a 2011 Dauda Hookes bincika tasirin ɗabi'a da na shari'a game da haɓakar amfani da makamai, jiragen sama marasa matuka a cikin 'yaƙi da ta'addanci'.
Yin amfani da na'urori masu amfani da na'ura na robot a cikin abin da ake kira 'yaki da ta'addanci' yana tayar da tambayoyi masu yawa da kuma shari'a. Drones, wanda aka sani a cikin soja - magana a matsayin 'UAV' ko 'Unmanned Air Vehicles' ya zo a cikin kewayon masu girma, daga kananan jiragen saman jiragen sama, wanda za a iya ɗaukar a cikin wani rucksack na soja da kuma amfani da su tara filinfield intelligence, zuwa cikakken sikelin, sigogi masu dauke da makamai wanda zasu iya ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki da makamai masu linzamin kwamfuta da masu fashewa.
Amfani da irin wannan nauyin UAV a Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan da sauran wurare sun jawo damuwa mai yawa, tun da yake yakan haɗu da babban lalacewa - in wasu kalmomi, kashe fararen hula marasa kusanci a kusa da shugabannin '' ta'addanci ' . Shari'ar yin amfani da su wajen aiwatar da abin da aka yanke hukuncin kisa, a waje da duk filin da aka sani, shi ma yana nuna damuwa mai tsanani.
Tarihi
UAV sun kasance kusan aƙalla shekaru 30 a cikin wani nau'i ko wata. Da farko anyi amfani dasu ne domin sanya ido da tattara bayanan sirri (S&I); jirgin sama na yau da kullun zai yi aiki a kan bayanan da aka tattara don isar da mummunan harin. Har yanzu ana amfani da UAV a cikin wannan rawar amma, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, da kansu an saka su da makamai masu linzami da bama-bamai da aka jagoranta ban da fasahar S&I. Wadannan juzu'an da ake jujjuya su wasu lokuta ana kiransu UCAVs inda 'C' ke tsaye 'Combat'.
Rubuce-rubuce da aka rubuta 'kashe' ta UCAV, mai kula da 'Predator' ta CIA, ya faru a Yemen a 2002. A cikin wannan lamarin an dauke da motar 4 × 4 dauke da jagoran Al-Qa'ida da abokansa guda biyar da kuma duk wadanda ke zaune a cikinsu suka hallaka.1 Ba a san ko gwamnatin Yemen ta amince da wannan hukuncin ba.
Kasashen duniya na soji ...
Kamar yadda za a iya sa ran, sojojin Amurka suna jagorancin ci gaba da amfani da UAV, musamman bayan 9 / 11, wanda hakan ya haifar da hanzari ga cigaba da samarwa da kuma samarwa. A halin yanzu suna da game da 200 'Predator' drones da kuma game da 20 na babban ɗan'uwansu 'Reaper' drone a sabis a cikin abin da ake kira AF-PAK (Afghanistan-Pakistan) gidan wasan kwaikwayo.
Wasu daga cikin wa] annan jiragen saman sun yi hayar ko kuma aka sayar wa dakarun Birtaniya, har ma don amfani da su a Afghanistan, inda suka yi mahimman ayyukan jiragen sama na 84 a yau. Mai Reaper zai iya ɗaukar makamai masu linzami na 14 'Hellfire' ko kuma cakuda makamai masu linzami da kuma bama-bamai.
