An Kaddamar da Aikin Neutralency na Duniya

Kungiyar Veterans Global Peace Network (VGPN www.vgpn.org), Fabrairu 1, 2022

Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, Amurka da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO da sauran kawayenta suka kaddamar da yake-yake na wuce gona da iri da nufin kwace albarkatu masu muhimmanci da suka sabawa dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Duk yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci sun kasance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ciki har da Kellogg-Briand-Pact, Agusta 27, 1928, wanda yarjejeniya ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ke ƙoƙarin kawar da yaki a matsayin kayan aiki na manufofin kasa.

Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zaɓi ingantaccen tsarin 'tsaro na gama gari', kama da Musketeers uku - ɗaya ga duka kuma duka ɗaya. Mazauna ukun sun zama mambobi biyar na dindindin na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda wani lokaci ake kira 'yan sanda biyar, wadanda aka dora wa alhakin wanzar da zaman lafiya a duniya. Amurka ita ce kasa mafi karfi a duniya a karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Ta yi amfani da makamin nukiliya ba tare da wata bukata ba a kan farar hular kasar Japan don nuna karfinta ga sauran kasashen duniya. Ta kowace ma'auni wannan babban laifin yaki ne. Tarayyar Soviet ta tayar da bam din atomic na farko a cikin 2 wanda ke nuna gaskiyar tsarin wutar lantarki na kasa da kasa.

A cikin wannan 21^st Karni amfani, barazanar amfani, ko ma mallakar makamin nukiliya ya kamata a dauki nauyin ta'addanci a duniya. A shekara ta 1950 Amurka ta yi amfani da rashi na wucin gadi na USSR daga kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) don matsawa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri mai lamba 82 wanda ke da tasirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shelanta yaki a kan Koriya ta Arewa, kuma an yi yakin a karkashin tutar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan ya haifar da yakin cacar baka, tare da gurbace aikin MDD musamman ma aikin kwamitin sulhu na MDD, wanda bai taba farfadowa ba. Mulki da cin zarafi sun maye gurbin tsarin dokokin duniya.

Wannan lamarin zai iya kuma yakamata a warware shi cikin lumana bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka a shekarar 1989, amma shugabannin Amurka sun fahimci cewa Amurka ta sake zama kasa mafi karfi a duniya kuma suka matsa don cin gajiyar wannan. A maimakon janyewar kungiyar ta NATO wadda ba ta da aiki a yanzu, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta yi ritaya, NATO karkashin jagorancin Amurka ta yi watsi da alkawuran da ta yi wa shugaban Rasha Gorbachev na ba za ta fadada NATO zuwa tsoffin kasashen Warsaw ba.

Matsalar yanzu ita ce, Amurka, da ke samun goyon bayan Birtaniya da Faransa, na da mafi rinjayen wakilai biyar din din din din din din din a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) wadanda ke da karfin veto kan duk shawarar da MDD ta yanke. Domin kasashen Sin da Rasha su ma na iya yin watsi da duk wani kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, hakan na nufin cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kusan rufe ta har abada yayin da ake bukatar muhimman shawarwarin zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa. Wannan kuma ya ba wa waɗannan membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya biyar na dindindin (P5) damar yin aiki ba tare da wani hukunci ba tare da keta dokokin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ya kamata su kiyaye, saboda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ba ta da tushe ba za ta iya ɗaukar wani mataki na ladabtarwa a kansu ba. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, manyan masu aikata irin wannan cin zarafi na dokokin kasa da kasa su ne mambobin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO guda uku da suka hada da Amurka da Birtaniya da kuma Faransa tare da sauran mambobin kungiyar ta NATO da sauran kawayenta na NATO.

