Yayin da Amurka ke jigilar Baƙi a kusa da su, Ken Burns ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai faɗi Gaskiya game da Holocaust

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Satumba 16, 2022

Shin wannan lokacin, lokacin da Amurka ke jigilar baƙi kamar yadda suke sharar nukiliya, lokacin da ya dace don Ken Burns da PBS su yi iƙirarin za su faɗi gaskiya game da Amurka da Holocaust? Sun yi iƙirarin hakan game da Vietnam kuma. (Anan ga nawa nazari sosai.)

Tabbas, ina fatan in koyi wasu sabbin abubuwa daga Burns da kamfani, kuma ban da'awar sanin komai ba, amma abin da na sani, wannan shine abin da zan sa sabon fim ɗinsa ya haɗa idan ina da iko (amma zan yi mamakin idan ina da iko). yana yi):

(An karbo daga Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.)

 Idan za ku saurari mutanen da ke ba da hujjar WWII a yau, da amfani da WWII don tabbatar da shekarun 75 na yaƙe-yaƙe da shirye-shiryen yaƙi, abu na farko da za ku yi tsammani samu a karanta game da abin da WWII yake a zahiri zai zama yaƙi ne da buƙatar ceci yahudawa daga kisan gilla. Za a sami tsofaffin hotunan fastoci tare da Uncle Sam yana nuna yatsansa, yana cewa "Ina son ku ceci Yahudawa!"

A zahiri, gwamnatocin Amurka da Birtaniyya sun dau tsawon shekaru suna yakin neman farfaganda don gina yakin amma ba su ambaci ceton yahudawa ba.[i] Kuma muna da masaniya game da tattaunawar gwamnati na cikin gida don sanin cewa ceton yahudawa (ko wani) ba ruɗin asirin da aka ɓoye shi ga jama'a masu ƙiyayya ba (kuma idan hakan ta kasance, ta yaya dimokiradiyya hakan zai kasance a cikin babban yaƙi don dimokiradiyya?). Don haka, yanzunnan muna fuskantar matsalar cewa shahararren hujja don WWII ba'a ƙirƙira shi ba sai bayan WWII.

Manufofin shige da fice na Amurka, waɗanda akasarinsu masu ra'ayin adawa da akidar adawa irin su Harry Laughlin suka kirkira - su kansu tushen wahayi zuwa ga masu ba da shawara na Nazi - sun taƙaita shigar Yahudawa da Amurka kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.[ii]

Manufofin Nazi na Jamusawa tsawon shekaru shine bin koren yahudawa, ba kisan su ba. Gwamnatocin duniya sun gudanar da taron jama'a don tattauna wanda zai yarda da yahudawa, kuma waɗannan gwamnatocin - don dalilai na ƙiyayya da rashin kunya - sun ƙi karɓar waɗanda Nazis ya shafa. Hitler ya fito fili ya bayyana wannan ƙi a matsayin yarjejeniya tare da ƙiyayyarsa kuma don ƙarfafa shi.

A cikin Évian-les-Baines, Faransa, a watan Yulin 1938, an yi yunƙurin ƙasashen duniya na farko, ko kuma aƙalla ya zama kamar, don sauƙaƙa wani abu da ya zama gama gari a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: rikicin 'yan gudun hijira. Rikicin shine maganin Nazi na yahudawa. Wakilan ƙasashe 32 da ƙungiyoyi 63, tare da wasu journalistsan jaridu 200 da ke ba da labarin taron, sun kasance suna da masaniya game da sha'awar Nazis na korar dukkan yahudawa daga Jamus da Austria, kuma sun ɗan san cewa makomar da ke jiransu idan ba a kore ta ba tana iya faruwa. zama mutuwa. Shawarwarin taron shine ainihin barin yahudawa cikin makomarsu. (Costa Rica da Jamhuriyar Dominica ne kawai suka kara yawan adadin bakin haurensu.)

