Rikicin Iran Zai Sami Hadarin Duniya

By John Scales Avery, Mayu 21, 2019

A ranar Litinin, 13 May 2019, New York Times ta wallafa wata kasida tare da taken "Labarin Fadar White House da aka shirya kan Iran. a Echoes na Iraqi ". Baya ga jirgin sama da sauran sojojin sojojin da aka aika zuwa ga Gulf Persian, shirye-shiryen sun hada da aika da yawa kamar sojojin 120,000 Amurka a yankin. Akwai matukar hatsari cewa hare-haren da Iran ta kai a kan Iran za ta iya haifar da wani mummunar ta'addanci wanda ya faru da tashar jiragen ruwa na Saudi Arabia da ke Gulf-of-Tonkin.

A ranar Lahadi, 19 Mayu, Donald Trump tweeted: "Idan Iran yana so ya yi yakin, wannan zai zama mukamin Iran. Kada ka taba barazana ga Amurka! "Bai bayyana yadda ko lokacin da Iran ta yi barazana ga Amurka ba.

Me yasa yiwuwar kai harin soja kan Iran musamman abin damuwa? Irin wannan yaƙin zai kawo ƙarshen Gabas ta Tsakiya da ba ta da tabbas. A Pakistan, rashin farin jinin kawancen Amurka da Isra’ila da Saudiyya, da kuma tuno da ta’asa da yawa, na iya haifar da hambarar da gwamnatin da ba ta da kwanciyar hankali a Pakistan, ta sanya makaman nukiliyar Pakistan cikin hannun wadanda ba na gwamnati ba. Hakanan wataƙila Rasha da China, waɗanda suka daɗe suna ƙawance da Iran za su shiga rikicin. Zai kasance mummunan haɗarin ƙaruwa zuwa yaƙin nukiliya mai cikakken faɗaɗawa.

Iran dai al'umma ce mai zaman lafiya amma an yi ta kai farmaki sau da yawa

Iran tana da dadaddiyar wayewa wacce ta faro tun shekara ta 7000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), lokacin da aka kafa garin Susa. Wasu daga cikin rubuce rubucen farko da muka sani, sun samo asali ne daga kusan 3,000 BC, wayewar Elamite kusa da Susa. Iraniyawa na yau suna da wayewa da wayewa sosai, kuma sun shahara da karɓar baƙi, karimci da kyautatawa baƙi. A cikin karnonin da suka gabata, Iraniyawa sun ba da gudummawa da yawa a fannonin kimiyya, fasaha da adabi, kuma tsawon daruruwan shekaru ba su kai hari ga maƙwabtansu. Koyaya, a cikin karnin da ya gabata, sun kasance cikin waɗanda ke fama da hare-hare daga ƙasashen waje, kuma yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da albarkatun mai da iskar gas na Iran. Na farko daga cikin wadannan ya faru ne a tsakanin shekarar 1921-1925, lokacin da wani juyin mulkin da Birtaniyya ta tallafawa ya hambarar da daular Qajar kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Reza Shah.

Reza Shah (1878-1944) ya fara aiki a matsayin Reza Khan, babban jami'in soja. Saboda karfinsa mai zurfi sai ya tashi da sauri ya zama kwamandan Tabriz Brigade na Persos Cossacks. A cikin 1921, Janar Edmond Ironside, wanda ya umurci rundunar sojojin 6,000 da ke yaki da Bolshevik a arewacin Farisa, ya yi juyin mulki a kan hanyar da Reza Khan ya jagoranci 15,000 Cossacks zuwa babban birnin kasar. Ya hambarar da gwamnati, ya zama ministan yaki. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta goyi bayan wannan juyin mulki domin ya yi imanin cewa an bukaci shugaba mai karfi a Iran don tsayayya da Bolsheviks. A 1923, Reza Khan ya kayar da Daular Qajar, kuma a cikin 1925 an yi masa kambi a matsayin Reza Shah, yana dauke da sunan Pahlavi.

Reza Shah ya yi imanin cewa yana da manufa don zamanantar da Iran, kamar yadda Kamil Ata Turk ya mayar da Turkiyya ta zamani. A tsawon shekaru 16 da yayi yana mulki a Iran, an gina tituna da yawa, an gina titin jirgin kasa na Trans-Iran, an tura Iraniyawa da yawa karatu a kasashen yamma, an bude jami'ar Tehran, kuma an dauki matakan farko zuwa masana'antu. Koyaya, hanyoyin Reza Shah sun kasance masu tsauri a wasu lokuta.

