Ranar Armistice ta ƙare Yaƙin don Ƙare Wars. Yarjejeniya Daga Versailles Ta Ba Mu War Ba tare da Ƙarshe ba

By Mike Ferner
Oktoba 29, 2018

Masana tarihi sun yi muhawara a kan yadda yarjejeniya ta Versailles ke da alhakin tafiyar Hitler a yakin duniya na biyu, amma akwai shakka cewa yarjejeniyar kawo ƙarshen "War to End All Wars" yana ci gaba da kasancewa babbar mahimmanci a cikin "War Ba tare da End . "

A watan Nuwamba, 11, 1918, Turai dage farawa da kuma kusan bled bushe. Bayan watanni kafin yakin ya ƙare a wancan lokacin, dakarun Amurka da suka damu, sun shiga yakin kuma sun tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu. A sakamakon haka, Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rawar da iyakoki a fadin duniya.

Wilson shi ne babban mahimmancin Masanin Amurka, wanda ya kasance da ra'ayin da Amurka ta dauka tun daga lokacin. Tarihin cewa ko da yaushe Amirka za ta ci gaba da tallafawa abubuwan jin dadin jama'a, sun jawo hankalin mutane da dama, musamman ma da aka kwashe su, ta hanyar "Gudun sha huɗu" na Wilson. Shugaban ya tafi aikinsa na Almasihu tare da sha'awar iyayensa amma kamar yadda rikodin ya nuna, rashin mulkin mulkin mallaka ba kawai kasashen Turai kadai ba ne. koro Wilson. Duk da haka, wannan mai bada shawara game da wani nau'i mai tsauri na ƙaddamar da kansa ya ɗauka nauyin miliyoyin. Ya kasance jirgi marar kyau a cikin abin da dukan al'ummomi ke ba da fata don rayuwa mafi kyau.

Gaskiya ne, akwai ƙoƙarin da aka yi da shi don ya tashi sama da tsohuwar al'adar "ga mai nasara ya ga ganima" ta hanyar gabatar da jigilar mutane da kuma yanke shawarar yanke hukunci akai-akai a kan adalci. Duk da haka, an kawar da ma'anar 'yan majalisa lokacin da rashin adalci da adalci sukan shafe cikin "kawai mu."

Game da ayoyin da suka shafi yarjejeniya da Jamusanci da kuma yakin yakin duniya na biyu, Margaret MacMillan ya ba da wata haske a cikin tarihi mai zurfi game da tattaunawar Versailles, "Paris 1919: watanni shida da suka canza duniya."

Don mahallin, ka tuna cewa irin wannan mummunar ta'addanci na WWI ba ta ziyarci kasar Jamus ba kuma Jamus ba ta ganin dakarun soja ba sai a Rhineland. Wasu 'yan Jamus sun san cewa bayan da aka haɗu da Agusta 8, 1918, 16 na Jamus sun ɓace a cikin' yan kwanaki, sauran sojojin suka ragu da mil mil a wani lokaci. Ba su san cewa wata mako ba, Janar Ludendorff ya gaya wa Kaiser cewa ya yi la'akari da shawarwari tare da 'yan uwansa kuma wata mai zuwa ta bukaci zaman lafiya a kowace farashi. Wasu 'yan Jamus sun dauka armistice akan abin da ya kasance, sallama. A sakamakon haka, labarin Nazi game da yadda umurnin umurnin Kaiser ya sa Jamus a baya ya sami masu sauraro.

MacMillan ya yi jayayya da cewa shirin gyaran da Jamus ta yi ya yi nauyi sosai. Ga abin da rikodin ya nuna.

