ta wurin Joseph Essertier, Oktoba 31, 2017
daga CounterPunch
"Ba mutum ko taron jama'a ko al'umma da za a iya amincewa da su aikata abin da ya danganta ga mutum ko kuma yin tunani cikin natsuwa ƙarƙashin ikon babban tsoro."
- Bertrand Russell, Hanyoyin da ba a sani ba (1950) [1]
Rikicin Koriya ta Arewa yana gabatar da mutane a hagu zuwa kallon masu sassaucin ra'ayi tare da ɗayan manyan kalubale da muka taɓa fuskanta. Yanzu, fiye da kowane lokaci, tilas ne mu kawar da fargaba da dabi'unmu da ke kewaye da batun makaman nukiliya tare da yin tambayoyi masu wuya wadanda ke bukatar bayyanannun amsa. Lokaci ya yi da za mu ja da baya kuma mu yi la’akari da wanda zaluntar take a Koriya ta Koriya, wacce ke matukar yin barazana ga zaman lafiyar duniya har ma ga rayuwar dan Adam. Ya zuwa yanzu lokacin da muke yin muhawara mai zurfi game da matsalar Washington a Koriya ta Arewa da injin sojinta. Anan ga abinci don tunani kan al'amuran da ke gudana a kafet ta hanyar jujjuya gwiwa - halayen da suka saba ga al'ummomin Barorin Amurka waɗanda aka ɓoye cikin duhu game da ainihin tarihin tarihin. 'Yan jaridar da ke cikin harka da ma sauran wadanda ke waje a manyan hanyoyin samun labarai da ci gaba, ba su da wata ma'ana game da yaudarar Washington, da nuna kyama ga Koriya ta Arewa, da kuma bayyana irin halin da muke ciki a matsayin fada wanda dukkan bangarorin ke da alhakin adalci.
Da farko dai, dole ne mu fuskance gaskiyar cewa mu Amurkawa, da gwamnatinmu sama da komai, sune babbar matsalar. Kamar yawancin mutane daga Yamma, ban san komai game da 'yan Arewa ba, don haka ba zan iya faɗi kaɗan game da su ba. Abinda kawai zamu iya magana akai game da kowane kwarin gwiwa shine tsarin mulkin Kim Jong-un. Tare da hana ma'anar tattaunawar hakan, zamu iya cewa barazanarrsa ba gaskiya bane. Me yasa? Dalili daya sauki:
Saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin karfin sojan Amurka, gami da kawancen soji na yanzu, da Koriya ta Arewa. Bambancin yana da faɗi sosai saboda ba shi cancanci tattaunawa ba, amma anan ne ainihin abubuwan:
Sansanonin Amurka: Washington tana da akalla sansanonin soji na 15 da ke warwatse ko'ina cikin Koriya ta Kudu, yawancinsu suna kusa da kan iyaka da Koriya ta Arewa. Hakanan akwai shinge da ke warwatse ko'ina cikin Japan, daga Okinawa a cikin nesa nesa har zuwa arewa zuwa Dutsen Misawa Air Force Base.[2] Tushen a Koriya ta Kudu suna da makamai tare da ƙarfin lalacewa fiye da ma makaman nukiliya waɗanda Washington ta riƙe a Koriya ta Kudu na shekaru 30 daga 1958 zuwa 1991.[3] Bases a Japan suna da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu Osprey wanda zai iya ɗaukar makaman daidai bashin biranen birni biyu cike da sojoji da kayan aiki zuwa Koriya a kowace tafiya.
Jirgin saman jirgin sama: Babu kasa da daskararrun jiragen sama uku a cikin ruwa a kewayen Koriya ta kudu da rukunin yakinsu na masu lalata.[4] Yawancin kasashe ba su da mai ɗaukar jirgin sama guda ɗaya.
THAAD: A watan Afrilun wannan shekara Washington ta tura tsarin THAAD (“tashar tsaftace yanki mai tsauri)” duk da tsananin adawa daga citizensan Koriya ta Kudu.[5] Ya kamata ne kawai za su dakile makamai masu linzami masu linzami na Koriya ta Arewa a kan zuriyar su, amma jami'an Sin a Beijing suna nuna damuwa cewa, ainihin manufar THAAD ita ce "bin fasahar makamai masu linzami daga China" tunda THAAD tana da ikon sa ido.[6] Saboda haka, THAAD tayi barazanar Koriya ta Arewa kai tsaye kuma, ta hanyar barazanar kawance.
Sojojin Koriya ta Kudu: Wannan shi ne ɗayan manyan dakaru masu ƙarfi a duniya, cikakke tare da sojojin sama mai cikakken iko da makamai na yau da kullun fiye da isa don saduwa da barazanar mamayewa daga Koriya ta Arewa.[7] Sojojin Koriya ta Kudu suna da horo sosai kuma suna da haɗe tare da sojojin Amurka tun da kullun suna aiwatar da darussan kamar "babban ruwan teku, ƙasa da iska mai motsa jiki" wanda ake kira "Ulchi Freedom Guardian" wanda ya shafi dubun dubatan sojoji.[8] Ba yin ɓatar da dama don tsoratar da Pyongyang, an aiwatar da waɗannan a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2017 duk da tashin hankalin da ke tafe.
Sojojin Japan: Sojojin sama masu suna "Sojojin Tsaro" na Japan suna sanye da wasu sabbin kayan aiki, kayan aikin soja a duniya, kamar jiragen sama na AWACS da Ospreys.[9] Tare da tsarin mulkin zaman lafiya na kasar Japan, wadannan makaman 'bama bamai' ne a cikin fahimta sama da kalma daya.
Submarines tare da makamai masu linzami: Amurka tana da jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu kusa da Koriya ta Koriya da ke da makami mai linzami wadanda ke da 'karfin ikon kashe karfin' godiya ga sabon na'urar “super-fuze” da ake amfani da ita don haɓaka tsoffin kuɗaɗewar ta yaƙi. Wannan tabbas mai yiwuwa ne an tura shi kan dukkan jiragen saman yakin Amurka masu amfani da makamai masu linzami.[10] "-Arfin-hari kisan ƙima" yana nufin ikon su na lalata tauraron dan adam kamar Rasha ICBM silos (watau, makami mai linzami ƙarƙashin ƙasa). Waɗannan a baya suna da wuyar riska. Wannan ba kai tsaye yana barazana ga Koriya ta Arewa tunda Rasha tana daga cikin kasashen da zasu iya zuwa taimakonsu idan har suka fara yajin Amurka.
