra da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya kaddamar da jiragen sama na kai hare-hare a yakin basasa na yanzu fiye da kowane sansanin a yankin. Wannan ƙasar tana karɓar bakuncin sojoji kusan 3,500 a al-Dhafra kadai, da kuma tashar jirgin ruwan da ke mafi yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na Navy. B-1, B-2, da B-52 masu tayar da bama-bamai masu dogon zango da aka girke a kan Diego Garcia sun taimaka wajen kaddamar da yakin Gulf da yakin Afghanistan. Wannan asalin tsibirin yana iya taka rawa a cikin sabon yakin kuma. Kusa da iyakar Iraki, kusan sojojin Amurka 1,000 da jiragen yaki F-16 suna aiki daga aƙalla guda Ƙasar Jordan. A cewar Pentagon sabuwar ƙidayar, sojojin Amurka suna da asusun 17 a Turkiyya. Duk da yake gwamnatin Turkiyya ta sanya takunkumi kan amfani da su, a kalla wasu suna amfani da su don kaddamar da jiragen saman tsaro a kan Siriya da Iraq. Zuwa ga asali bakwai a cikin Oman iya amfani da shi.
Bahrain yanzu shi ne hedkwatar kungiyar ta Navy ta dukan ayyukan Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Fifth Fleet, wanda aka ba da izinin tabbatar da kyautar man fetur da sauran albarkatu duk da Gulf Persian da kuma hanyoyin ruwa. Akwai ko da yaushe akalla daya kungiyar yajin aikin jirgin sama - yadda yakamata, babban tushe ne mai iyo - a cikin Tekun Fasiya. A halin yanzu, da USS Carl Vinson an ajiye shi a can, babban kaddamar da kaddamar da yakin basasa akan Musulunci. Sauran jirgi na jiragen ruwa dake aiki a Gulf da Red Sea suna da kaddamar 'yan bindiga a cikin Iraki da Siriya. Har ila yau, Navy na da damar shiga "ƙaddamar da tushe gaba-gaba"Wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen" lilypad "don masu hawan helikafta da kuma ma'aikata a cikin yankin.
In Isra'ila, akwai asibiti da asiri na asiri guda shida da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da makamai da kayan aiki don yin amfani da sauri a ko'ina cikin yankin. Har ila yau, akwai "tushen asalin Amurka" ga rundunar jiragen ruwan Navy na Rumuniya. Kuma ana tsammanin cewa akwai wasu shafukan yanar gizo na biyu da suke amfani dashi. A Misira, sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba akalla biyu shigarwa da kuma shagaltar da akalla wurare biyu a kan Ƙasar Sinai tun da 1982 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na Camp David.
A wasu wurare a yankin, sojojin sun kafa tarin kalla biyar a cikin yankin Pakistan; fadada babban tushe a cikin Djibouti a hanyar da ke tsakanin Suez Canal da Tekun Indiya; kirkiro ko samun dama ga wuraren asali in Habasha, Kenya, Da Seychelles; kuma kafa sababbin asali a cikin Bulgaria da kuma Romania don tafiya tare da tsarin mulkin gwamnatin Amurka na Clinton Kosovo tare da gefen yammacin bakin teku mai cin gashin ruwa.
Ko da a Saudi Arabia, duk da karɓar jama'a, karamin Amurka ƙungiyar soja ya kasance ya horar da ma'aikatan Saudiyya kuma ya kasance da 'yan asalin' 'dumi' '' kamar yadda ake yi wa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin yanki ko kuma, a cikin mulkin. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sojoji sun kafa asiri drone tushe a} asar, duk da cewa Washington ta samu dandana daga daga baya bayanan Saudiyya.
Dictators, Mutuwa, da Bala'i
Kasancewar Amurka a Saudi Arabia, duk da haka tawali'u, ya kamata mu tunatar da mu game da haɗari na rikewa a yankin. Rundunar sojojin ƙasar Musulmi ta kasance babban kayan aiki na al-Qaeda da kuma bangaren Osama bin Laden. da'awar motsi don 9 / 11 hare-hare. (Ya kira a gaban sojojin Amurka, "mafi girman wadannan hare-haren da Musulmai suka jawo bayan mutuwar annabin.") Lalle ne, asusun na Amurka da dakaru a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun kasance "manyan mai kara kuzari domin magance haramtacciyar Amirka da kuma nunawa "tun lokacin da wani harin bam ya kashe rayuka na 241 a Labanon a 1983. Sauran hare-hare sun zo Saudi Arabia a 1996, Yemen a 2000 akan Amurka Cole, da kuma lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe a Afghanistan da Iraq. Bincike ya nuna alaƙa mai karfi a tsakanin kasancewar Amurka da al-Qaeda daukar ma'aikata.