Wakilin Australia TW White ya ce, ba tare da tambayar 'yan asalin Australia ba: "kamar yadda ba mu da ainihin matsalar wariyar launin fata, ba mu da sha'awar shigo da guda."[iii]

Mai mulkin Jamhuriyar Dominica ya kalli yahudawa a matsayin masu son kabilanci, a matsayin mai kawo farin jini a wata kasa mai yawan jama'ar Afirka. An keɓe ƙasa don Yahudawa na 100,000, amma ƙasa da 1,000 kaɗan sun taɓa zuwa.[iv]

Hitler ya fada lokacin da aka gabatar da taron Évian: “Ina iya fata kawai kuma ina tsammanin cewa sauran duniyar, wacce ke da irin wannan tausayin ga wadannan masu laifi [yahudawa], aƙalla za ta sami karimci don sauya wannan juyayin zuwa taimako na zahiri. Mu, a namu bangaren, a shirye muke mu sanya duk wadannan masu laifin a hannun wadannan kasashe, ga duk abin da na damu da su, hatta a jiragen ruwa na alfarma. ”[v]

Bayan taron, a watan Nuwamba na 1938, Hitler ya zafafa kai hare-hare kan Yahudawa da Kirimann ko Crystal Night - tarzomar da gwamnati ta shirya cikin dare, lalata da kona shagunan yahudawa da majami'u, yayin da aka tura mutane 25,000 zuwa sansanonin taro. Da yake magana a ranar Janairu 30, 1939, Hitler ya yi iƙirarin cancantar ayyukansa daga sakamakon taron Conferencevian:

“Abun kallo abin kunya ne ganin yadda duk duniyar dimokiradiyya ke tausayawa talakawan da ke azabtar da yahudawa, amma ya kasance mai taurin zuciya da nuna tausayawa idan ya zo ga taimaka musu - wanda tabbas, a mahangar sa, aiki ne a bayyane. . Hujjojin da aka kawo a matsayin uzuri don rashin taimaka musu a zahiri suna magana da mu Jamusawa da Italiyanci. Ga abin da suke faɗa:

1. 'Mu,' wannan shine dimokiradiyya, 'ba mu da ikon karɓar yahudawa.' Amma duk da haka a cikin waɗannan masarautu ba ma mutane goma zuwa kilomita kilomita murabba'i ba. Yayinda Jamus, tare da mazaunanta 135 zuwa kilomita kilomita murabba'i, yakamata su sami sarari a gare su!

“2. Sun tabbatar mana: Ba za mu iya daukar su ba sai dai idan Jamus ta shirya ta ba su wasu jari na jari da za su shigo da su bakin haure. ”^[vi]

Matsalar ta Évian ita ce, abin baƙin ciki, ba jahilcin ajandar 'yan Nazi ba, amma rashin fifiko fifikon hana ta. Wannan ya kasance matsala yayin yaƙin. Matsala ce da aka samo a cikin 'yan siyasa da kuma a cikin jama'a gaba ɗaya.

Kwanaki biyar bayan Crystal Night, Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ce yana tuna jakadan da ke Jamus kuma ra’ayin jama’a ya yi “mamakin gaske.” Bai yi amfani da kalmar “Yahudawa” ba. Mai ba da rahoto ya tambaya ko a ina a duniya zai iya karɓar yahudawa da yawa daga Jamus. "A'a," in ji Roosevelt. "Lokacin bai yi ba game da hakan." Wani dan jaridar ya tambaya ko Roosevelt zai sassauta dokar takaita shige da fice ga yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira. "Wannan ba ya cikin tunani," in ji shugaban.[vii] Roosevelt ya ki goyon bayan dokar 'yan gudun hijira ta yara a shekarar 1939, wanda hakan zai baiwa yahudawa' yan kasa da shekaru 20,000 damar shiga Amurka, kuma hakan bai taba fitowa daga kwamitin ba.[viii]

Duk da yake da yawa a Amurka, kamar sauran wurare, sun yi ƙoƙari don ceton Yahudawa daga Nazis, gami da yin aikin sa kai don karɓar su, yawancin ra'ayi bai kasance tare da su ba.

A watan Yulin 1940, Adolf Eichmann, babban mai shirya ƙonawa, ya yi niyyar tura duk yahudawa zuwa Madagascar, wacce ta zama ta yanzu ta Jamus, kasancewar Faransa ta mamaye. Jirgin ruwan zai buƙaci jira kawai har zuwa lokacin da Birtaniyya, wanda a yanzu ke nufin Winston Churchill, ya kawo ƙarshen killace su. Wannan ranar bata taba zuwa ba.[ix]

Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Burtaniya Anthony Eden ya hadu a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1943, a Washington, DC, tare da Rabbi Stephen Wise da Joseph M. Proskauer, wani babban lauya kuma tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli na Jihar New York wanda a lokacin yake Shugabancin Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka. Mai hikima da Proskauer sun ba da shawarar kusantar Hitler don kwashe Yahudawa. Eden ya yi watsi da ra'ayin a matsayin "ba zai yiwu ba."[X] Amma a wannan ranar, a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Eden ya gaya wa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Cordell Hull wani abu daban:

“Hull ta gabatar da batun yahudawa 60 ko 70 da suke a Bulgaria kuma ana barazanar kashe su sai dai idan ba za mu iya fitar da su ba, kuma cikin gaggawa, mun matsa Eden don amsar matsalar. Eden ya amsa da cewa duk matsalar yahudawa a cikin Turai tana da matukar wahala kuma ya kamata muyi taka tsan-tsan game da ba da damar kwashe duk yahudawa daga wata ƙasa kamar Bulgaria. Idan muka yi haka, to yahudawan duniya za su so mu yi irin wannan tayin a cikin Poland da Jamus. Hitler na iya daukar mu da wannan irin tayin kuma babu isassun jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin sufuri a duniya da za mu iya rike su. ”[xi]

Churchill ya amince. "Ko da za mu sami izini ne don mu janye yahudawan baki daya," in ji shi a cikin wasikar da yake amsawa ga wata wasika, "kai kadai ya kawo matsala wanda zai yi wuyar magancewa." Babu isasshen jigilar kaya da jigilar kaya? A yakin Dunkirk, Turawan ingila sun kwashe kusan maza 340,000 a cikin kwanaki tara kacal. Sojojin Sama na Amurka suna da dubunnan sabbin jirage. A lokacin ko da gajeriyar makamai, Amurka da Birtaniyya na iya hawa jirgin sama da jigilar adadi mai yawa na 'yan gudun hijira zuwa aminci.[xii]

Ba kowa ba ne yake aiki sosai wajen yaƙi. Musamman daga ƙarshen 1942 zuwa, da yawa a Amurka da Birtaniyya sun nemi a yi wani abu. A ranar 23 ga Maris, 1943, Akbishop na Canterbury ya roki Gidan Sarakuna don taimaka wa Yahudawan Turai. Don haka, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da shawarar ga gwamnatin Amurka wani taron jama'a wanda za a tattauna abin da za a yi don kwashe Yahudawa daga kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki. Amma Ofishin Harkokin Wajen Burtaniya ya ji tsoron cewa 'yan Nazi za su iya ba da hadin kai a cikin irin wadannan tsare-tsaren duk da ba a nemi su ba, suna rubuta: “Akwai yiwuwar Jamusawa ko tauraron dan adam dinsu na iya canzawa daga manufar wargaza zuwa na fitarwa, da nufin yadda suke yi kafin yakin don kunyata wasu kasashe ta hanyar ambaliyar su da bakin haure. ”[xiii]

Damuwa a nan ba ta hanyar ceton rayuka ba ne kawai da guje wa abin kunya da wahalar ceton rayuka.

A ƙarshe, waɗanda aka barsu da rai a cikin sansanonin tattara 'yanci sun sami' yanci - duk da cewa a yawancin lokuta ba da sauri ba, ba kamar yadda wani abu mai kama da fifiko ba. An tsare wasu fursunoni a cikin sansanonin maida hankali a kalla har zuwa watan Satumba na 1946. Janar George Patton ya yi kira da cewa babu wanda ya isa ya “yarda cewa 'yan gudun hijirar mutum ne, wanda ba haka ba, kuma wannan ya shafi musamman yahudawan da ke kasa da dabbobi. ” Shugaba Harry Truman ya yarda a wancan lokacin cewa “a bayyane muke yiwa yahudawa kamar yadda 'yan Nazi suka yi, banda kawai cewa ba za mu kashe su ba.”[xiv]

Tabbas, koda hakan ba ƙari bane, rashin kashe mutane shine mahimmancin banda. (Asar Amirka na da sha'awar fascist amma bai yi nasara a gare su ba kamar yadda Jamus ta yi. Amma kuma babu wata babbar hanyar gwagwarmayar-R Resistance don ceton waɗanda ke barazanar ta hanyar farkisanci - ba daga ɓangaren gwamnatin Amurka ba, ba daga ɓangaren Amurka ba.