Zai yiwu ba tare da mamaki ba, Isra'ila kuma babban mabukaci ne na UAV, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a yankunan Falasdinawa. Akwai lokuta da dama da aka rubuta2 yan tawayen Isra'ila sun yi zargin cewa suna amfani da su don kai hare hare ga shugabannin Hamas, yayin da Isra'ila ta kai hare-hare kan Gaza a 2008-9, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe shi ne dan jaririn 10 mai shekaru, Mum'min 'Allaw. A cewar Dr Mads Gilbert, likitan {asar Norwegian dake aiki a asibitin al-Shifa na Gaza, a lokacin harin da aka kai a Gaza: "Kowace rana Falasdinawa a Gaza suna rayuwa mafi muni a lokacin da suke jin drones; ba zai tsaya ba kuma ba ku da tabbacin idan yana kallo ne ko kuma idan zai kaddamar da hare-haren roka. Ko da sauti na Gaza ya firgita: sauti na drones na Isra'ila a cikin sama. "
Kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Isra'ila, Elbit Systems, ya bayyana cewa, a cikin wata yarjejeniya da kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Faransa Thales ya yi a kwangilarsa don bai wa sojojin Birtaniya damar kula da su. Wannan shi ne ingantacciyar suturar wani dangin Isra'ila mai suna, Hamisa 450, wanda sojojin Burtaniya suka yi amfani dashi a Afganistan. An gina kamfanin Wankel ne a Litchfield, Birtaniya ta UEL Ltd, wani kamfani na Elbit Systems. An ce mai tsaron gidan yana iya samo takaliman ƙafar ƙasa daga saman girgije.
Sauran sauran ƙasashe suna da shirye-shirye na labaran: Rasha, Sin da sauran kungiyoyin EU suna da samfurori a karkashin bunkasa. Ko da Iran na da wani aiki da bala'in, yayin da Turkiyya ke tattaunawa da Israila don zama mai sayarwa.3
Tabbas, Birtaniya yana da nasaccen nauyin, shirin zaman kanta na cigaba, haɓakawa da jagorancin BAE Systems. Mafi muhimmanci shine 'Taranis'4 da kuma 'Mantis'5 dakarun jiragen saman da aka ce sun kasance 'masu zaman kanta', wato, suna iya tafiyar da kansu, suna zaɓar manufa da kuma yiwuwar yin yaki da wasu jiragen sama.
Taranis yana amfani da fasahar 'stealth' don kaucewa ganowa kuma yana kama da karamin fashewar bom na Amurka B2 'Stealth'. An saukar da Taranis, daga nesa daga jama'a, a Warton Aerodrome a Lancashire a watan Yuli XNXX. Rahotannin talabijin sun jaddada yiwuwar yin amfani da farar hula don aikin 'yan sanda. Yana da alama a taƙaice don wannan, an ba shi cewa yana da nauyin kilo takwas, yana da makamai biyu da farashin £ 2010m don bunkasa. Ana saran gwajin jirgin ya fara a 143.
Mantis ya fi kusa da bayyanar da jirage masu dauke da makamai a yanzu amma ya fi dacewa a cikin ƙayyadaddun sa da kuma kayan aikin Rolls Royce samfurin 250 turboprop na zamani (duba photo). An fara gwajin gwaji na farko a watan Oktoba 2009.
Kamar yadda aka tattauna a rahoton SGR Bayan Bayanan Ƙofa, Malaman Birtaniya sun shiga cikin ci gaba ta hanyar BAE ta hanyar shirin 6F FLAVIIR, wanda BAE da Engineering da Physical Sciences Research Council suka haɗu da su.6 Jami'o'in Burtaniya goma ne suka shiga, ciki har da Liverpool, Cambridge da Imperial College London.
... da kuma dalilai
Ba'a da wuya a bayyana mahimmancin soja a drones. Abu daya shine, jiragen sama ba su da tsada, kowannensu yana kimanin kashi daya cikin goma na kudin da ake amfani da shi na jirgin sama mai yawa. Kuma suna iya zama a cikin iska saboda tsawon lokaci fiye da jirgin sama na musamman - yawanci na 24 hours. A halin yanzu an "farautar" su sosai, sau da yawa daga matsayi mai dubban miliyoyin kilomita daga yankin yaki, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam. Jirgin da Amurka da Birtaniya suke amfani da su a AF-PAK suna sarrafawa daga tururuwa a sansanin Creech Airforce a kudancin Nevada. Sabili da haka direbobi suna da lafiya, zasu iya kaucewa damuwa da gajiya, kuma suna da rahusa don horarwa. Tun da drones na gudanar da tsarin kula da na'urori masu yawa, ana iya duba raƙuman raƙuman bayanai a cikin layi daya ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu aiki fiye da ta hanyar direbobi daya. A takaice dai, a cikin matsalolin yanayin tattalin arziki mai dorewa, drones suna ba ku 'babbar bango don bugun ku'. A cewar wakilin tsaro na jaridar Telegraph, Sean Rayment,
drones masu dauke da makamai sune "mafi kyawun fataucin gwagwarmayar da za a ƙirƙira", wata sanarwa da cewa, hakika, gaba ɗaya ke haifar da haɗarin haɗarin mutum ga marasa fararen hula.