Wannan ya haifar da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na haramtacciyar hanya da suka haɗa da yaƙin Serbia a 1999, Afghanistan 2001 zuwa 2021, Iraq 2003 zuwa 2011 (?), Libya 2011. Sun ɗauki tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a hannunsu, kuma sun zama 'yan ƙasa. babbar barazana ga zaman lafiyar duniya. Maimakon samar da tsaro na gaske ga Yammacin Turai da aka kafa don yi, NATO ta zama ƙungiyar kare kariya ta duniya. Ka'idodin Nuremberg sun haramta yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci, kuma Yarjejeniyar Geneva game da Yaƙi sun nemi daidaita yadda ake yaƙe-yaƙe, kamar dai yaƙe-yaƙe kamar wasa ne kawai. A cikin kalmomin Carl von Clausewitz, "Yaki shine ci gaba da siyasa ta wasu hanyoyi". Dole ne a yi watsi da irin wannan ra'ayi game da yaki, kuma dole ne a mayar da dimbin albarkatun da ake kashewa wajen yaki da shirye-shiryen yake-yake zuwa ga samar da zaman lafiya na gaske.

A ra'ayi, kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai zai iya ba da izinin daukar matakin soji a kan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sannan kuma don dalilai na wanzar da zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa. Samuwar uzurin da kasashe da dama ke amfani da su sun hada da ikirarin cewa yakin da suke yi na wuce gona da iri ya zama dole domin kare kansu ko kare muradun kasa, ko kuma ayyukan jin kai na bogi.

Rundunar ta'addanci bai kamata ta kasance a cikin waɗannan lokuta masu haɗari ga bil'adama ba inda mummunar ta'addanci ke cutar da bil'adama kanta da kuma yanayin rayuwar bil'adama. Sojojin tsaro na gaskiya sun zama dole don hana shugabannin yaki, masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa, masu mulkin kama karya da 'yan ta'adda, ciki har da 'yan ta'adda a matakin jihohi irin su NATO, daga aikata manyan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da lalata duniyarmu ta Duniya. A baya dakarun Warsaw Pact sun tsunduma cikin ayyukan ta'addanci da ba su dace ba a gabashin Turai, kuma masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun aikata laifuka da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama a tsoffin yankunansu. Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ana nufin ta zama ginshikin ingantaccen tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa wanda zai kawo karshen wadannan laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama. Sauya tsarin doka ta hanyar amfani da karfin soja na Amurka da NATO, kusan babu makawa kasashen da ke ganin cewa ana fuskantar barazana ga diyaucinsu da tsaronsu saboda burin NATO na zama mai tilastawa duniya.

An gabatar da ra'ayin dokar kasa da kasa na tsaka-tsaki a cikin 1800s don kare ƙananan jihohi daga irin wannan zalunci, kuma The Hague Convention V on Neutrality 1907 ya zama kuma har yanzu ya kasance tabbataccen yanki na dokokin kasa da kasa game da tsaka tsaki. A halin da ake ciki, an amince da yarjejeniyar Hague game da nuna rashin amincewa a matsayin dokar al'ada ta kasa da kasa, wanda ke nufin cewa dukkanin jihohi za su bi ka'idodinta ko da ba su sanya hannu ko tabbatar da wannan yarjejeniya ba.

Haka kuma masana harkokin dokokin kasa da kasa irinsu L. Oppenheim da H. Lauterbach sun yi jayayya cewa duk kasar da ba ta da karfin fada a ji a kowane yaki, ana daukarta a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki a wannan yakin, don haka dole ne ta yi amfani da ka'idojin. da ayyukan tsaka tsaki a lokacin yakin. Yayin da aka hana kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki shiga kawancen soja, babu wani haramcin shiga kawancen tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Duk da haka, yin amfani da takunkumin tattalin arziki ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa na gama-gari ya kamata a dauki shi a matsayin zalunci saboda mummunar illar da irin wannan takunkumin zai iya yi kan farar hula musamman yara. Dokokin kasa da kasa game da tsaka-tsaki suna aiki ne kawai ga al'amuran soja da kuma shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, sai dai na ainihin kariyar kai.

Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa a cikin ayyuka da aikace-aikacen tsaka tsaki a Turai da sauran wurare. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun ƙunshi bakan daga tsaka-tsaki masu ɗauke da makamai zuwa tsaka-tsaki marar amfani. Wasu kasashe irin su Costa Rica ba su da sojoji kwata-kwata. Littafin gaskiya na CIA ya lissafa ƙasashe ko yankuna 36 da cewa ba su da dakarun soji, amma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan za su cancanci zama cikakkun ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu. Kasashe irinsu Costa Rica sun dogara ne da tsarin dokokin kasa da kasa domin kare kasarsu daga farmaki, kamar yadda ‘yan kasashe daban-daban ke dogaro da tsarin dokokin kasa don kare kansu. Rundunar 'yan sanda kawai ta zama dole don kare 'yan ƙasa a cikin jihohi, ana buƙatar tsarin 'yan sanda na kasa da kasa don kare ƙananan ƙasashe daga manyan ƙasashe masu tayar da hankali. Ana buƙatar sojojin tsaro na gaske don wannan dalili.

Tare da ƙirƙira da yaduwar makaman nukiliya da sauran makaman kare dangi, babu wata ƙasa, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China, da za a sake tabbatar da cewa za ta iya kare ƙasashensu da 'yan ƙasa daga shiga damuwa. Wannan ya haifar da abin da gaske mahaukaci ka'idar tsaro na kasa da kasa da ake kira Mutually Assured Destruction, wanda ya dace da MAD. An fara yakin nukiliya da Japan a ranar 6^th Agusta 1945.

Ana kallon Switzerland a matsayin kasa mafi tsaka tsaki a duniya, ta yadda ba ta ma shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba sai a ranar 2 ga Satumbar 2002. Wasu kasashe irin su Ostiriya da Finland suna da tsaka tsaki a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu amma a duka biyun. lokuta, an sanya tsaka tsaki a kansu bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na 2, don haka duka biyun suna iya motsawa don kawo ƙarshen matsayinsu na tsaka tsaki. Sweden, Ireland, Cyprus da Malta ba su da tsaka-tsaki a matsayin batun manufofin Gwamnati kuma a irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya canza wannan ta hanyar yanke shawara na gwamnati. Ba tare da shiga tsakani a tsarin mulki ba shi ne mafi kyawun zabi domin yanke shawara ce da al'ummar kasar suka yanke ba 'yan siyasarta ba, kuma duk shawarar da za ta yi na watsi da tsaka-tsaki da kuma zuwa yaki ba za a iya yanke ta ne ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama ba, in ban da kare kai na gaske. .

Gwamnatin Irish ta yi taka-tsan-tsan da keta dokokin kasa da kasa kan rashin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar kyale sojojin Amurka su yi amfani da filin jirgin sama na Shannon a matsayin sansanin jiragen sama na gaba don kaddamar da yakin ta na ta'addanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasancewar tsaka tsaki na Cyprus ya samu cikas saboda yadda har yanzu Biritaniya ta mamaye wasu manyan sansanonin da ake kira Sovereign Bases a Cyprus wadanda Birtaniyya ta yi amfani da su wajen kaddamar da yakin ta na tada kayar baya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Costa Rica keɓewa ce a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan jahohi masu tsaka-tsaki na gaske a cikin Latin Amurka kuma mai nasara tsaka tsaki a wancan. Costa Rica tana 'barna' yawancin albarkatunta na kudi akan kiwon lafiya, ilimi, kula da 'yan kasa mafi rauni, kuma tana iya yin hakan saboda ba ta da sojoji kuma ba ta yin yaƙe-yaƙe da kowa.

Bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, Amurka da NATO sun yi wa Rasha alkawarin cewa ba za a fadada kungiyar ta NATO zuwa kasashen gabashin Turai da sauran kasashen da ke kan iyaka da Rasha ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk kasashen da ke kan iyakokin Rasha za a dauki su ne kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, ciki har da Finland mai tsaka-tsaki, har ma da kasashen Baltic, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Jojiya, da dai sauransu. Amurka da NATO sun karya wannan yarjejeniya cikin sauri. , da kuma yunkurin shigar da Ukraine da Jojiya a yayin da mambobin NATO suka tilastawa gwamnatin Rasha kare abin da ta dauka a matsayin manufofinta na kasa ta hanyar mayar da Crimea tare da mamaye lardunan Ossetia ta Arewa da Abkhazia a karkashin ikon Rasha.

