Yarjejeniya ta uku mai suna Tulsi Gabbard na Hawaii, memba na kwamitocin Armed Services da Harkokin Waje, ya ba da doka wanda zai haramta duk wani taimako na Amurka ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci a Siriya da kuma wata kungiya da ke aiki tare da su. Yana da mahimmanci, zai haramta izinin soja na Amurka da wasu nau'o'in haɗin soja tare da wasu ƙasashe waɗanda suke samar da makamai ko tallafi ga masu ta'addanci da abokan haɗin.

Gabbard ta "Dakatar da Dokar Yan Ta'addanci" kalubale a karo na farko a Congress wani shirin Amurka game da rikice-rikice a yakin basasar Syria da ya kamata ya tashi da kararrawa tun da daɗewa: a 2012-13 gwamnatin Obama ta taimaka wa Sunni goyon baya Turkiya, Saudi Arabia, Qatar sun ba da makamai zuwa Siriya da kuma kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai masu dauke da makamai daga Syria don tilasta Shugaba Bashar al-Assad daga ikonsa. Kuma a cikin 2013 gwamnati ta fara samar da makamai ga abin da CIA ta yi la'akari da zama "kungiyoyi masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi" masu mahimmanci-ma'anar sun kafa wasu nau'o'i na tsauraran Musulunci.

Wannan manufar, wanda ake nufi don taimakawa wajen maye gurbin gwamnatin Assad tare da samun dimokuradiyya, ya taimaka wajen gina al Qaeda ta Syria kyauta. al Nusra Front a cikin babbar barazana ga Assad.

Magoya bayan wannan makamin makamai sunyi imanin cewa wajibi ne a mayar da martani kan tasirin Iran a Siriya. Amma wannan hujja ta jawo ainihin batun da tarihin ya tsara.  Shirin gwamnatin Obama a Syria ta hanyar sayar da kayan da Amurka ke da ita, wanda ya kamata ya zama makami na "yakin duniya na ta'addanci" - kawar da al Qaeda da 'yan ta'adda. {Asar Amirka ta amince da cewa, {asar Amirka na son yin amfani da ta'addanci ga bukatun 'yan Sunni. Yin haka ne ya taimaka wajen haifar da barazanar ta'addanci a cikin tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Manufofin kungiyoyin sojin da ke kokarin kawar da gwamnatin Bashar al-Assad sun fara ne a cikin watan Satumba na 2011, lokacin da 'yan Sunni suka hada da Turkiyya, Saudi Arabia da Qatar - don samar da makamai masu tsanani ga sojojin adawa da Assad sun ƙaddara su kafa. Turkiyya da Gulf sun bukaci Amurka ta samar da makamai masu linzami da makamai masu guba ga 'yan tawaye, a cewar wani tsohon jami'in Gwamnatin Obama ya shafi al'amurra na Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Obama ya ƙi bayar da makami ga 'yan adawa, amma ya amince da shi don samar da taimako mai shiga tsakani a Amurkan na gudanar da yakin neman taimakon soja ga kungiyoyin 'yan adawa. Shirin CIA a hannun sojojin Assad sun fara ne da shirya kayan aikin makamai daga hannun jari na Gaddafi da aka ajiye a Benghazi. Kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar CIA ya fitar da makamai daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Benghazi zuwa kananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Siriya ta hanyar amfani da tsoffin ma'aikatan soji na Amurka don gudanar da aikin, kamar yadda mai jarida bincike Sy Hersh cikakke a cikin 2014. Shirin kudade na shirin ya zo ne daga Saudis.