Kamar yadda Sakataren Tsaron Amurka James Mattis ya ce, yakin da Koriya ta Arewa zai zama "masifa."[11] Gaskiya ne - babban bala'i da gaske ga Koreans, arewa da kudu, kuma mai yiwuwa ga wasu ƙasashe na yankin, amma ba ga Amurka ba. Hakanan gaskiya ne cewa “an tallafa wa bango,” janar janar na Koriya ta Arewa “za su yi yaƙi,” kamar yadda Farfesa Bruce Cumings, babban masanin tarihin Koriya a Jami'ar Chicago, ya jaddada.[12] Amurka za ta "lalata" gwamnatin a Pyongyang babban birnin Koriya ta Arewa, kuma tabbas ma dukkan Koriya ta Arewa, kamar yadda Shugaban Amurka Trump ya yi barazanar.[13] Koriya ta Arewa, bi da bi, za ta yi babban lahani ga Seoul, daya daga cikin biranen da suka fi yawan duniya, ta haifar da miliyoyin asarar rai a Koriya ta Kudu da kuma dubun dubata a Japan. Kamar yadda masanin tarihin Paul Atwood ya rubuta, tunda mun san cewa “tsarin arewa yana da makaman kare-dangi wanda za a harba shi a sansanonin Amurka [a Koriya ta Kudu] da Japan, ya kamata muyi kururuwa daga saman gidauniyar cewa harin da Amurkawa za ta fitar da wadancan nukiliya, mai yiwuwa a kowane bangare, kuma mai haifar da lalacewa na iya zama cikin hanzari zuwa cikin ranar da za a arsata ta dare ga hisabi ga daukacin jinsunan mutane. ”[14]
Babu wata ƙasa a duniya da za ta yi barazanar Amurka. Lokaci. David Stockman, wani tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na tsawon shekaru biyu daga Michigan ya rubuta cewa, "Duk yadda kuke karkatar da shi, babu kawai manyan kasashe masu masana'antu, manyan kasashe masu fasaha a duniya wadanda zasu iya yin barazana ga mahaifar Amurka ko ma suna da wata 'yar karamar niyyar yin hakan. . ”[15] Ya tambaya cikin rudani, "Kuna tsammanin [Putin] zata iya murkushewa ko kuma ta kashe kanta don yin barazanar Amurka da makaman Nukiliya?"
"Siegfried Hecker, darektan ficewa na Cibiyar Nazarin Labarai ta kasa da kasa ta Los Alamos kuma jami'in Amurka na karshe da ya binciki makaman nukiliyar Koriya ta Arewa, ya kirkiri girman makamin na Koriya ta Arewa bai wuce 20 zuwa bam din 25 ba."[16] Idan zai kashe kansa ya fara yakar Amurka da Amurka, to hakan zai kasance mai daukar hankali ga Kim Jong-un na Koriya ta Arewa, kasar da ke da kashi daya bisa dari na yawan jama'ar Amurka da kadan.
Matsayin Amurka na shirye-shiryen soji ya wuce duk abinda ya wajaba don kare Koriya ta Kudu. Tana yin barazanar kai tsaye ga Koriya ta Arewa, China, da Rasha. Kamar yadda Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. ya faɗi sau ɗaya, Amurka ita ce “mafi girman mai hana tashin hankali a duniya.” Gaskiya ne a lokacinsa kuma kowane irin gaskiya ne yanzu.
Dangane da batun Koriya ta Arewa, ana ba da fifikon mahimmancin gwamnatocinsu kan tashin hankali tare da ma'anar “mulkin soja,”[17]yadda Cumings ke rarrabe shi. Wannan kalma ta san gaskiyar abin da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba cewa mutanen Koriya ta Arewa suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsu a shirye don yaƙi. Babu wanda ya kira Koriya ta Arewa a matsayin “mafi girman hana tashin hankali” kodayake.
Wanene yatsunsu a kan maɓallin?
Wani mashahurin malamin lafiyar Amurka Robert Jay Lifton kwanan nan ya jaddada “yiwuwar fallasa Donald Trump.”[18] Ya yi bayanin cewa Trump “yana ganin duniya ta hanyar tunanin kansa, abin da yake bukata da kuma yadda yake ji. Kuma ba zai iya zama mafi kuskure ko warwatse ko haɗari. "
A lokacin yakin neman zabensa Trump ba wai kawai ya yi jayayya ne kan batun Japan da Koriya ta Kudu ba, amma ya nuna matukar sha'awar a zahiri amfani da irin wadannan makaman. Cewa Donald Trump, mutumin da ake tunanin ba shi da nutsuwa, yana da ikon mallakar makamin da zai iya kawar da duniya sau da yawa yana wakiltar barazanar gaske, watau, barazanar da za a iya tabbatarwa.
Daga wannan hangen nesa, abin da ake kira "barazanar" na Koriya ta Arewa ya zo ya zama kamar hadari mai karin magana a cikin koyarwa.
Idan kun ji tsoron Kim Jong-un, kuyi tunanin irin fargabar da Koriya ta Arewa zata yi. Tabbas yiwuwar Trump ya bar wani nau'in halittar nukiliya da ba za a iya dakatar da shi daga kwalba ba lallai ne ya zama kiran farkawa ga dukkan mutane a ko ina a fagen siyasa su farka da aiki kafin lokacin ya yi latti.