Shari'ar shari'a da zamantakewa
Akwai ƙalubalen kalubalen da ke tattare da drones. Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Libiya ta Amirka (ACLU) da kuma Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki (CCR) sun gabatar da karar da ke kalubalanci ka'idojin yin amfani da su a wajen yankunan rikici. Suna jayayya cewa, sai dai a yanayin da ya dace sosai, "an yi niyyar kashewa har zuwa sanya hukuncin kisa ba tare da cajin, shari'a ba, ko yanke hukunci", a wasu kalmomin, rashin cikakken tsarin.7
Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da yanke hukunci, taƙaitawa ko yanke hukuncin kisa, Philip Alston, ya ce a cikin rahoton May 20108 cewa, har ma a yankunan rikici,
"Shari'ar da aka yi wa kashe-kashen da aka yi niyya ya dogara sosai akan amincin bayanan da aka kafa".
An nuna shi a lokuta da yawa cewa wannan hankali ne sau da yawa kuskure. Alston kuma ya ce:
"A waje da yanayin rikici rikici, yin amfani da jiragen saman da aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ba zai yiwu ba ne," in ji cewa, "Bugu da ƙari, kashe wani mutum ba tare da manufa ba ('yan uwa ko wasu a kusa da su, misali) zai zama raunin rai na rayuwa a karkashin dokar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma zai iya haifar da alhaki da kuma keta hakkin mutum. "
Ko da mahimmanci mahimmanci sun nuna cewa akalla kashi uku na mutuwar da drone suka yi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na AF-PAK sun kasance ba masu fada ba ne. Wasu ƙididdigar sun sa girman ya fi girma. A wani hali, an kashe 50 wadanda ba a kashe su ba saboda duk wanda ake zargin an kashe shi. An lura da wannan dubawa a cikin wani batu na Briefing Peacemaker9: "Rawar da ake fuskanta game da yiwuwar haɗar mutuwa ta hanyar haɗari a cikin jiragen saman tsaro, wanda ya danganta da ra'ayi cewa hare-haren suna daidai da manufa da kuma cikakke, alama ta kauce wa gaskiyar cewa a kalla 1 / 3 daga wadanda aka kashe su ne farar hula."
Wani muhimmin mahimmanci na yin amfani da jiragen sama shi ne cewa an yi amfani da su don yin amfani da su ga mutanen da suke fama da talauci wanda, saboda dalilai daban-daban, na iya tsayayya da buƙatar fasahar fasaha. Irin waɗannan mutane an bayyana su a matsayin 'masu ta'addanci' ko '' yan ta'adda 'amma suna iya kokarin yin amfani da kayan kansu da kuma manufa ta siyasa. Sau da yawa za su iyakance ko fasahar fasahar ci gaba. Zai yi wuya a ga cewa ana iya amfani da jiragen sama yadda ya kamata a ƙasashen da ke ci gaba da fasaha tun lokacin da makamai masu linzami, masu fada na al'ada, ko ma sauran drones. Koda fasahar fasahar ba ta ba da 100% invisibility, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar saukar da wani bom B2 a lokacin harin bam na NATO na Serbia.
Kammalawa
Dole ne a yi la'akari da jiragen sama a matsayin wata muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga membobin SGR kamar yadda za a iya bunkasa su ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, kimiyya, fasaha, da aka sanya a aikin soja. Yin amfani da drones sau da yawa yana da kyakkyawan doka, kuma ka'idodin samar da kayan aiki, fasahar fasaha don amfani da mutane mafi talauci a duniya basu buƙatar yin bayani.
Dr David Hookes is Babban Jami'in Harkokin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kimiyya na Jami'ar Liverpool. Shi ma memba ne na kwamishinan gudanarwa ta kasa na SGR.