Rahotanni na hukumar tsaro na tsaro na 2012 na watan Oktoba ya bayyana cewa sakon a cikin watan Agustan 2012 ya hada da bindigogin 500, magunguna na 100 RPG (masu rudani na gurneti) tare da 300 RPG da 400 masu kayan aiki. Kowace kayan aiki ya ƙunshi nauyin kwalliya guda goma, in ji shi, kowannensu ya yi la'akari da 48,000 fam na kaya. Wannan yana nuna jimlar yawan kuɗin da aka yi wa 250 tons na makamai da izini. Koda koda CIA ta tsara kaya guda kawai a cikin wata, makamai za su iya ɗaukar nauyin 2,750 na makamai a karshen Siriya daga watan Oktoba 2011 ta watan Agusta 2012. Wataƙila yana da nau'i na wannan adadi.

Hanyoyin da ke dauke da makamai masu linzami na CIA daga Libya sun dakatar da shi a watan Satumba na 2012 lokacin da 'yan tawayen Libya suka kai farmaki da kone wutar amintattun ofishin jakadancin a Benghazi da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa aikin. Amma, a wannan lokaci, wata babbar hanyar da za a yi amfani da bindigogi, ta fafutukar sojojin gwamnati, ta buɗe. CIA ta sa Saudis ta sadu da babban jami'in kasar Croatia wanda ya bayar da sayar da manyan makamai sun bar daga Balkan Wars na 1990s. Kuma CIA taimaka musu sayarwa don makamai daga masu sayar da makamai da gwamnatoci a wasu tsoffin ƙasashe na Soviet.

Kashi tare da makamai da aka samu daga shirin CIA Libya da kuma daga Croatians, saudis da Qataris sun karu da karuwar yawan jiragen saman jiragen saman soja zuwa Turkiyya a watan Disamba na 2012 kuma suka ci gaba da ci gaba da sauri a cikin watanni biyu da rabi na gaba. A New York Times ya ruwaito jimlar 160 irin wannan yanayin ta hanyar tsakiyar Maris 2013. Kyaftin da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin Gulf, da Ilyushin IL-76, za su iya ɗaukar nauyin 50 a kan jirgin sama, wanda zai nuna cewa kamar yadda 8,000 tons na makamai suka bazu a kan iyakokin ƙasar Turkiya zuwa Siriya kawai a cikin 2012 da kuma 2013.

Wani jami'in Amurka ya kira sabbin matakan makamai zuwa ga 'yan tawayen Siriya sun "samo makami." Kuma bincike na tsawon shekara da Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Nazarin Harkokin Binciken Balkan da Harkokin Tsarin Laifin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da Kasa, ya bayyana cewa, Saudis sun yi niyya wajen gina wata runduna ta musamman a Siriya. "Takardar shaidar amfani da ƙarshen" don makamai da aka saya daga kamfanin mai dauke da makamai a Belgrade, Serbia, a cikin Mayu 2013 ya hada da 500 Soviet sun shirya PG-7VR masu tayar da hanyoyi na rukuni wanda zasu iya shiga cikin tankunan da aka yi garkuwa da su, tare da miliyan biyu; 50 Konkurs masu fafutukar makamai masu linzami da makamai masu linzami na 500, bindigogin 50 da ke hawa a kan motoci masu makamai, 10,000 jerin raga-raga na OG-7 masu launin roka da ke iya zubar da makamai mai nauyi; Gidan BM-21 da ke dauke da motoci guda hudu sun haɗu da ƙwararrun magoya baya masu yawa, kowannensu ya ƙone 40 rukuni a wani lokaci tare da zangon 12 zuwa 19 mil, tare da 20,000 GRAD rockets.

Shirin mai amfani na ƙarshe don wani Saudi Arabia daga kamfanin Serbia daya da aka lalata sunayen 300 Tanks, 2,000 RPG masu launin, da kuma 16,500 sauran masu rutsawa da bindigogi, miliyoyin miliyan ga ZU-23-2 bindigogi-zirga-zirga, da 315 mahallin cartridges na daban-daban bindigogi.