• Faransa ta sake komawa Alsace-Lorraine wanda ya ɓace a cikin yaki na Franco-Prussia na 1871 (Prussia na daya daga cikin jihohin da suka kafa kasar Jamus a 1871 bayan wannan yakin). Rundunar sojan kasar ta dauki nauyin Rhineland ta Jamus a matsayin mai zartar da Faransa. Faransa kuma ta mallaki yankunan Gulf na Jamus a cikin Saar wanda kungiyar ta Duniya ta gudanar har zuwa 1935 wanda mutane suka yi zabe da yawa don koma Jamus.
• Ana amfani da Poland da tashar jiragen ruwa na Danzig / Gdansk da kuma mallakar Silesia, tare da mutanen 3,000,000 masu Jamusanci, 25% na coal Jamus da 80% na zinc. Bayan da Jamus ta yi zanga-zanga, hukumar kasa da kasa ta ba da mafi yawan ƙasar zuwa Jamus da kuma mafi yawan masana'antu da ma'adinai zuwa Poland. (Bugu da ƙari, Poland ta yi yakin da yaki da Rasha har zuwa 1921 lokacin da Lenin ya amince da Yarjejeniya na Riga, ya jawo hankalin yankin 200 da ke gabashin Poland zuwa Rasha fiye da magoya bayanta da kuma kara yawan mutanen Ukrainians 4, 2 miliyan Yahudawa da miliyan Byelorussians zuwa Poland. )
• An ba Czechoslovakia yankin Sudetenland, yankin da ke kusa da Jamus da Australiya tare da mutanen 3,000,000 Jamusanci, da kuma Bohemia na Australiya waɗanda ke dauke da wasu mutanen Jamusanci 3,000,000. Harshen Hitler shine ya jawo wa wadannan "Germans na ɓata" kansa kuma ya mallaki tsohon Sudetenland bayan yarjejeniyar Munich a 1938.
• Danmark ya sake dawowa, ta hanyar jaddadawa, dakaru biyu da suka gabata a gaban Prussia.
• Kasar Lithuania da aka sake ginawa ta sami tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jamus na Memel a kan Baltic.
• Jamus ta juya kan dukan jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, manyan bindigogi da bindigogi na 25,000. An ba da izinin 100,000 da rundunar sojojin 15,000, amma babu wani jirgin saman iska, jiragen ruwa, motoci masu makamai, bindigogi masu nauyi, da masu ruwa da tsaki ko jiragen ruwa. An haramta shigo da bindigogi, kuma an ƙyale wasu masana'antar Jamus ne kawai don samar da makamai.

Game da lalacewar kudi, tare da yawancin Turai a cikin rikici da toka, yana da wuya a ƙayyade yawan Jamus har ma da biyan kuɗi.

Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan injiniyoyi na Amurka sun kiyasta cewa zai ɗauki shekaru biyu don isa gagarumar matsala. Amma mafi yawan damuwa game da abin da ake biyan ita ce babbar mahimmancin tambayoyin Allies: Yaya Jamus zai iya ba tare da bashi da rudani ba, ya ba da shi ga Bolsheviks? (Tare da sauye-sauyen juyin juya halin a wasu garuruwan Jamus a karshen yakin, wannan lamari ne na ainihi damuwa ga abokan adawa wadanda suka mamaye Rasha a karshen yakin da 200,000 sojojin, don taimaka wa Rashawa a kan Bolshevik. babban jirgin ruwa a matsayin taimakon Amurka.)

Da farko dai, Birtaniya ta bukaci dala biliyan 120, dala biliyan 220 da dala dala xin 22. Daga bisani sun ba da takardun kudi da yawa kuma lissafin ƙarshe a cikin 1921 ya umarci Jamus ta biya dala biliyan 34 a wurare na zinariya, ta raba 52% zuwa Faransa, 28% zuwa Birtaniya kuma sauran suka raba tsakanin Belgium, Italiya da sauransu.

{Asar Amirka ta ba da tallafin Birtaniya da Faransa a kan dala biliyan 7 tare da dala biliyan 3.5 daga bankunan Amurka. A Birnin Versailles, Birtaniya ta ba da shawara, kuma {asar Amirka ta dage ra'ayin da za a soke duk wani bashin da aka ha] a.