Har yanzu akwai wani shari'a mai karfi da za a yi na tsaka mai wuya na dukkan jihohin da ke kusa da kan iyakoki da Rasha, kuma ana bukatar hakan cikin gaggawa don hana barkewar rikici a Ukraine. Tarihi ya nuna cewa da zarar kasashe masu karfin fada-a-ji sun kera makamai masu karfi to za a yi amfani da wadannan makaman. Shugabannin Amurka da suka yi amfani da makaman nukiliya a 1945 ba MAD ba ne, BAD ne kawai. Yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci sun riga sun saba wa doka, amma dole ne a nemo hanyoyin hana irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya.

Dangane da bukatun bil'adama, da kuma sha'awar dukkan halittu masu rai a duniyar duniyar, yanzu akwai wani lamari mai karfi da za a yi don ƙaddamar da ra'ayi na tsaka-tsaki zuwa kasashe da dama. Cibiyar zaman lafiya da aka kafa kwanan nan mai suna Veterans Global Peace Network www.VGPN.org  yana ƙaddamar da wani yaƙin neman zaɓe don ƙarfafa yawancin ƙasashe masu yiwuwa su sanya tsaka-tsakin soja a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su kuma muna fatan sauran ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa za su kasance tare da mu a cikin wannan yaƙin.

Rashin tsaka tsaki da muke son haɓakawa ba zai zama tsaka tsaki mara kyau ba inda jihohi suka yi watsi da rikice-rikice da wahala a wasu ƙasashe. A cikin duniyar da ke da alaƙa da juna da muke rayuwa a cikinta yanzu, yaƙi a kowane yanki na duniya haɗari ne a gare mu duka. Muna fatan haɓaka tsaka-tsaki mai inganci. Da wannan muna nufin kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki suna da cikakken 'yancin kare kansu amma ba su da damar yin yaki a kan wasu jihohi. Koyaya, wannan dole ne ya zama ainihin kariyar kai kuma baya bayar da hujjar yajin aikin riga-kafi a wasu jihohi ko na bogi na 'shigin ɗan adam'. Har ila yau, za ta tilasta wa ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki su haɓaka da kuma taimakawa wajen wanzar da zaman lafiya da adalci na duniya. Zaman lafiya ba tare da adalci ba shine kawai tsagaita bude wuta na wucin gadi kamar yadda yakin duniya na farko da na biyu ya nuna.

Irin wannan kamfen na nuna halin tsaka mai wuya na kasa da kasa zai fara ne ta hanyar karfafawa kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki da suke da su don ci gaba da karfafa tsaka-tsakinsu, sannan kamfen don sauran kasashe a Turai da sauran wurare su zama kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki. VGPN za ta hada kai da sauran kungiyoyin zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa don cimma wadannan manufofin.

Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci akan ra'ayi na tsaka tsaki, kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da na tsaka tsaki mara kyau ko warewa. Wani zagi da ake jefawa a wasu lokuta a ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki shine zance daga mawallafin mawaƙa Dante: 'An keɓe wurare mafi zafi a cikin Jahannama ga waɗanda, a lokacin babban rikicin ɗabi'a, suna riƙe da tsaka tsaki.' Ya kamata mu kalubalanci hakan ta hanyar mayar da martani cewa ya kamata a kebe wurare mafi zafi a cikin jahannama ga waɗanda suke yakin zalunci.