Wadannan sayayya guda biyu ne kawai kashi ne kawai daga cikin dukkanin makaman da Saudis ya samo a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa daga kasashe takwas na Balkan. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Saudis ya yi manyan makamai da suka hada da tsohuwar Soviet na jihar 2015, kuma makamai sun hada da mutane da yawa wadanda suka fito da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki. Kusan 40 bisa dari na makaman Saudis da aka saya daga waɗannan ƙasashe, har yanzu, har yanzu ba a taɓa samun su ba a farkon 2017. Saboda haka Saudis ya rigaya ya sayi makamai don ya ci gaba da yakin basasa a Siriya har tsawon shekaru.

Ya zuwa yanzu mafi yawan yankunan da aka kashe a Saudiyya ba daga Balkans ba ne, amma daga Amurka. A watan Disamba na 2013 Kasuwancin 15,000 TOW masu sayar da makamai a kan Saudis a kan farashin kimanin dala biliyan 1-sakamakon sakamakon da Obama ya yanke a farkon wannan shekara don sake dakatar da aikinsa na tallafi ga kungiyar Assad. Har ila yau, Saudis ya amince da cewa za a kori wasu makamai masu linzami a kan yankunan Siriya kawai a hankali na Amurka. Rundunar ta TOW ta fara fara zuwa Siriya a 2014 kuma ba da daɗewa ba babbar tasiri a kan ma'aunin soja.

Wannan tashe-tashen makamai a cikin Siriya, tare da shigar da mayakan kasashen waje na 20,000 zuwa kasar-musamman ta hanyar Turkiyya - yafi bayyana yanayin rikici. Wadannan makamai sun taimaka wajen yin amfani da sunan harshen al Qaeda na Syria, al Nusra Front (yanzu an sake masa suna Tahrir al-Sham ko Kungiyar Liberation na Levant) da kuma sauran abokanta ta hanyar sojojin Assad mafi karfi a Syria-kuma ya taso wa Musulunci Islama.

A karshen 2012, ya bayyana ga jami'an Amurka cewa yawancin makamai da suka fara gudana a Siriya a farkon wannan shekara sun kasance suna ci gaba da bunkasa al Qaeda a kasar. A watan Oktoba 2012, Amurka Jami'an sun amince da rikodin a karo na farko zuwa New York Times cewa "mafi yawan" makaman da aka aika wa kungiyoyin 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai a Siriya tare da taimakon kayan aiki na Amurka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ya tafi ne zuwa "masu da'awar jihadi na Islama" - a bayyane yake yana nufin kungiyar al Qaeda ta Syria, al Nusra.

Al Nusra Front da abokansa sun zama manyan masu karɓar makamai saboda Saudis, Turks, da kuma Qataris sun so mutane su shiga rundunonin sojin da suka fi nasara a kai hare-haren gwamnati. Kuma a lokacin rani na 2012, al Nusra Front, wanda dubban 'yan jihadi na waje suka shiga cikin ƙasar ta Turkiya, sun riga sun shafe su. shan jagoran cikin hare-hare a kan gwamnatin Siriya tare da hadin kai tare da "Siriya Siriya ta Siriya" brigades.

A cikin watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2012, al Nusra Front ya fara kafa "ɗakunan" hadin gwiwar "tare da wadanda suke kiran kansu" Siriya Siriya Siriya "a wasu batutuwa, kamar yadda Charles Lister ya rubuta a littafinsa Siriya Jihad. Daya daga cikin kwamandojin da Washington ta dauka shi ne Col. Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi, tsohon jami'in soja na Siriya wanda ya jagoranci wani abu mai suna Aleppo Revolutionary Military Council. Ambasada Robert Ford, wanda ya ci gaba da rike wannan matsayi, bayan da aka janye shi daga Siriya, ya ziyarci Oqaidi a fili a watan Mayu 2013 ya bayyana goyon baya ga Amurka da FSA.

Amma Oqaidi da dakarunsa sun kasance manyan abokan tarayya a cikin hadin gwiwa a Aleppo, inda Al Nusra ya kasance mafi karfi. Wannan hakikanin gaskiya ne nuna a bidiyo inda Oqaidi ya bayyana kyakkyawan dangantaka da jami'an gwamnatin musulunci, kuma an nuna shi ya shiga babban kwamandan jihadi a yankin Aleppo, inda ya yi ikirarin kama Menagh Air Base a watan Satumba na 2013.