Daga tsakanin 1924 da 1931, Jamus ta biya alamomin 36 zuwa ga abokan tarayya, 33 biliyan daga cikin wadanda aka saya daga hannun masu zuba jarurruka da suka sayi takardun Jamus na Wall Street. Jamus ta yi amfani da wannan kuɗin don biyan kuɗi zuwa Ingila da Faransa, wanda daga bisani ya yi amfani da ita don ya biya bashin Amurka. Anthony C. Sutton, rubutun "Wall Street da Rise Hitler" ya ce, "Bankin duniya ya zauna a sama, a karkashin ruwan sama na kudade da kuma kwamitocin" da aka ba da lamuni na sauran mutane zuwa Jamus.

Game da laifin mutum, Kaiser Wilhelm, jikan yarinyar Birtaniya Victoria, ya tafi gudun hijira a Holland. Sarkin George V, na Birtaniya, dan uwan ​​kaiser, ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin kotun laifuka ta yaki amma ya aika wa Jamus jerin sunayen mutane da yawa da ya yi tunanin ya kamata a gwada shi. Daga wannan lambar, 12 sun kasance. Yawancin mutanen da aka ba su kyauta sau ɗaya sai dai shugabannin sojoji biyu da suka tsere daga kurkuku cikin makonni kafin a yanke musu hukunci.

Mutum ba zai iya la'akari da abubuwan da suka haifar da tasirin Hitler ba tare da wasu misalan misalai na babbar tasiri na hukumomi na Amurka ba.

• Tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe, John Foster Dulles, daga baya Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Eisenhower, shi ne Shugaba na Sullivan da Cromwell (S&C), wanda ɗan'uwansa, Allen, daga baya Eisenhower da shugaban CIA na Kennedy, suka kasance abokan aiki. Tsarin Foster da aka tsara wanda ya ba da damar saka hannun jari na Amurka ga kamfanonin Jamus kamar IG Farben da Krupp. S&C "yana tsakiyar cibiyar sadarwa ta bankunan duniya, kamfanoni masu saka jari da kuma masana'antun masana'antu waɗanda suka sake gina Jamus bayan WWI."¹
• Tsarin Dawes, wanda aka kirkira don sake gina masana'antar Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma ya ba da fansa ga Ingila da Faransa a cikin shuwagabaninta Charles Dawes, darekta na farko na Ofishin Kasafin Kuɗi na Amurka da Owen Young, shugaban kamfanin General Electric Co. Zuwa 1944, man na Jamus ( 85% roba, wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar Standard of NJ technology) IG Farben ne ke sarrafa shi, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi a ƙarƙashin Dawes Plan kuma aka biya shi ta lamunin Wall Street wanda S&C ya tattara. Wani rubutun Farben na ciki, wanda aka rubuta ba zato ba tsammani a ranar D-Day, 1944, ya ce ƙwarewar ƙwarewar fasaha ta fannin makamashi na roba, ruwan leda da gubar tetra-ethyl “sun fi mana amfani,” in ba tare da hakan ba “hanyoyin yaƙi na yanzu ba zai yiwu ba.”²
• Ko bayan Hitler ya karbi mulki a 1933, Foster Dulles ya ci gaba da wakiltar IG Farben kuma ya ƙi rufe ofishin S & C na Berlin har sai abokan hulɗa, sun gaji da sanya hannu kan wasiƙu, “Heil Hitler,” sun yi tawaye a '35. Duk cikin yakin, Foster ya kare kadarorin Amurka na Farben da kuma Merck daga kwace a matsayin mallakar baƙi. Arthur Goldberg, wanda yayi aiki tare da Allen a cikin OSS, mai gabatar da CIA, sannan daga baya a Kotun Koli, ya yi ikirarin cewa 'yan uwan ​​Dulles duka sun aikata laifin cin amana.¹
• Wani asirin sirri ta hanyar '20' shi ne goyon bayan kudi na Henry Ford na Hitler. A watan Disamba na 20, rahoton 1922 NY Times ya yi ma'ana tsakanin sabbin kayan ado da makamai na 1,000 matasa a Hitler na "Battalion Mai Girma" da kuma hotunan Ford da littattafan da Fuehrer ke nuna a cikin ofishin sa na Munich. (2) A 1938, Ford ya karbi Grand Cross na kyauta na Jamus Eagle.
• A watan Fabrairun 1933, Hermann Goering ta gudanar da wani mai ba da tallafin kudi a gidansa na Kwamitin Tsaron kasa, wani rukuni na gaba wanda Rudolf Hess ya biya kudaden zabe na Nazi. Masu masana'antu da kuma 'yan kasuwa sun yi alkawarin 3,000,000 alamomi ciki har da 400,000 daga IG Farben da 60,000 daga madadin Electric Electric Corporation, AEG. A kan hukumar IG Farben ta Amurka ita ce Edsel Ford, Walter Teagle, mamba na NY Federal Reserve da Standard Oil na NJ da Carl Bosch, a kan kamfanin Ford Ford na Jamus, Ford AG. Bayan mako daya bayan wannan jigilar kudi na Reichstag aka ƙone. Bayan mako guda, za ~ u ~~ ukan} asa ya shafe Nazis cikin iko.
• A cikin bayanin 1936, William Dodd, Jakadan Amurka a Jamus, ya ruwaito cewa IG Farben ya ba da alama ta 200,000 a matsayin "aiki a kan ra'ayin jama'a."