Idan tsoron da muke yi wa Kim Jong-un ya buge mu da farko ba shi da ma'ana, kuma idan ra'ayin kasancewarsa a "aikin kashe kansa" a yanzu ba shi da tushe - tunda shi, da janar-janar dinsa, da jami'an gwamnatinsa su ne masu cin gajiyar daular da ke ba da manyan iko da gata - to mene ne asalin rashin hankalinmu, watau rashin hankalin mutane a Amurka? Menene duk talla game da shi? Ina so in yi jayayya cewa tushe ɗaya na irin wannan tunanin, irin tunanin da muke gani koyaushe a matakin cikin gida, hakika wariyar launin fata ne. Wannan nau'in nuna wariyar, kamar sauran nau'ikan farfaganda, gwamnati tana karfafa gwiwa sosai wacce ke karfafa manufofin kasashen waje wanda kwadayin 1% ke jagoranta maimakon bukatun 99%.
The"bude kofa”Fantasy
Za a iya taƙaita ainihin manufofinmu na ƙetare tare da baƙin cikin har yanzu taken nan na farfaganda da aka sani da "Buɗe Kofar Manufa," kamar yadda Atwood ya bayyana kwanan nan.[19] Kuna iya tunawa da wannan tsohuwar magana daga aji na makarantar sakandare. At taƙaitaccen bincike na tarihin Doaddamar da Dokar Buɗe Kofa ya nuna mana dalilin da yasa zai iya zama ainihin buɗe ido, yana samar da mabuɗin don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa kwanan nan tare da dangantakar Koriya ta Arewa da Washington. Atwood ya rubuta cewa "Amurka da Japan sun kasance kan hanyar karo tun lokacin da 1920s kuma ta 1940, a cikin matsananciyar damuwa na duniya, an kulle su a cikin wani gwagwarmaya na mutum wanda zai iya amfana daga mafi yawan kasuwanni da albarkatun Great China da Gabas ta Asiya. ”Idan mutum ya yi bayanin abin da ke haifar da yakin Pasifik din, hukuncin zai yi yawa sosai. Atwood ya ci gaba da cewa, "Ainihin dalilin da Amurka ke adawa da Jafanawa a Asiya ba a tattauna shi ba kuma haramun ne a cikin kafa kafofin yada labarai kamar yadda ainihin dalilan manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka ke da babban rubuce."
Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa Amurka ta hana Japan damar yin amfani da albarkatun a Gabashin Asiya, amma ana nuna matsalar ta hanya daya, a matsayin daya daga cikin son kai na Japan kuma za ta mamaye haddasa rikici maimakon na Washington.
Atwood yayi bayani dalla-dalla, "Babban Hadin gwiwar Gabas ta Tsakiya na Japan ya kasance yana rufe kullun 'bude kofa' ga shigar Amurka da kuma samun dama ga arzikin Asiya a mahimmin lokaci. Yayin da Japan ta karbi ragamar Gabashin Asiya Amurka ta ƙaura jirgin ruwan Pacific zuwa Hawaii a cikin mafi nisan sararin Japan, ta sanya takunkumi na tattalin arziki, takunkumi mai ƙarfe da mai kuma a watan Agusta 1941 ta ba da izinin wucewa zuwa China da Vietnam 'ko kuma.' Ganin wannan ƙarshen barazanar shi ne, Japan ta ɗauki abin da Tokyo ta zama yajin aiki na farko a Hawaii. ”Abin da yawancinmu aka haifar da gaskantawa, cewa kawai Japan ta bar baya saboda gwamnatin da ba ta da iko da mulkin soja. A gaskiya ma tsohon labarin tashin hankali ne a kan wanda ya mallaki albarkatun duniya.
Tabbas, ra'ayin Cumings, wanda ya kwashe tsawon rayuwa yana bincike game da tarihin Koriya, musamman ma game da alakar Amurka da Korea, ya yi daidai da Atwood's: “Tun lokacin da aka buga“ buɗe ƙofofin bayanin kula 'a cikin 1900 a tsakiyan iska Gidajen Sin, babban burin Washington ba koyaushe yake samun damar samun damar shiga yankin gabashin Asiya ba; tana son gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi don riƙe 'yanci amma ba su da ƙarfi don yin watsi da tasirin Yammacin Turai. "[20] Labarin Atwood a takaice amma mai ƙarfi yana ba mutum babban hoto na Doofar Dogiyar ,ofar Bude, yayin da aikin Cumings, mutum zai iya koya game da yadda aka aiwatar da shi a Koriya a lokacin mamayar Amurkawa bayan Yaƙin Pacific. zaben babu-adalci da gaskiya ba na dodo na farko na Koriya ta kudu Syngman Rhee (1875 – 1965), da yakin basasa a Koriya wanda ya biyo baya. “Samun damar zuwa yankin na Asiya ta Gabas” na nufin samun damar zuwa kasuwanni don manyan shahararrun kasuwancin Amurka, tare da samun nasarar mamayar waɗancan kasuwannin ƙari.
Matsalar ita ce gwamnatocin 'yan mulkin mallaka sun sami iko a Koriya, Vietnam, da China. Wadannan gwamnatocin sun so su yi amfani da albarkatunsu don ci gaban 'yanci don amfanin jama'ar ƙasarsu, amma wannan shine, kuma har yanzu, tutar ja ga "sa" wacce take ita ce hadaddiyar masana'antar sojan Amurka. Sakamakon wadancan kungiyoyi na neman 'yanci, Washington ta tafi don "mafi kyau." "Masu shirya shirin Amurka sun kirkiro wata kyakkyawar duniya wacce ta raba Asiya don tsararraki."[21] Wani masanin hadin gwiwa Pak Hung-sik ya ce "'yan tawaye da masu kishin kasa" ne matsalar, watau mutanen da suka yi imani cewa bunkasar tattalin arzikin Koriya yakamata su amfana da Koriya ta Kudu, kuma wadanda suke ganin yakamata Koriya ta koma wani tsarin hada-hada (kamar yadda ake yi a da. aƙalla shekaru 1,000).