A farkon 2013, a gaskiya ma, "Siriyar Siriya ta Siriya," wadda ba ta kasance wata ƙungiya ta soja ba tare da dakaru ba, ta daina samun muhimmancin gaske a rikicin Syria. Sabon sababbin 'yan kungiyar Assad kungiyoyin sun dakatar da amfani da suna har ma a matsayin "alama" don gane kansu, a matsayin jagoran kwararru kan rikici ya kiyaye.

Don haka, lokacin da makamai daga Turkiyya suka isa yankunan da ke gaba da juna, dukkanin kungiyoyi masu jihadist sun fahimci cewa za a raba su tare da Al Nusra Front da sauran abokanta. Wani rahoto na McClatchy a farkon 2013, a wani gari a arewacin Siriya ta tsakiya, ya nuna yadda tsarin sulhu tsakanin Al Nusra da wadanda brigades suka kira kansu "Siriya Siriya Siriya" sun mallaki rarraba makamai. Ɗaya daga cikin wa] annan unguwannin, Brigade na Nasara, ya shiga cikin "ha] in gwiwar ha] in gwiwar" tare da} ungiyar sojin Al Qaeda, mai suna Ahrar al Sham, a wani harin da aka kai a garin da aka yi a makonnin da suka wuce. Wani mai ba da rahoto mai kulawa ya lura cewa brigade da Ahrar al Sham sun nuna wasu makamai masu linzami wadanda suka hada da RPG27 na RPG6 na rukuni na rukuni na rukuni na rukuni da na RGXNUMX.

Lokacin da aka tambaye shi idan Sakamakon Brigade ya raba sabon makamai tare da Ahrar al Sham, mai magana da yawun mai magana da yawun ya amsa ya ce, "Hakika sun raba makamai tare da mu. Muna yaki tare. "

Turkiyya da Qatar sun zabi Al Qaeda da kuma mafi kusa da shi, Ahrar al Sham, a matsayin masu karbar makamai. A ƙarshen 2013 da farkon 2014, wasu 'yan bindigar' yan Turkiyya sun kori wasu bindigogi da dama a lardin Hatay, a kudancin iyakar Turkiya. Suna da 'yan jaridu na Turkiyya a kan jirgin, kamar yadda bayanan kotun 'yan sanda ta Turkiyya ta shaida. Gwamnatin ta mallaki lardin Ahrar al Sham. A gaskiya ma Turkiyya ta fara fara kula da Ahrar al Sham a matsayinta na farko a Syria, in ji shi Faysal Itani, babban sakataren kungiyar a Rafik Hariri Center na Atlantic Atlantic domin Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Wani kamfani na Qatari da ke aiki a cikin makamai masu linzami zuwa kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin ra'ayi a Libya yana da mahimmanci a cikin jagorancin sukar makamai daga Turkiya zuwa Siriya. Wani bayani na Larabawa wanda ya saba da tattaunawar tsakanin masu sayar da kayayyaki a kusa da iyakar Sham a Turkiyya a cikin wadannan shekarun sun fada Washington Post ta David Ignatius cewa lokacin da daya daga cikin masu halartar ya yi gargadin cewa ikon da ke cikin waje yana gina masu jihadi yayin da kungiyoyi masu ba da addinin musulunci suka bushe, Qatari ya amsa ya ce, "Zan aika makami zuwa al Qaeda idan zai taimaka."

Qataris sunyi makamai zuwa dukkanin Nusra Front da Ahrar al Sham, a cewar a Ma'aikatar diflomasiyyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Gwamnatin Obama Jami'an tsaro na kasa sun ba da shawara a 2013 cewa Amurka ta nuna damuwa ga Qatar game da makamai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Syria da Libya ta hanyar janye dakarun sojan Amurka daga al-Udeid, Qatar. Pentagon ya nuna irin wannan matsa lamba, amma, don kare shi zuwa tushe a Qatar.