Vietnam

Daga cikin magungunan da aka yi da Versailles da suka girma zuwa tarihin tarihi, Ho Chi Minh, wanda ke aiki a Paris a matsayin hannun hannu da mai taimakawa mai daukar hoto, ya yi kira ga tawagar Amurka a madadin mutanen Annam (Vietnam).

Takaddun bayanin rubutun na Ho ya rubuta wa Sakatariyar Amurka, Robert Lansing, don biyan jerin sunayen 8 daga '' Amman '', ya gabatar da jerin sunayen da aka yi da ladabi da cewa:

Tun da nasarar 'yan uwanmu, dukkanin batutuwa suna da begen fata na adalci da adalci, wanda zai fara a gare su ta hanyar ka'idojin da aka yi a gaban dukkanin duniya ta hanyar da dama da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. gwagwarmaya na wayewa game da barbarism.

Yayinda yake jiran ka'idodin ƙuduri na kasa don wucewa daga manufa zuwa ga gaskiya ta hanyar fahimtar hakkin tsarkaka na dukan mutane don yanke shawarar makomar su, mazaunan tsohon sarauta na Annam, a halin yanzu Indochina na Indiya, yanzu suna zuwa gwamnatocin gwamnatoci na maƙasudin ra'ayi a gaba ɗaya kuma musamman ga gwamnatin Faransanci mai daraja abin da ake kira ...

Jerin ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan dalilai kamar 'yancin wallafe-wallafe da taro da kuma bukatar gina makarantu, amma ba a buƙaci' yanci daga Faransa ba, kawai '' '' '' '' '' 'yan ƙasa ne aka zaba su halarci majalisa na Faransa don su sanar da su game da bukatun. "

Ya gama da cewa:

Mutanen Annamite, a yayin da suke gabatar da wannan ikirarin, sun danganta da adalci na dukan dukkanin ikon, kuma sun dogara ga ƙaunar mutanen Faransanci masu daraja waɗanda suke riƙe da makomarmu a hannunsu kuma waɗanda, kamar yadda Faransa ta zama jamhuriya, sun dauki mu karkashin kariya.

