Me yasa tsarin Tsaro na Duniya ya kasance mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci?

Iron Iron Cage of War: An Yi Bayyana War System

A lokacin da aka fara samar da jahohin tsakiya a zamanin da, sun fuskanci matsalar da muka fara magancewa. Idan ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu zaman lafiya ta fuskanci wata ƙasa mai ɗauke da makamai, mai tsananin zafin hali, suna da zaɓi guda uku kawai: sallama, gudu, ko koyi da ƙasa mai kama da yaƙi da kuma begen yin nasara a yaƙi. Ta haka ne al'ummar duniya suka zama soja kuma sun kasance a haka. Dan Adam ya kulle kansa a cikin kejin ƙarfe na yaƙi. Rikici ya zama soja. Yaƙi shine ci gaba da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke haifar da asarar rayuka masu yawa. Har ila yau, yana nufin, kamar yadda marubucin John Horgan ya sanya shi, militarism, al'adun yaki, dakaru, makamai, masana'antu, manufofi, tsare-tsare, farfaganda, ra'ayi, rationalizations wanda ke sa rikici na rukuni na mutuwa ba kawai zai yiwu ba amma kuma mai yiwuwa.1.

A cikin yanayin yaƙin da ke canjawa, yaƙe-yaƙe ba su takaitu ga jihohi kawai ba. Mutum na iya yin magana game da yaƙe-yaƙe, inda yaƙin al'ada, ayyukan ta'addanci, cin zarafin ɗan adam da sauran nau'ikan tashe-tashen hankula masu yawa ke faruwa.2. 'Yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaƙi, wanda galibi ke ɗaukar nau'in abin da ake kira yaƙin asymmetric.3

Duk da yake ananan batutuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida suna haifar da su, ba su "karya" ba. Wadannan su ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na tsarin zamantakewa domin gudanar da rikici na kasa da kasa da kuma yakin basasa, wato War System. Dalilin yaƙe-yaƙe shi ne War System wanda ke shirya duniya a gaba don musamman yaƙe-yaƙe.

Matakin soja a ko'ina yana kara barazanar aikin soja a ko'ina.
Jim Haber (Member World Beyond War)

Tsarin Yaƙi ya ta'allaka ne da wani sashe na akida da dabi'u masu ma'amala da su da suka daɗe har sahihancinsu da amfanin su ana ɗaukarsu a banza kuma galibi suna tafiya ba tare da tambaya ba, ko da yake ƙarya ce.4 Daga cikin batutuwa na Ƙarshe na yau da kullum sune:

  • Yaki ba makawa; a koyaushe muna da shi kuma koyaushe za mu yi.
  • Yaƙi “yanayin ɗan adam” ne.
  • Yaki ya wajaba.
  • Yaki yana da amfani.
  • Duniya “wuri ne mai haɗari.”
  • Duniya wasan sifili ne (Abin da kuke da shi ba zan iya samu ba kuma akasin haka, kuma wani zai mamaye koyaushe; mafi kyawun mu fiye da “su.”)
  • Muna da "makiya."

Dole ne mu yi watsi da tunanin da ba a bincika ba, misali, cewa yaƙi zai kasance koyaushe, cewa za mu iya ci gaba da yaƙi da tsira, kuma mun rabu kuma ba mu da alaƙa.
Robert Dodge (Memba na Kwamitin, Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Nukiliya)

Tsarin Yaƙi kuma ya haɗa da cibiyoyi da fasahar makamai. Yana da zurfi a cikin al'umma kuma sassa daban-daban suna shiga cikin juna ta yadda za ta kasance mai ƙarfi sosai. Alal misali, ’yan tsirarun ƙasashe masu arziki ne ke samar da mafi yawan makaman da ake amfani da su a yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya, kuma suna ba da hujjar shiga yaƙe-yaƙe saboda barnar da makaman da suka sayar ko kuma suka bai wa ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin matalauta.5

Yaƙe-yaƙe suna da tsari sosai, shirye-shiryen tattara sojojin da aka shirya tun da wuri ta Tsarin Yaƙi wanda ke mamaye dukkan cibiyoyin al'umma. Alal misali, a {asar Amirka (misali mai ƙarfi na mahalarta tsarin yaƙi), ba wai kawai akwai cibiyoyin yaƙi irin su sashin zartarwa na gwamnati ba inda shugaban kasa kuma shi ne babban kwamandan, ƙungiyar soja da kanta (Sojoji). , Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard) da kuma CIA, NSA, Tsaro na gida, da dama War Colleges, amma yaki kuma an gina shi a cikin tattalin arziki, ya ci gaba da al'ada a cikin makarantu da cibiyoyin addini, al'adar da aka yi a cikin iyalai. , wanda aka ɗaukaka a abubuwan wasanni, waɗanda aka yi su cikin wasanni da fina-finai, kuma kafofin watsa labaru suna ɗaukaka. Kusan babu inda mutum zai koyi wani madadin.