Ireland misali ne na ƙasar da ta yi aiki mai kyau ko tsaka tsaki, musamman tun lokacin da ta shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a 1955, amma kuma a lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokacin da ta goyi bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya. Duk da cewa Ireland tana da 'yar karamar rundunar tsaro da ke da sojoji kusan 8,000, amma tana taka rawar gani wajen ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun shekara ta 1958, kuma ta yi asarar sojoji 88 da suka mutu a wadannan ayyuka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda hakan ya kasance mai yawan hasarar irin wannan karamin sojojin. .

A cikin yanayin ƙasar Ireland tabbataccen tsaka mai tsauri kuma yana nufin haɓaka tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka, da kuma taimaka wa sabbin ƙasashe da ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da taimakon aiki a fannoni kamar ilimi, sabis na kiwon lafiya, da haɓakar tattalin arziki. Abin takaici, musamman tun lokacin da Ireland ta shiga Tarayyar Turai, musamman a shekarun baya-bayan nan, Ireland ta kasance tana jan hankalin kasashen EU da manyan kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka wajen cin gajiyar kasashe masu tasowa maimakon taimaka musu da gaske. Kasar Ireland ta kuma yi matukar bata sunanta na tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar kyale sojojin Amurka su yi amfani da filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Shannon da ke yammacin Ireland don kai hare-haren wuce gona da iri a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasashen Amurka da NATO na EU suna amfani da matsin lamba na diflomasiyya da na tattalin arziki don kokarin ganin kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki a Turai su yi watsi da tsaka-tsakinsu, kuma suna samun nasara a wannan kokarin. Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa an haramta hukuncin kisa a duk ƙasashe membobin EU kuma wannan kyakkyawan ci gaba ne. Sai dai kuma, mafiya karfi mambobin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO wadanda su ma membobi ne na kungiyar EU sun yi ta kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankin gabas ta tsakiya tsawon shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.

Geography kuma zai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun nasarar tsaka mai wuya kuma yankin tsibirin Ireland a kan iyakar yammacin Turai ya sa ya zama mafi sauƙi don kiyaye tsaka-tsakinsa, tare da gaskiyar cewa ba kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya ba, Ireland tana da ƙarancin albarkatun mai ko iskar gas. Wannan ya banbanta da kasashe irin su Belgium da Netherlands da aka ci zarafinsu a lokuta da dama. Koyaya, dole ne a haɓaka dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a yi amfani da su don tabbatar da cewa ana mutunta tsaka tsakin duk ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki. Abubuwan yanayin ƙasa kuma suna nufin cewa ƙasashe daban-daban na iya zama dole su ɗauki wani nau'i na tsaka tsaki wanda ya dace da yanayin yanki da sauran abubuwan tsaro.

Yarjejeniyar Hague (V) tana mutunta Hakkoki da Ayyuka na Mahukunta masu tsaka-tsaki da mutane a cikin Case na Yaƙi akan ƙasa, wanda aka sanya hannu akan 18 Oktoba 1907 za a iya shiga ta wannan mahadar.

Duk da yake tana da iyakoki da yawa, yarjejeniyar Hague akan nuna tsaka-tsaki ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ginshiƙi na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaka tsaki. An ba da izinin kare kai na gaske a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa game da tsaka-tsaki, amma wannan yanayin ya sha cin zarafi sosai daga ƙasashe masu tsaurin kai. Rashin tsaka tsaki mai aiki shine madadin yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, NATO ta zama babbar barazana ga zaman lafiya a duniya. Wannan aikin tsaka tsaki na kasa da kasa dole ne ya kasance wani bangare na faffadan kamfen don mayar da NATO da sauran kawancen soji masu karfin gaske.

Gyara ko sauya fasalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ma wani fifiko ne, amma wannan wani aiki ne na rana.

Ana gayyatar ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya da daidaikun mutane a duk yankuna na duniya don shiga cikin wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ko dai tare da haɗin gwiwar Veterans Global Peace Network ko kuma daban kuma yakamata su ji daɗin ɗauka ko daidaita shawarwarin da ke cikin wannan takaddar.

Don ƙarin bayani, tuntuɓi Manuel Pardo, Tim Pluta, ko Edward Horgan a  vgpn@riseup.net.

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