Da yake neman kare mutanen Faransanci mutanen Annam, da nisa daga jin kunyar wulakanci, akasin haka sunyi la'akari da girmama kansu, domin sun san cewa mutanen Faransanci suna tsayawa ga 'yanci da adalci kuma ba za su sake watsar da kyakkyawar manufa na' yan uwan ​​duniya ba. Sakamakon haka, da yin biyayya ga muryar waɗanda aka raunana, mutanen Faransa zasu yi wa Faransa da kuma dan Adam aiki. "

A cikin sunan rukuni na 'yan uwan ​​Annamite ...
Nguyen Ai Quoc [Ho Chi Minh]

Zuwa Yakin Ba tare da Ƙarshe ba

Maganar Versailles ba su shuɗe tare da Vietnam ba.

Versailles sun bar wurin 1917 Balfour Declaration game da goyon baya ga Birtaniya a kokarin da kungiyar Zionist ta dauka a kan Palasdinu na ƙasar Yahudiya da yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot ta 1916 ta ba Syria zuwa Faransa da Mesopotamia zuwa Birtaniya (wanda ya riga ya yi yarjejeniya tare da shugabannin larabawa zuwa sarrafa albarkatun mai).

Idan dabarun da aka tsayar da kai shine ka'idar aiki a birnin Paris a 1919, akwai shaidun shaidar da za a yanke shawara da zai kare duniya da wahala. Tabbacin tabbacin wannan yana cikin binciken da ba a sani ba, wanda Shugaba Wilson ya umarta a lokacin tattaunawar zaman lafiya na Paris da kuma binne shi har sai 1922, wanda ake kira "rahoton rahoton King-Crane Commission".

Kungiyar 'yan majalissar ta kusan watanni biyu da suka wuce sun hada da Syria, Jordan, Iraki, Palestine da Labanon, suna ganawa da dukan mutane, wakilai da kuma kungiyoyi tare da roƙe-roƙe a cikin abin da yake nuna ƙoƙari ne na ƙayyade ra'ayin jama'a. Shawarar su ba komai ba ne game da juyin juya hali, bisa ga abin da muka koya a yanzu.

“Muna ba da shawarar, a wuri na biyar, a sauya babban shiri na tsarin yahudawan sahyoniya na Falasdinu na yawan shigowar yahudawa ba iyaka, a karshe a mai da Falasdinu ta zama Bayahude Kasa.

(1) Gwamnonin sun fara nazarin Sihiyona tare da tunanin da aka yi da su, amma ainihin hujjoji a Falasdinu, tare da karfi da ka'idodin da Saliyo suka yi da kuma sun karbe su da shawarwarin da aka yi.

(2) An ba da wannan kwamiti tare da wallafe-wallafe game da shirin Zionist ta hanyar hukumar Zionist zuwa Palestine; an ji a cikin taro da yawa game da mulkin Siriya da kuma da'awarsu; kuma da kaina ga wani abu daga abin da aka cika. Sun sami abu mai yawa don amincewa da burin da kuma shirin mutanen Zionist, kuma suna da godiya sosai game da sadaukarwar da yawa daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka, da kuma nasarar su, ta hanyar hanyoyi na zamani, wajen magance matsalolin dabi'a masu kyau.

(3) Kwamitin ya kuma san cewa ƙawancen ƙarfafa ƙawancen da theungiyar kawancen suka ba wa yahudawan sahyuniya a cikin bayanin da Mista Balfour ya ambata sau da yawa, a cikin yardar da sauran wakilan Allies suka yi. Idan kuwa, duk da haka, an bi ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi na Bayanin Balfour don - fifita "kafa Falasɗinu ta ƙasa ta gida don jama'ar yahudawa," "ana fahimta sarai cewa ba abin da za a yi wanda zai iya nuna wariya ga haƙƙin jama'a da na addini a cikin al'ummomin da ba yahudawa ba a cikin Falasdinu ”- da wuya a yi shakkar cewa lallai ne a sauya matattarar Tsarin Sihiyona.