Wani ɓangare na fushin da Amurka ta dauka ta haifar da fushi daga taimakon taimakon Amurka da aka ba da shi ga tsarin mulki, tsarin mulkin marasa bin doka. Kadan daga cikin kasashe a Ma'aikatar Gabas ta Tsakiya suna da cikakken mulkin demokra] iyya, kuma wa] ansu daga cikin manyan masu cin zarafi na 'yancin] an adam. Mafi mahimmanci, Gwamnatin {asar Amirka na bayar da ita ne kawai zargi mai lalata na gwamnatin Bahrain kamar yadda yake da karfi fashe a kan masu zanga-zangar dimokuradiyya tare da taimakon Saudis da Ƙasar Larabawa (UAE).
Bayan Bahrain, ana samun asusun jakadancin Amurka a cikin layi na abin da Economist Democracy Index ya kira "gwamnatoci masu mulki," ciki har da Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Masar, Habasha, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, da Yemen. Gudanar da ɗakunan asali a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe tallafi autocrats da sauran gwamnatoci na rudani, ya sa Amurka ta daɗe cikin laifuffukan su, kuma yana takaita matakan kokarin fadada dimokiradiyya da kuma inganta yanayin jin dadin jama'a a duk faɗin duniya.
Tabbas, yin amfani da katanga don kafa yakin da wasu nau'i-nau'i na da yawa, da fushi, cin amana, da kuma hare-hare na Amurka. A kwanan nan Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa yakin da ake yi a Washington game da jihar musulunci ya jagoranci 'yan kasashen waje don shiga wannan motsi a "wani matakin da ba a taba gani ba."
Sabili da haka za a ci gaba da sake zagaye na yaki da aka fara a 1980. "Ko da yake Amurka da sojojin da ke da alaka da juna sun yi nasara wajen tura wannan rukuni na kungiyar," wanda ya yi ritaya daga mukaminsa da kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Andrew Bacevich ya rubuta na Musulunci State, "akwai wani dalili da zai sa ran" sakamako mai kyau a yankin. Kamar yadda bin Laden da dan Mujahidin na Afganistan suka shiga al Qaeda da Taliban da kuma tsohon dan Iraqi Baathists da al-Qaeda a Iraq morphed cikin IS, "akwai," kamar yadda Bacevich ya ce, "ko da yaushe wani Islamic State yana jira a fuka-fuki."
Gidauniyar Carter da kuma kayan aikin soja da kuma imani cewa "kwarewar aikin soja na Amurka" zai iya samar da kayan mai da kuma magance matsalolin yankin, to, in ji shi, "rashin kuskure daga farkon." Maimakon samar da tsaro, kayan aiki na asali a babban yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya sa ya zama mafi sauƙi don shiga yaki mai nisa daga gida. Ya sa yaƙe-yaƙe na zabi da kuma tsarin harkokin waje na kasashen waje wanda ya haifar da maimaitawa bala'i domin yankin, Amurka, da kuma duniya. Tun daga 2001 kadai, yakin da Amurka ta kai a Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq da Yemen sun haifar da kadan daruruwan dubban na mutuwa da kuma yiwu mafi fiye da mutuwar mutane miliyan daya a Iraq kadai.
Abun bakin ciki shine cewa duk wani halattaccen sha'awar kiyaye kwararar mai na yanki zuwa tattalin arzikin duniya za'a iya ci gaba ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin da basu da tsada da haɗari. Kula da ɗimbin asusun da ke biyan biliyoyin daloli a shekara bai zama dole ba don kare kayan mai da tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin - musamman a zamanin da Amurka ke samun kawai 10% na net mai da iskar gas daga yankin. Baya ga lalacewar abin da aikinmu na soji ya haifar, ya karkatar da kuɗi da hankali daga haɓaka nau'ikan hanyoyin samar da makamashi wanda zai iya 'yantar da Amurka da duniya daga dogaro da man Gabas ta Tsakiya - kuma daga sake zagayowar yaƙi sansanonin sojojin mu sun ci abinci.
David Vine, a TomDispatch yau da kullum, masanin farfesa ne a fannin ilmin lissafi a Jami'ar Amirka a Washington, DC Shi ne marubucin Island of Shame: Asirin Tarihin Tarihin Soja na Amurka akan Diego Garcia. Ya rubuta don New York Times, da Washington Post, da Guardian, Da kuma Uwar Jones, a cikin wasu littattafai. Ya sabon littafin, Base Nation: Ta yaya Sojojin Amurka suka Bayar da Ƙasashen Amurka da Duniya?, zai bayyana a 2015 a matsayin ɓangare na Gwamnatin Amirka (Littattafan Litattafai). Don ƙarin rubutunsa, ziyarci www.davidvine.net.
Follow TomDispatch a kan Twitter kuma ku shiga mu Facebook. Duba sabon littafin Bayarwa, Rebecca Solnit's Men Bayyana abubuwa a gare ni, da sabon littafin Tom Engelhardt, Shadow Gwamnati: Kulawa, Wakilin Wuri, da Tsaro na Duniya a Ƙasar Kasuwanci.
Copyright 2014 David Vine