“Rashin wahala” wariyar launin fata
Tunda irin wannan tunanin na tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar '' kishin ƙasa '' mai zaman kansa koyaushe ya zama dole a tumɓuke shi a kowane farashi, babban saka hannun jari a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada zai zama dole. (Jama'a kasancewar masu saka jari da hukumomi masu hannun jari!) Irin wannan saka hannun jari zai buƙaci haɗin gwiwar miliyoyin Amurkawa. A nan ne akidar “Yammacin Yari” ta kasance mai amfani. Yanayin Yellow Yammacin ra'ayi ne na farfaganda wanda ya yi aiki tare cikin safar hannu tare da Buɗe Kofar Manufa, ta kowace irin hanyar da take nuna kanta a halin yanzu.[22] Haɗin haɗin an nuna su sosai a cikin ɗumbin halayen farfaganda na Yellow Peril tun daga lokacin Yaƙin Jabin-Jafan na farko (1894 – 95) sun haɗa baki da wani rubutun da farfesa na tarihi Peter C. Perdue da Babban Daraktan ofasa Ellen Sebring na al'adu da ke Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.[23] Kamar yadda labarinsu ya bayyana, “dalilin kara karfin kasashen ketare da niyyar sanya china cikin bangarorin tasiri shine, bayan hakan, fahimtarsu cewa ribar da ba za ta samu ba daga wannan. Wannan jakar mara kyau ta zinare, hakika ɗayan ɓangaren 'haɗarin rawaya'. "Hoto na farfagandar hoto hoto ne na wani mutumin China, wanda a zahiri yake zaune a jaka na zinari a ɗaya gefen teku.
An nuna wariyar launin fata ta yamma ga mutanen Gabas tare da mummunar kalmar wariyar launin fata "gook." Abin farin ciki, kalmar ta mutu. Koreans bai yaba da yadda ake kula da su da azabtar da launin fata kamar su ba,[24] babu fiye da Filipinos ko Vietnamese.[25] (A Vietnam akwai wata doka da ba ta hukuma ba amma kuma ana tura ta ne “mulkin-da aka yi amfani da shi” ko “MGR,” wanda ya ce Vietnam ne dabbobi ne kawai da za a iya kashe su ko cin zarafin su). An yi amfani da wannan kalma don nufin Koreans, su ma, na arewaci da kudu. Cumings ya gaya mana cewa "editan soja mai ladabi" Hanson Baldwin a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya ya kwatanta Koriya da farar hula, da maƙarƙashiya, da kuma yawan mutanen Genghis Khan, kuma ya yi amfani da kalmomi don bayyana su kamar "na farko."[26]Abokan Washington na Japan kuma sun ba da damar wariyar launin fata game da Koreans don bunƙasa kuma kawai ta kafa dokarta ta farko game da kalaman ƙiyayya a cikin 2016.[27]Abin takaici, doka ce mara nauyi kuma mataki ne na farko.
Tsoron mara imani na marasa imani na ruhaniya, fina-finai game da Fu Manchu,[28] da hotuna masu nuna wariyar launin fata game da ƙarni na 20th duk sun taka rawa wajen ƙirƙirar al'adu wanda George W. Bush zai iya, tare da fuska ta madaidaiciya, ya tsara Koriya ta Arewa ɗayan ƙasashe uku na "Axis of mugunta" bayan 9 / 11.[29] Ba wai kawai 'yan jaridar da ba su da fa'ida ba ne kuma masu tasiri a Fox News amma sauran hanyoyin yanar gizo da takardu suna maimaita wannan alamar zane mai amfani da ita, suna amfani da ita a matsayin "gajere" don wata manufar Amurka.[30] Kusan kalmar “axis na ƙiyayya” an yi amfani da ita, kafin a fitar da ita daga magana ta asali. Amma gaskiyar cewa an dauki waɗannan sharuɗɗan da muhimmanci alama ce ta rashin kunya a gefenmu, alama ce ta mugunta da ƙiyayya a cikin al'ummominmu.
Halin wariyar launin fata da Trump ya nuna wa mutane masu launin fata don haka a bayyane yake da wuya ake bukatar yin rubuce-rubuce.
Dangantakar Postwar tsakanin Koreas da Japan
Tare da wannan nuna wariyar a baya - wannan nuna wariyar da mutane ke yi wa tashar jirgin ruwan Amurka ga Koreans - ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa 'yan Amurkan kaɗan ne suka taka ƙafafunsu kuma suka yi ihu, “ya isa” game da zaluncin da Washington ta yi musu bayan yaƙi. Daya daga cikin mafi munin hanyoyin da Washington ta zalunci Koreans bayan yakin Pacific shine lokacin Kotun Soja ta Kasa da Kasa da ke Gabas ta Gabas da aka yi taro a 1946: tsarin bautar jima'i na sojan Japan (wanda ake kira da suna "mata masu ta'aziyya") ba a gurfanar da shi ba, yana yin fataucin jima'i na kowace ƙasa daga baya, ciki har da Amurka, mai yuwuwar sake farfaɗowa. Kamar yadda Gay J. McDougall na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya rubuta a 1998, “… rayukan mata na ci gaba da zama ragi. Abun bakin ciki, wannan gazawar na magance laifuka na dabi'ar jima'I da aka aikata a kazamin fada a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kara matsayin rashin hukunta wanda ake aikata irin wannan laifin a yau. "[31] Laifin jima'i da matan Koriya ta sojojin Amurka da suka gabata da kuma na yau an danganta su da wadanda sojojin Japan na baya.[32] Rayuwar mata gabaɗaya ba sa ƙima, amma rayuwar korean musamman mata ba sa raina su kamar '' '' '' '' fari '' '-' yan lalata da wariyar launin fata.