Don "gida na ƙasa don yahudawa" bai dace da sanya Falasdinu ta zama ƙasar Yahudawa ba; kuma ba za a iya cimma wannan kafa ta Bayahude ba tare da ɓarna ba a kan “'yancin jama'a da na addini na al'ummomin da ba Yahudawa ba a Falasɗinu.”

Hujjar ta fito akai-akai a taron Hukumar tare da wakilan yahudawa cewa yahudawan sahyuniya suna fatan fatattakar kwata-kwata daga wadanda ba Yahudawa ba mazaunan Falasdinu, ta hanyar siye iri daban-daban.

A cikin jawabinsa na 4 ga Yuli, 1918, Shugaba Wilson ya shimfiɗa wannan ƙa'idar a matsayin ɗayan manyan “ƙarshen ƙarshen abin da alaƙa da mutanen duniya ke yaƙi”; “Sasantawar kowace tambaya, ko ta yanki, ko ikon mallaka, ko tsarin tattalin arziki, ko kuma dangantakar siyasa bisa yarda da yarjejjeniyar da mutanen da abin ya shafa nan take suka amince da ita, ba kuma bisa doron abin duniya ba ko kuma amfanin duk wata al'umma ko mutane da suke son sasantawa daban don maslaha da tasirin ta na waje ko masaniya. ”

Idan wannan ƙa'idar za ta yi mulki, don haka buƙatun al'umar Falasɗinu su kasance masu yanke hukunci game da abin da za a yi da Falasɗinu, to ya kamata a tuna cewa mutanen da ba Bayahude ba na Falasɗinu - kusan tara da goma na duka - a kan gabaɗaya ga gaba ɗaya shirin Zionist. Tebur sun nuna cewa babu wani abu da yafi yarda da yawan Falasɗinu akan wannan.

Yin biyayya ga mutane masu hankali ga ƙauraccen yahudawa marasa iyaka, da matsin lamba na matsin lamba da zamantakewa don miƙa ƙasar, zai zama babban keta ƙa'idar da aka ambata ɗazu, da kuma haƙƙin mutane, kodayake ana kiyaye ta cikin tsarin doka.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa jin daɗin shirin Zionist ba a tsare shi ba a Palestine, amma an raba shi da yawa daga mutanen Syria, kamar yadda taronmu ya nuna. Fiye da 72 a cikin 1,350 a cikin dukkanin roƙe-roƙen da aka yi a dukan Siriya sun kai ga shirin Zionist. Abubuwan biyu ne kawai - waɗanda suka hada da Siriya da kuma 'yancin kai - suna da goyon baya mai girma.

Taron na zaman lafiya bai kamata ya rufe idanunsa ga gaskiyar cewa adawa da yahudawan sahyuniya a Falasdinu da Siriya yana da ƙarfi ba kuma ba za a yi laushi da sauƙi ba. Babu wani jami'in Birtaniyya, wanda Kwamishinonin suka nemi shawararsa, da ya yi imanin cewa za a iya aiwatar da shirin yahudawan ba tare da ƙarfin makamai ba. Jami'an gabaɗaya sun yi tunanin cewa za a buƙaci ƙarfin da ba zai gaza sojoji 50,000 ba har ma don fara shirin. Wannan shi kansa shaida ce mai ƙarfi na rashin adalcin shirin yahudawan sahyoniya, ta ɓangaren mutanen da ba yahudawa ba na Falasɗinu da Siriya. Shawarwari, da ke buƙatar runduna don aiwatarwa, wasu lokuta mahimmancinsu ne, amma tabbas ba kyauta ba ne da za a ɗauka don sha'awar rashin adalci. Don ikirarin farko, wanda wakilan yahudawan sahayoniya ke gabatarwa, cewa suna da “‘ yanci ”ga Falasdinu, dangane da mamayar da suka yi shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata, da wuya a yi la’akari da gaske.”

Me za a iya karin bayani game da Yarjejeniyar Versailles sai dai in tambaye shi: menene muke yi a yau da za ta mamaye duniya 100 shekaru daga yanzu?