Shugaba Obama kansa ya fuskanci firaministan kasar Recep Tayyip Erdogan kan goyon bayan gwamnatinsa ga masu jihadi a wani gidan cin abinci na fadar White House a watan Mayu 2013, kamar yadda Hersh ya fada. "Mun san abin da kuke yi tare da masu zanga-zanga a Siriya," in ji shi, Obama ya ce wa Erdogan.

Gwamnatin ta yi magana game da hadin gwiwar Turkiyya tare da al Nusra a fili, duk da haka, kawai a cikin 2014 ne kawai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan barin Ankara, Francis Ricciardone, jakadan Amurka a Turkiyya daga 2011 ta tsakiyar 2014, ya gaya The Daily tangarahu  na London cewa Turkiya ta "yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi, a gaskiya, har tsawon lokaci, ciki har da al Nusra."

Wakilin Washington da ya fi kusa da shi ya yi wa mutanen da ke da alaka da makamai masu linzami a Siriya lokacin da mataimakin shugaban kasar Joe Biden ya soki lamirin su a watan Oktoba 2014. A cikin jawabin da ba shi da kyau a Makarantar Kennedy ta Jami'ar Harvard, Biden ya yi korafin cewa "babbar matsalarmu ita ce abokanmu." Dakarun da suka wadata da makamai, in ji shi, su ne "al Nusra da al Qaeda da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na jihadi da ke zuwa daga wasu sassan duniya."

Biden da sauri yi hakuri don maganganun, ya bayyana cewa, ba ya nufin cewa, abokan {asar Amirka sun taimaka wa masu jihadi. Amma Ambasada Ford ya tabbatar da ƙararsa, gaya BBC, "Abin da Biden ya ce game da abokan hulɗa da ke tsananta matsalar matsalar ta'addanci gaskiya ne."

A Yuni 2013 Obama amince ta farko da Amurka ta ba da taimakon soja ga 'yan tawayen da aka yi wa CIA. A lokacin bazara 2014, makamai masu linzami na BGM-71E na Amurka suka sanya daga 15,000 zuwa Saudis. ya fara bayyana a hannun yan kungiyoyin anti-Assad da aka zaɓa. Amma CIA ta sanya yanayin da kungiyar da ke karbar su ba za ta haɗi tare da Al Nusra Front ko abokanta ba.

Wannan yanayin ya nuna cewa Washington na samar da kungiyoyin sojan da ke da karfi don kula da 'yancin kansu daga al Nusra Front. Amma kungiyoyi a kan jerin sunayen 'yan tawayen CIA da aka yi wa' yan kungiyoyin 'yan adawa suna da matukar damuwa don daukar nauyin kungiyar al Qaeda. A watan Nuwambar Nuwamba 2014, al Nusra Front sun kai hari kan manyan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai na CIA, Harakat Hazm da Sham Revolutionary Front a kan wasu kwanakin baya, suka kama makamai masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da makamai masu linzami na TOW da GRAD rockets.

A farkon Maris 2015, rassan Harakat Hazm Aleppo ya rabu da kanta, kuma Al Nusra Front ya nuna hotuna a kan hotuna na TOW da sauran kayan da suka kama daga gare ta. Kuma a cikin watan Maris 2016, al Nusra Front sojojin kai hari hedkwatar na Runduna ta 13 da ke arewa maso yammacin lardin Idlib kuma ta kwace dukkan makamai masu linzami na TOW. Daga baya a wancan watan, al Nusra Front fito da bidiyo na sojojinta ta amfani da makamai masu linzami na TOW da ta kama.