A cikin 1941, yayin da Jamus ta mamaye Rasha, Iran ta kasance tsaka tsaki, watakila ta ɗan karkata zuwa gefen Jamus. Koyaya, Reza Shah ya isa ya soki Hitler don ba da aminci a Iran ga 'yan gudun hijira daga Nazis. Tsoron cewa Jamusawan zasu sami ikon mallakar rijiyoyin mai na Abadan, kuma yana son yin amfani da hanyar Rail-Trans-Iran don kawo kayayyaki zuwa Rasha, Burtaniya ta mamaye Iran daga kudu a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1941. A lokaci guda, sojojin Rasha sun mamaye ƙasar daga arewa. Reza Shah ya yi kira ga Roosevelt don neman taimako, yana mai nuni da tsaka-tsakin Iran, amma hakan bai yi nasara ba. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1941, aka tilasta shi yin hijira, kuma aka maye gurbinsa da ɗansa, Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Burtaniya da Rasha duk sun yi alkawarin ficewa daga Iran da zaran yakin ya kare. A lokacin sauran Yaƙin Duniya na II, kodayake sabon sarki Shah a matsayin mai mulkin Iran, ƙaƙƙarfan sojojin mamaya ne ke mulkin ƙasar.

Reza Shah, yana da kyakkyawan manufa, kuma ya ji cewa yana da hakkin ya sabunta Iran. Ya wuce wannan nauyin manufa ga dansa, dan jarida Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Matsalar matsala ta talauci ta kasance a kowane wuri, kuma duka biyu Reza Shah da dansa sun ga Iran na zamani a matsayin hanyar da za ta kawo karshen talauci.

A cikin 1951, Mohammed Mosaddegh ya zama firaministan kasar Iran ta hanyar zaɓen demokradiyya. Ya kasance daga dangin da aka sanya shi sosai, kuma zai iya gano kakanninsa a hannun sha'anin daular Qajar. Daga cikin sauye-sauyen da Mosaddegh ya yi ya kasance kasawar Anglo-Iran Abubuwan kamfanin a cikin Iran. Saboda wannan, AIOC (wanda daga baya ya zama Man Fetur na Biritaniya), ya rinjayi gwamnatin Birtaniyya da ta dauki nauyin juyin mulkin sirri wanda zai kifar da Mosaddegh. Birtaniiyan ta nemi Shugaban Amurka Eisenhower da CIA su bi sahun M16 wajen aiwatar da juyin mulkin, tana mai cewa cewa Mosaddegh ya wakilci barazanar kwaminisanci (muhawara ce ta lahani, idan aka yi la’akari da asalin mulkin Mosaddegh). Eisenhower ya yarda ya taimaka wa Biritaniya wajen aiwatar da juyin mulkin, kuma an yi shi a shekarar 1953. Ta haka ne Shah ya sami cikakken iko kan Iran.

Manufar sabunta Iran da kawo karshen talauci an karbe shi ne a matsayin wani muhimmin manufa ta matasa Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, kuma shi ne dalilin da yake faruwa a fadar White Revolution a cikin 1963, lokacin da yawancin ƙasar da ke cikin 'yan tawaye da kuma kambi an rarraba wa mazauna kauyuka maras yanki. Duk da haka, fadar White Revolution ta yi fushi da ma'adinan gargajiya da kuma malamai, kuma hakan ya haifar da hamayya mai tsanani. A lokacin da aka magance wannan adawa, hanyoyi na Shah sun kasance da mummunan hali, kamar yadda kakanninsa suka kasance. Saboda rashin jituwa da aka samu ta hanyoyin da ya dace, kuma saboda karfin ikon abokan hamayyarsa, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi ya kasance a cikin juyin juya halin Iran na 1979. Juyin juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1979 ya kasance har ya haifar da juyin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na 1953.

Hakanan mutum na iya cewa faduwar yamma, wanda duka Shah Reza da ɗansa suka nufa, ya haifar da nuna ƙyamar yamma tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'ummar Iran. Iran tana “faduwa tsakanin baƙaƙe biyu”, a ɗaya hannun al'adun yamma kuma a gefe guda al'adun gargajiya na ƙasar. Ya zama kamar ya kasance rabin tsakanin, ba na ɗayan ba. A ƙarshe a cikin 1979 malaman addinin Islama suka yi nasara kuma Iran ta zaɓi al'ada.

A halin yanzu, a cikin 1963 Amurka a asirce ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin soja a Iraki wanda ya kawo Jam’iyyar Ba’ath ta Saddam Hussein kan mulki. A cikin 1979, lokacin da aka kifar da Shah na Iran da ke mara wa yamma baya, Amurka ta dauki gwamnatin Shi'a mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wacce ta maye gurbinsa a matsayin barazanar samar da mai daga Saudiyya. Washington ta ga Saddam na Iraki a matsayin katanga ga gwamnatin Shi'a ta Iran wanda ake tunanin zai yi barazanar samar da mai daga kasashen da ke goyon bayan Amurka kamar su Kuwait da Saudi Arabiya.