Hankalin sojan na Amurka game da cin zarafin jima'i ya bayyana a Japan ta yadda Washington ta ba da damar sojojin Amurka su yi karuwanci matan Japan, wadanda aka yiwa fataucin mutane daga gwamnatin Japan, da ake kira "Nishaɗi da Shaye Shaye," wanda aka baiyana a bayyane ga yardar da sojojin kawance.[33] Game da batun Koriya, an gano ta ta hanyar fassarar sauraren karar majalisar dokokin Koriya ta Kudu cewa "a musayar daya a 1960, majalisun biyu sun bukaci gwamnati ta horar da kariyar karuwai don biyan abin da daya ya kira 'bukatun dabi'a' na sojojin da ke kawance da hana su kashe dalarsu a Japan maimakon Koriya ta Kudu. Lee Sung-woo, mataimakin minista a wannan lokacin, ya amsa cewa gwamnati ta sami ci gaba a 'samar da karuwai' da kuma "tsarin nishadi" ga sojojin Amurkan. "[34]
Haka nan kuma ba za a manta cewa sojojin Amurka sun yi wa matan Koriya fyade a wajen masu bautar ba. Matan Jafan, kamar matan Koriya, sun kasance masu cin zarafin fyade yayin mamayar Amurka a can da kuma kusa da sansanonin sojan Amurka — mata masu safarar zina harma da mata suke sauka a titi.[35] Waɗanda ke fama da rauni a cikin ƙasashen har yanzu suna fama da raunuka na jiki da PTSD-duka sakamakon mamaye da sansanonin soji. Laifi ne a cikin al'ummar mu cewa "boysa bean za su zama maza" halayen al'adun sojan Amurka ya ci gaba. Ya kamata a saka shi cikin budo a Kotun Soja ta Kasa don Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Bayanin sassaucin ra’ayi na MacArthur da ya shafi sassaucin ra’ayi na Japan ya hada da motsawa ga dimokiradiyya kamar sake fasalin kasa, ‘yancin ma’aikata, da ba da izinin shiga tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago; tsabtace jami'an gwamnati masu ra'ayin rikau; da kuma sarautar Zaibatsu (watau, Taron Kasuwanci na Yankin Pacific, wanda ya ci gajiyar yaƙi) da kuma shirya manyan laifuka; na ƙarshe amma mafi ƙaranci, kundin tsarin mulki na zaman lafiya na musamman a cikin duniya tare da Nashi na 9 "'Yan Jafananci har abada ba su yarda da yaƙi a matsayin' yancin mallaka na al'umma da barazana ko amfani da ƙarfi azaman hanyar warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa da ƙasa ba." Babu shakka, yawancin wannan zai barka da zuwa ga Koreans, musamman ban da masu kawo karshen ikon daga kundin tsarin mulki da kuma tsarin mulki na zaman lafiya.
Abin takaici, irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba sa maraba da kamfanoni ko rukunin masana'antu na soja, don haka a farkon 1947 an yanke shawara cewa masana'antun Japan za su sake kasancewa "taron Gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya," kuma cewa Japan da Koriya ta Kudu za su sami tallafi daga Washington don farfado da tattalin arziki daidai da layin Marshall Plan a Turai.[36] Jumla guda a cikin bayanin kula daga Sakataren Harkokin Waje George Marshall zuwa Dean Acheson a cikin Janairu 1947 ya tattara manufofin Amurka game da Koriya wanda zai kasance daga wannan shekarar har zuwa 1965: “shirya ingantacciyar gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kuma ku haɗu [sic] ta Acheson ya gaji Marshall a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje daga 1949 zuwa 1953. "Ya zama babban mai bayar da shawarwari na cikin gida na kiyaye Koriya ta kudu a cikin tasirin tasirin Amurka da Jafanawa, sannan ya sha daukar matakin Amurka na yakin Koriya ta Arewa," a cikin kalaman Cumings.
Sakamakon haka, ma’aikatan Jafananci sun rasa hakkoki daban-daban kuma ba su da karfin ciniki, an kafa tushen rikice-rikice mai suna "Sojojin Tsaro", kuma an ba da izini ga masu ba da shawara irin su Firayim Minista Abe mahaifin Kishi Nobusuke (1896 – 1987) su koma gwamnati . Maimaitawa na Japan ya ci gaba a yau, yana barazanar Koreas har ma da China da Rasha.
Masanin tarihin Pulitzer wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta John Dower ya lura da sakamako mai ban tausayi wanda ya biyo baya daga yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya biyu na Japan wanda ya fara aiki a ranar da Japan ta dawo da ikonta 28 Afrilu 1952: “An hana Japan motsawa yadda ya kamata don yin sulhu da sake hadewa tare da ita makwabta na Asiya. Zaman lafiya ya yi jinkiri. ”[37] Washington ta toshe hanyar samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Japan da manyan makwabtarta biyu da ta mamaye, Koriya da China, ta hanyar kafa “zaman lafiya daban” wanda zai hana Koreas da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) gaba daya. Washington ta juya hannun Japan don samun haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar barazanar ci gaba da mamayar da ta fara tare da Janar Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880 – 1964)) Tun lokacin da Japan da Koriya ta Kudu ba su daidaita dangantaka ba har zuwa Yuni 1965, da kuma yarjejeniyar sulhu tsakanin Japan da Ba a sanya hannu kan PRC ba har zuwa 1978, akwai jinkiri mai tsawo, a lokacin da a cewar Dower, "raunuka da mummunar rashi na mulkin mallaka, mamayewa, da amfani da dama an bar su cikin rikici - ba a san su sosai ba kuma ba a san su a Japan ba. Ya danganta ne da yanayin neman gabas a gabar Pacific zuwa Amurka don tsaro da kuma hakika, don ainihin mutanenta. ”Don haka Washington ta yi tsami tsakanin Japan din da gefe guda da Koriya da China a daya bangaren, suna musanta cewa Jafananci dama ce. don yin tunani kan ayyukansu lokacin yakin, neman afuwa, da sake gina dangantakar abokantaka. mutanen da suka kware sosai sun fahimci cewa Washington ma za ta kasance abin zargi.
Kar ku bari ƙofar ta rufe a gabashin Asiya
Don komawa ga manufar Atwood game da Bude orofar Doka, sai ya bayyana a sarari kuma ya fassara wannan rukunan mulkin mallaka kamar haka: “Kuɗin Amurka da kamfanoni yakamata su sami izinin shiga kasuwannin dukkan ƙasashe da yankuna kuma su sami damar yin amfani da albarkatun su da ƙarfin aiki mai rahusa a kan Kalmomin Amurka, wani lokacin diflomasiyya, sau da yawa ta hanyar amfani da makamai.[38] Yayi bayanin yadda wannan koyarwar ta dauki tsari. Bayan yakin basasa (1861-65), Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a “ko'ina cikin Tekun Pacific musamman a Japan, China, Korea da Vietnam inda ta aiwatar da makamai da yawa.” Manufar Sojojin Navy shine “tabbatar da doka da oda da kuma tabbatar dama ta tattalin arziƙi… yayin hana Europeanasashen Turai… daga samun gatan da zai keɓe baƙin Amurika. ”
Fara sauti saba?