Amma wannan ba ita ce hanya kawai ba don Al Nusra Front ya amfane shi daga asusun CIA. Tare da kusa da alaƙa Ahrar al Sham, kungiyar ta'addanci fara shirin domin yaƙin neman zaɓe don kula da yankin Idlib a cikin hunturu na 2014-15. Tsayawa da wani nesa daga al Qaeda, Turkiyya, Saudi Arabia, da kuma Qatar suka yi aiki tare da al Nusra a kan kafa sabon samin soja don Idlib da ake kira "Army of Victory", wanda ya hada da kungiyar al Qaeda da sauran abokanta. Saudi Arabia da Qatar sun ba da makamai domin yakin, yayin Turkiyya sauƙaƙe fassarar su. A watan Maris na 28, bayan kwana hudu bayan da aka kaddamar da yakin, sojojin sojan yaki sun samu nasara akan Idlib City.

Kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai masu jihadist ba su da makamai masu guba daga taimakon CIA ba su da wani ɓangare na harin farko a Idlib City. Bayan kama Idlib da dakarun Amurka a Syria a kudancin Turkiyya sun shaidawa kungiyoyi masu goyon baya na CIA a Idlib cewa za su iya shiga cikin yakin domin karfafa mulki akan sauran lardin. A cewar Lister, Birtaniya Birtaniya a kan jihadists a Siriya da ke kula da lambobin sadarwa tare da jihadist da sauran kungiyoyin makamai, masu karɓar makamai CIA, irin su Fursan al haq brigade da Division 13, ya shiga yakin Idlib tare da Nusra Front ba tare da wani motsi ta CIA ya yanke su ba.

Yayin da Idlib yayi mummunar farawa, kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan CIA suna samun missiles na TOW a lambobi masu yawa, kuma a yanzu amfani da su da tasiri sosai da sojojin Siriya. Wannan shi ne farkon wani sabon lokaci na yaki, wanda manufar Amurka ta kasance don tallafawa ƙungiya tsakanin 'yan kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci da Al Nusra Front.

Sabuwar ƙungiyoyi an kai su zuwa Aleppo, inda kungiyoyin jihadist kusa da Nusra Front suka kafa sabon umarni da ake kira Fateh Halab ("Aleppo Conquest") tare da kungiyoyi tara a lardin Aleppo wanda ke samun taimakon CIA. Kungiyoyi masu goyon bayan CIA zasu iya da'awar cewa ba su da hannu tare da al Nusra Front saboda alkanin al Qaeda ba bisa hukuma a jerin mahalarta a cikin umurnin ba. Amma a matsayin rahoton game da sabuwar doka a fili ya nuna, wannan ita ce kawai hanya ce ta ba da damar CIA ta ci gaba da samar da kayan makamai zuwa ga abokan ciniki, duk da rashin amincewar su da al Qaeda.

Dalilin wannan duka ya bayyana: ta hanyar taimaka wa abokan tarayyar Sunni da ke samar da makamai ga Al Nusra Front da abokansa da kuma shiga cikin makamai masu linzami na yaki da suke da alaka da hannun Nusra ko kuma karfafa karfi na soja, manufofin Amurka ya kasance babban nauyin da ya ba da ikon Al Qaeda a wani bangare mai muhimmanci na yankin Sham. CIA da Pentagon sun kasance suna shirye su jure wa irin wannan cin amana game da ayyukan ta'addanci na Amurka. Sai dai idan majalisa ko Fadar White House ke fuskantar wannan cin amana, kamar yadda dokokin Tulsi Gabbard ya tilasta musu su yi, manufofin Amurka za su ci gaba da kasancewa da cikakkun bayanai game da karfafa ikon da al Qaeda ke yi a Siriya, koda kuwa har yanzu musulunci ya ci nasara.

Gareth Porter dan jarida mai zaman kanta ne kuma ya lashe kyautar 2012 Gellhorn don aikin jarida. Shi ne marubucin littattafai masu yawa, ciki har da   Manufa Cured Crisis: The Untold Labari na Iran Nuclear Scare (Just World Books, 2014).