A 1980, ƙarfafawa ta yin haka ta hanyar cewa Iran ta rasa goyon bayan Amurka, gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ta kai farmakin Iran. Wannan shi ne farkon wani mummunar yaki na jini da kuma lalacewa wanda ya yi shekaru takwas, yana kashe kusan mutane miliyan daya a kan al'ummomi biyu. Iraki ya yi amfani da gas din mustard da gasunan Tabun da Sarin a kan Iran, bisa ga yarjejeniyar Geneva.

Hare-haren da ake kaiwa Iran yanzu, na zahiri da na barazana, suna da kamanceceniya da yaƙin Iraki wanda Amurka ta ƙaddamar a 2003. A 2003, an gabatar da harin ne kai tsaye saboda barazanar cewa makaman nukiliya za su ci gaba, amma ainihin muradi yana da alaƙa da sha'awar sarrafawa da amfani da albarkatun man fetur na Iraki, da kuma matuƙar fargabar Isra'ila ga samun maƙwabta mai ƙarfi da ɗan ɗan adawa. Hakanan, ana iya ganin fifiko a kan manyan albarkatun mai da iskar gas na Iran a matsayin babban dalilan da ya sa Amurka a yanzu take yin lalata da Iran, kuma wannan ya haɗu da Isra’ila da ke jin tsoro na rashin tsoro game da Iran mai girma da ƙarfi. Idan aka waiwaya kan “nasara” juyin mulkin 1953 da aka yi wa Mosaddegh, Isra’ila da Amurka watakila suna jin cewa takunkumi, barazana, kisan kai da sauran matsin lamba na iya haifar da canjin tsarin mulki wanda zai kawo gwamnati mai biyayya ga iko a Iran - gwamnatin da za ta karba Matsayin Amurka. Amma maganganun tashin hankali, tsokana da tsokana suna iya haɓaka zuwa yaƙin gama gari.

Ba na so in nuna amincewa da gwamnatin ta Iran ta yanzu. Koyaya, jama'ar Iran masu karimci, masu ladabi da abokantaka basu cancanci munanan yaƙe-yaƙe ba. Ba su cancanci wahalar da aka riga aka yi musu ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani amfani da tashin hankali a kan Iran zai zama mahaukaci ne da mai laifi. Me yasa mahaukaci? Saboda tattalin arzikin Amurka da na duniya a yanzu ba za su iya tallafawa wani babban rikici ba; saboda Gabas ta Tsakiya ya riga ya kasance yanki mai matukar damuwa; kuma saboda ba shi yiwuwa a yi hasashen yadda yakin zai kasance wanda, idan an fara shi, zai iya zama yakin duniya na uku, ganin cewa Iran tana da kawancen kawance da Rasha da China. Me yasa laifi? Saboda irin wannan tashin hankalin zai keta dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ka'idodin Nuremberg. Babu wani fata ko kaɗan don gaba har sai mun yi aiki don duniya mai zaman lafiya, wanda ke ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, maimakon duniyar tsoro inda ƙaƙƙarfan iko ke mamaye.

References

1. Sir Percy Sykes, Tarihin Farisa - bugu na 2, MacMillan, (1921).
2. Paula K. Byers, Reza Shah Pahlavi, Encyclopedia of World Biography (1998).
3. Roger Hoffman, Halittar juyin juya halin Musulunci, International Af56 / 4, 673-7, (Autumn 1980).
4. Daniel Yergin, Gwargwadon Kyauta: Binciken Jakadancin na Oil, Kudi da Wuta, Simon da Schuster, (1991).
5. A. Sampson, 'Yan Sanda bakwai: Kamfanonin Manyan Manya na Duniya da kuma yadda aka sanya su, Hodder da Staughton, London, (1988).
6. James Risen, asirin tarihin: CIA a Iran, New York Times, Afrilu 16, (2000).
7. Mark Gasiorowski da Malcolm Byrne, Mohammad Mosaddegh da kuma 1953 Kashe a Iran, Tarihin Tsaro na kasa, Yuni 22, (2004).
8. K. Roosevelt, Al'umma: Gwagwarmayar Gudanar da Iran, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1979).
9. E. Ibrahim, Iran Tsakanin Tsarin Biyu, Jami'ar Princeton Latsa, Princeton, (1982).
10. MT Klare, War wars: Sabon Yanki na Global Conflict, Owl Books buga bugawa, New York, (2002).
11. JM Blair, Gudanar da Oil, House Random House, New York, (1976).