Manufar Bude kofa ta haifar da wasu yaƙe-yaƙe na shiga tsakani, amma Amurka ba a zahiri ta fara ƙoƙari don hana ƙungiyoyin ɓarna a gabashin Asiya ba, a cewar Cumings, har zuwa rahoton kwamitin Tsaron Kasa na 1950 / 48, wanda ya kasance shekaru biyu a cikin yin. An sanya wa taken "Matsayi na Amurka tare da Mutunta Asiya" kuma ta samar da wani sabon tsari wanda ba a taba tsammani ba a karshen yakin duniya na II: zai shirya shiga tsakani soja da kungiyoyin 'yan mulkin mallaka a gabashin Asiya — Koriya ta farko, sai Vietnam, tare da Juyin Juya Halin Sin a matsayin babbar hanyar dawowa. ”[39] Wannan NSC 48 / 2 ya nuna adawa ga "masana'antu gaba ɗaya." A takaice dai, zai yi kyau ƙasashe a Gabashin Asiya su mallaki ƙasashe masu tasowa, amma ba ma son su haɓaka cikakken masana'antu kamar yadda Amurka ta yi, saboda a lokacin za su iya yin gasa tare da mu a fannonin da muke da “kwatanci kaɗan.”[40] Wannan shine abin da NSC 48 / 2 ya kira "girman kai da kishi," wanda zai "hana mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar duniya."
Rushewar Korea
Kafin bayyanar Japan game da Koriya a cikin 1910, yawancin Koreans sun kasance '' manoma ne, yawancinsu haya gida ne wanda daya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikice na duniya ya rike, 'watau, yangbanilmin lissafi.[41] Kalmar tana kunshe da haruffa biyu na kasar Sin, yang ma'ana "biyu" da ban ma’ana “rukuni.” Rukunin masu mulkin ya kunshi kungiyoyi biyu - na farar hula da na sojoji. Kuma ba a kawar da bautar a Koriya ba har sai 1894.[42] Kasancewar Amurka da sabuwar gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta Kudu wacce ba a amince da ita ba wacce aka kafa a watan Agusta 1948 ta bi manufofin rarrabuwa da cin nasara cewa, bayan shekaru 1,000 na hadin kai, ya tura yankin Koriya cikin cikakken, yakin basasa tare da rarrabuwa a aji Lines.
Don haka mene ne laifin yawancin Koreans waɗanda a yanzu suna gab da azabtar da su? Laifin su na farko shi ne cewa an haife su ne a cikin matsayin tattalin arziƙi a cikin ƙasar da ke haɗuwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi, watau Sin da Japan. Bayan wahala da yawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Japan na fiye da 30, sun ji daɗin ɗan gajeren ji na 'yanci wanda ya fara a lokacin bazara na 1945, amma ba da daɗewa ba Amurka ta ƙwace daga inda Mulkin Japan ya bar baya. Laifinsu na biyu ya kasance yana tsayayya da wannan bautar ta biyu a karkashin Syngman Rhee da ke samun goyon bayan Washington, ta haifar da yakin Koriya. Na ukun kuma, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi fatan alheri ga dukiyar kasarsu. Wadannan nau'ikan tawaye biyu na ƙarshe sun haifar dasu cikin matsala tare da Bully Number One, wanda kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ya yanke shawara a asirce don kada ya ƙyale “masana'antu gaba ɗaya" a cikin NSC 48 / 2, yayi daidai da tsarinta na yanayin ƙasa, yana azabtar da ƙasashe masu ɗorewa Mai zaman kansa ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Wataƙila saboda ɗaukar doka da ƙarfi cewa sabbin, rauni, da Amurka ta mamaye na gwamnatin Syngman Rhee, ƙwararrun masana ilimi a Yammacin duniya sun yi la’akari da kisan kiyashi da Amurka ta yi yayin mamayar Koriya, ko ma cikin takamaiman matakin. kisan-kiyashi da suka hada da kafa gwamnatin Rhee. Tsakanin 100,000 da 200,000 Koreans an kashe ta ta hanyar Koriya ta Kudu da sojojin mamaye na Amurka kafin Yuni 1950, lokacin da "yakin al'ada" ya fara, bisa ga binciken Cumings, kuma "an kama mutane 300,000 kuma an kashe su ko kuma kawai Koriya ta Kudu ta ɓace gwamnati a farkon watanni bayan al'ada yaƙin ya fara. ”[43] (My rubutun). Don haka saukar da juriya na Koriya a farkon matakansa ya shafi kisan mutane kusan rabin miliyan. Wannan kawai tabbaci ne cewa ɗumbin 'yan Korea ta kudu, ba kawai yawancin Koreans na arewa ba (miliyoyin waɗanda aka yanka a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya), ba su maraba da buɗe hannayensu na sabbin shugabannin da ke goyon bayan Amurka.
Farawar "yakin al'ada", ta hanyar, ana yawanci alama a matsayin 25 Yuni 1950, lokacin da Koreans a arewa suka "mamaye" kasarsu, amma yaƙin Koriya ya rigaya ya fara tafiya a farkon 1949, don haka ko da yake akwai jinkiri sosai da aka ɗauka cewa Yakin ya fara ne a 1950, Cumings ya musanta wannan zato.[44] Misali, an yi mummunan yaƙin tsibiri a Cheju Island a cikin 1948-49 wanda a wani wuri tsakanin an kashe mazaunin 30,000 da 80,000, daga cikin adadin 300,000, wasu daga cikinsu kashe Amurkawa kai tsaye daga Amurkawa kuma yawancinsu ba kai tsaye ba daga Amurkawa a Ma'anar Washington ta taimaka ga tashe tashen hankula na jihar Syngman Rhee.[45] A takaice dai, zai yi wuya a zargi yakin Koriya a kan Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Koriya (DPRK), amma da sauki a zarge shi a Washington da Syngman Rhee.