NOTES:

[i] A zahiri, Ma'aikatar Farfaganda ta Burtaniya ta yanke shawara don guje wa ambaton yahudawa yayin tattauna batun waɗanda Nazis ya shafa. Duba Walter Laqueuer, Babban Asiri: Danne Gaskiya gameda “Maganar Karshe” ta Hitler. Boston: Ƙananan, Brown, 1980, shafi na. 91. Nicholson Baker ya ambata, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 368.

[ii] Harry Laughlin ya ba da shaida a cikin 1920 ga Kwamitin Majalisar kan Shige da Fice da Bautar Kasa a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka cewa shige da fice na yahudawa da 'yan Italiya suna lalata tsarin halittar jinsin. "Rashin nasararmu na banbance bakin haure bisa la'akari da kimar dabi'a babbar barazana ce ta kasa," in ji Laughlin. Shugaban kwamitin Albert Johnson ya nada Laughlin ya zama wakili na Kwararren Eugenics Agent. Laughlin ya goyi bayan dokar Shige da Fice ta Johnson-Reed ta 1924, wacce ta hana shigowar baki daga Asiya da kuma rage shige da fice daga Kudancin da Gabashin Turai. Wannan dokar ta ƙirƙiri adadin kuɗi bisa ga yawan 1890 na Amurka. Tun daga yanzu, baƙi ba za su iya zuwa tsibirin Ellis ba kawai amma dole ne su sami biza a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka a ƙasashen waje. Duba Rachel Gur-Arie, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, "Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943)," 19 ga Disamba, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Haka kuma duba Andrew J. Skerritt, Tallahassee Democrat, “‘ Tsananin Tayi ’yana kallon mara kyau game da manufofin shige da fice na Amurka | Binciken Littafin, "Agusta 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Wannan labarin an rufe shi a cikin fim na PBS "Experiwarewar Amurkawa: The Eugenics Crusade," Oktoba 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Don yadda wannan ya rinjayi 'yan Nazi, duba Babi na 4 na Barin yakin duniya na Biyu.

[iii] Amincewar Ilimin Holocaust, Muryoyi 70: Wadanda Aka Cutar, Masu Aikata Laifi, da Masu Tsattsauran ra'ayi, "Kamar Yadda Ba Mu Da Matsalar Fata," Janairu 27, 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[iv] Lauren Levy, Libraryakin Karatuttukan Bayahude na Yahudanci, Projectaddamar da Hadin gwiwar Hadin gwiwar Amurka-Isra’ila, “Jamhuriyar Dominica ta samar da Sosua a matsayin Haven don 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Yahudawa,” https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -refugees Dubi kuma Jason Margolis, Duniya, “Jamhuriyar Dominica ta karɓi yahudawa‘ yan gudun hijira da ke gujewa Hitler yayin da ƙasashe 31 suka kalli baya, ”Nuwamba 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ jamhuriyar-Dominica-ta-dauki-yahudanci-yan gudun hijira-masu gudun hijira-yayin-da-31-kasashe

[v] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Mafi Kyawun Taro na Duk Zamani a Tarihin Yahudawa," Kashi na II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] Zionism da Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary, "Taron Evian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Takardun Jama'a da Jawaban Franklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) juzu'i. 7, shafi na 597-98. Nicholson Baker ya ambata, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 101.

[viii] Dauda S. Wyman, Ganuwar Takarda: Amurka da Rikicin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, 1938-1941 (Amherst: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press, 1968), shafi. 97. Nicholson Baker ya ambata, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 116.

[ix] Christopher Kawa, Hanyar zuwa Kisan kare dangi (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), shafi na 18-19. Nicholson Baker ya ambata, Hayakin Dan Adam: Farkon Karshen wayewa. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 233.

[X] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Yahudawan Amurka da Kisan Kiyashi," New York Times, Afrilu 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Ofishin Tarihin Tarihi, "Takardar Tattaunawa, ta Mista Harry L. Hopkins, Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaba Roosevelt 55," Maris 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] War Babu Moreari: Antiarni Uku na Amincewar Amurka da Rubutun Zaman Lafiya, wanda Lawrence Rosendwald ya shirya (Laburaren Amurka, 2016).

[xiii] Kwarewar Amurkawa na PBS: "Taron Bermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] Jacques R. Paulels, Labari na Kyakkyawan Yaƙi: Amurka a Duniya ta Biyu Yaƙi (James Lorimer & Kamfanin Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.