Bayan duk wahalhalun da Amurka ta haifar wa Koriya, duka arewa da kudu, bai kamata ta zo da wani mamaki ba cewa gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa tana adawa da gaba da Amurkawa, kuma wasu 'yan Korea ta Arewa suna ba da hadin kai ga gwamnatin Kim Jong-un. wajen taimaka wa Arewa ta shirya wa yaƙi da Amurka, koda gwamnati ba ta da tsari. (Aƙalla hotunan bidiyon da aka nuna mana a kai a kai a talabijin na yau da kullun, na sojoji suna tafiya suna nuna wani matakin haɗin gwiwa). A cikin kalmomin Cumings, “DPRK ba wuri ne mai kyau ba, amma wuri ne wanda za a iya fahimta, da mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka da ke tasowa daga rabin karni na mulkin mallaka na Japan da kuma wani karni na rabin ci gaba da gwagwarmaya Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu mafi ƙarfi, tare da duk abubuwan da za a iya faɗiwa (mulkin ƙasa, siyasa gaba ɗaya, sake yiwa maƙasudi) da kuma matuƙar kulawa da keta haƙƙoƙinsa a matsayin na ƙasa. ”[46]
Menene yanzu?
Lokacin da Kim Jong-un ya gabatar da barazanar maganganu, da wuya su zama masu gaskiya. Lokacin da Shugaban Amurka Trump ke barazanar Koriya ta Arewa, abin tsoro ne. An fara yaƙin nukiliya akan yankin Koriya na iya "zubar da isassun soora da tarkace don razana yawan jama'ar duniya,"[47] saboda haka yana fuskantar barazanar kasancewar ɗan adam.
Abinda kawai zai buƙaci bincika abin da ake kira "Doomsday Clock" don ganin yadda yake da sauri cewa muna aiki yanzu.[48] Yawancin mutane sanannu sun ba da labarin, gabaɗaya, ga labarin da ke damun kowa a Koriya ta Arewa. Ba tare da la'akari da imanin siyasa ba, dole ne mu sake tunani kuma mu sake fasalin muhawara ta yanzu game da wannan Amurka rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice na Washington. Wannan na bukatar ganin abubuwan dake faruwa 'ba abin tsammani bane,' ba a matsayin wani lamari ne da ya zama ruwan dare ba amma a matsayin wani sakamakon da za'a iya haifarwa sakamakon tashe-tashen hankulan tarihi na mulkin mallaka da jari-hujja akan lokaci - ba wai kawai '' gani '' ba, amma yin aiki tare da jajircewar canza yanayinmu propensity ga tashin hankali.
Notes.
[1] Bertrand Russell, Hanyoyin da ba a sani ba (Saminu And Schuster, 1950)
[2] "Baitukan Sojojin Amurka a cikin Asusun Sojojin Japan"
[3] Uman tsana, Matsayin Koriya a Rana: Tarihi na zamani (WW Norton, 1988) p. 477.
Alex Ward, “Koriya ta Kudu tana son Amurka ta Tushe Makamashin Nukiliya a cikin Kasar. Wannan Bahaushe ne Mara kyau. " Vox (5 Satumba 2017).
[4] Alex Lockie, “Amurka ta aika da jigilar jiragen sama ta uku zuwa tekun Pacific a matsayin manyan jiragen ruwan Armada kusa da Koriya ta Arewa, " business Insider (5 Yuni 2017)
[5] Bridget Martin, "Moon Jae-In's Babban Taro: Wajan Shugaban '' Candlelight 'na Koriya ta Kudu ya fuskanci' Yan adawar Kasa mai karfi kan Tsaron Makami mai linzami, " Labaran Asiya Pacific: Labaran Japan 15: 18: 1 (15 Satumba 2017).
[6] Jane Santa Ana, “Ga Sin, Tsarin Tsaro na makamai masu linzami a Koriya ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Ba da daɗi," New York Times (8 Yuli 2016)
[7] Bruce Klingner, “Koriya ta Kudu: akingaukar Matakan da suka dace don Gyara Tsarin tsaro, ”Gidauniyar Gidauniyar (19 Oktoba 2011)
[8] Oliver Holmes, “Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu za su gabatar da babban aikin soji duk da rikicin Koriya ta Arewa, " The Guardian (11 Agusta 2017)
[9] "Gargadi da Tsarin jirgin saman Japan-Airborne (AWACS) Kwamfuta Kwamfuta Kwamfuta Masu haɓaka (MCU),"Haɗin Tsaron Tsaro na Tsaro (26 Satumba 2013)
[10] Hans M. Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, da Theodore A. Postol, “Yadda Amurkawan Amurkawan Nukiliya ke Rage Tsayawar Tsarin Mulki: Yunkurin Tsallake-tsalle ya rama Super-Fuze, " Bulletin na Atomic Scientists (Maris 2017)
Movedaya daga cikin ƙananan jirgin ruwa ya koma yankin a watan Afrilu 2017. Duba Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen da Brad Lendon, “Jirgin saman yakin Amurka mai saukan makami mai linzami a Koriya ta Kudu, ”CNN (25 Afrilu 2017).
Dole a sami aƙalla biyu a yankin duk da haka. DubaTrump ya gaya wa Duterte game da tallafin makaman nukiliya biyu na Amurka a cikin ruwan Koriya: NYT, ”Reuters (24 Mayu 2017)
[11] Dakshayani Shankar, “Mattis: Yaki da Koriya ta Arewa zai zama 'masifa',"Labaran ABC (10 Aug 2017)
[12] Bruce Santa,Masarautar Hermit Ta Buga Kanmu, " LA Times (17 Yuli 1997)
[13] David Nakamura da Anne Gearan, “A cikin jawabin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Trump ya yi barazanar 'ya lalata Koriya ta Arewa gaba daya' sannan ya kira Kim Jong Un 'Rocket Man', " Washington Post (19 Satumba 2017)
[14] Paul Atwood, "Korea? Gaskiya ne Labari game da Sinanci !, ” CounterPunch (22 Satumba 2017)
[15] David Stockman, “Matsalar ta'addanci ta Kasar Iran 'Barazanar Iran', " Antiwar.com (14 Oktoba 2017)
[16] Joby Warrick da Ellen Nakashima da Anna FifieldKoriya ta Arewa yanzu haka tana shirin kera makamai masu linzami, in ji manazarta Amurka, " Washington Post (8 Agusta 2017)
[17] Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Wani Ƙasar (Sabon Jaridar, 2003) p. 1.
[18] Sanarwar yin hira, “Likitan hauka Robert Jay Lifton akan Aiwatar da Gargadi: '' Tsallakewar Gaskiya 'na Trump ya zama mai Hadari a garemu Duk, ”Demokiradiya! (13 Oktoba 2017)
[19] Atwood, "Korea? Gaskiya ne Labari game da kasar Sin! ” CounterPunch.
[20] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 8, sashe mai taken "Rikicin soja-Masana'antu," sakin layi na 7.
[21] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 8, sashe mai taken "Rikicin soja-Masana'antu," sakin layi na 7.
[22] Aaron David Miller da Richard Sokolsky, “Tya 'axis of mugunta' ya dawo, ”CNN (26 Afrilu 2017) l
[23] "Tashin hankali na Dambe - Na: Hadari mai tarawa a Arewacin China (1860-1900), ”MIT Maballin al'adu, shafin yanar gizo na lasisin Creative Commons:
[24] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Fasali 4, sakin layi na 3rd.
[25] Nick Turse ya faɗi tarihin mummunar wariyar launin fata da ke hade da wannan kalma a Kashe Duk wani Abin da Ke :aukewa: Yakin Amurka na Gaskiya a Vietnam (Picador, 2013), Babi na 2.
[26] Don asalin labarin tashin hankali a zahiri, duba Hanson W. Baldwin, "Darasi na Koriya: Kwarewar Reds, Kira na foraukar Reappraisal na buƙatun tsaro a kan mamaye Ba zato ba tsammani," New York Times (14 Yuli 1950)
[27] Tomohiro Osaki, “Abinci ya wuce dokar farko da Japan ta hana magana da kalaman nuna kiyayya, " Japan Times (24 Mayu 2016)
[28] Julia Lovell, “Halin Yellow: Dr Fu Manchu & Tashin Chinaphobia ta Christopher Frayling - bita, " The Guardian (30 Oktoba 2014)
[29] Christine Hong, “Yaƙi ta Sauran Hanyar: Rikicin Koreanancin ɗan Koriya ta Arewa, " Labaran Asiya Pacific: Labaran Japan 12: 13: 2 (30 Maris 2014)
[30] Lucas Tomlinson da Kamfanin dillacin labarai, “'Axis na mugunta 'har yanzu suna da rai kamar yadda Koriya ta Arewa, Iran ta harba makamai masu linzami, takunkumi marasa tushe, ”Fox News (29 Yuli 2017)
Jaime Fuller, “Mafi kyawun NUMungiyar 4 na addressungiyar adireshin: 'Axis na mugunta, ' Washington Post (25 Janairu 2014)
[31] Caroline Norma, Yawan Jakadancin Jafananci da Jima'i na Jakadancin Japan sun yi ta'aziyya a lokacin yakin China da Pacific (Bloomsbury, 2016), Kammalawa, sakin layi na 4.
[32] Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Ba ku son ku sani game da 'yan matan ba? 'Mata masu ta'aziya', Sojojin Japan da Sojojin Hadin gwiwa a yakin Asia-Pacific, ” Labaran Asiya Pacific: Labaran Japan 13: 31: 1 (3 Agusta 2015).
[33] John W. Dower, Amincewa da Shakka: Japan a Yakin Duniya na II. (Norton, 1999)
[34] Katharine HS Moon, "Yin karuwanci da Sojojin Amurka a Asiya," Labaran Asiya Pacific: Labaran Japan Xarar 7: 3: 6 (12 Janairu 2009)
[35] Norma, Yawan Jakadancin Jafananci da Jima'i na Jakadancin Japan sun yi ta'aziyya a lokacin yakin China da Pacific, Babi na 6, sakin karshe na sashin taken "Wadanda aka zalunta har zuwa karshen su."
[36] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 5, sakin layi na biyu zuwa na karshe na sashe na farko gabanin "Kudu maso Yamma na Korea a lokacin Gwamnatin Soja."
[37] John W. Dower, “Tsarin San Francisco: Tsohuwar, ta yanzu, makomar dangantakar Amurka da Japan, " Labaran Asiya Pacific: Labaran Japan 12: 8: 2 (23 Fabrairu 2014)
[38] Atwood, “Koriya? Ya kasance Koyaushe game da Kasar Sin!" YaRank.
[39] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 8, sashe mai taken "Rikicin soja-Masana'antu," sakin layi na 6.
[40] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 8, sashe mai taken "Rikicin soja-Masana'antu," sakin layi na 9.
[41] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Fasali na 1, sakin layi na 3rd.
[42] Biran, Koriya ta Arewa: Wata ,asa, Fasali na 4, sakin layi na 2nd.
[43] Umasashe, "Tarihin ofan Tarihi na Koriya," London Review of Books 39: 10 (18 Mayu 2017).
[44] Biran, Kasashen Korea a Sun: Tarihi na zamani, p. 238.
[45] Biran, Yaƙin Koriya, Babi na 5, "Kungiyar tawayen Cheju."
[46] Biran, North Korea: Wani Ƙasar, Babi na 2, "barazanar Nuclear Amurka", sakin layi na karshe.
[47] Bruce na Cumings, "Tarihin Historyan Tarihi ne na Koriya," London Review of Books (18 Mayu 2017). Wannan shi ne cikakken bayani game da tarihin Koriya kamar yadda ya shafi rikicin yanzu.
[48] Bulletin na Atomic Scientists
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Joseph Essertier masanin farfesa ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nagoya a Japan.