Karamin misali guda ɗaya na ginshiƙi ɗaya na yaƙin yaƙin al'ada shine ɗaukar sojoji. Kasashe sun yi nisa sosai don shigar da matasa aikin soja, suna kiranta "Sabis." Masu daukar ma'aikata suna yin tsayin daka don ganin "Sabis ɗin" ya zama mai ban sha'awa, suna ba da tsabar kudi da haɓaka ilimi da kuma kwatanta shi a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da soyayya. Ba a taɓa kwatanta abubuwan da ke ƙasa ba. Ɗaukar hotunan ba sa nuna naƙasassu da matattun sojoji ko ƙauyuka da aka fashe da fararen hula da suka mutu.

A Amurka, da Army Marketing kuma Research Group National Kadarorin reshe kula da rundunar jiragen Semi-trailer manyan motoci wanda gagarumin, m, m farfado tasbĩhi yaki da ake nufi don] aukar, a "da wuya a shiga manyan makarantu." Rundunar ta hada da "Army Adventure Semi", "Semi Sojan Amurka" da sauransu.6 Dalibai za su iya yin wasa a cikin na'urar kwaikwayo da yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe na tanki ko tashi jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Apache da ba da kayan aikin Sojoji don ɗaukar hoto da samun filin shiga sama. Motocin suna kan hanya kwanaki 230 a kowace shekara. Ana ɗaukar wajibcin yaƙi a banza kuma ba a baje kolin ɓarnar sa ba. 'Yar jarida mai daukar hoto Nina Berman ta ba da kwarin gwiwa kan yadda Pentagon ta Amurka ta tallata kanta ga jama'ar Amurka fiye da tallace-tallacen TV da aka saba yi da kasancewar kowane irin wasanni.7

Yayin da ake yawan kaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe ko ci gaba ba tare da goyon bayan jama'a da yawa ba, yaƙe-yaƙe suna haifar da wani ɓangare daga wasu, tunani mai sauƙi. Gwamnatoci sun yi nasara wajen gamsar da kansu da kuma ɗimbin jama'a cewa akwai martani guda biyu kawai ga zalunci: sallama ko yaƙi - “waɗanan dodanni” ne za su yi mulkinsu ko kuma su jefa bam a cikin Zamanin Dutse. Suna yawan ambaton "Munich Analogy," lokacin da a cikin 1938 Birtaniyya suka ba da kansu ga Hitler kuma, a ƙarshe, duniya ta yi yaƙi da Nazis. Ma'anar ita ce da Birtaniyya ta "tashi" ga Hitler da zai goyi bayansa kuma da ba a yi yakin duniya na biyu ba. A 1939 Hitler ya kai hari Poland kuma Birtaniya sun zaɓi yin yaki. Dubun miliyoyin mutane sun mutu.8 Wani “Yaƙin Sanyi” mai zafi sosai tare da tseren makaman nukiliya ya biyo baya. Abin takaici, a cikin karni na 21st, ya bayyana a fili cewa yin yaki ba ya haifar da zaman lafiya, kamar yadda al'amuran yakin Gulf guda biyu, yakin Afghanistan da yakin Siriya/ISIS suka nuna a fili. Mun shiga yanayin permawar. Kristin Christman, a cikin "Paradigm For Peace," yana ba da shawara ta hanyar misalin wata hanya, hanyar warware matsalolin rikice-rikice na duniya:

Ba za mu iya motsa mota ba don yin shi. Idan wani abu ba daidai ba ne da shi, zamu gano abin da tsarin bai aiki kuma me ya sa: Ta yaya ba aiki ba? Yana canza dan kadan? Shin ƙafafun suna motsawa a laka? Shin baturi yana buƙatar sakewa? Shin gas da iska sun samu? Kamar kaddamar da mota, wani matsala ga rikici da ke dogara ga maganin soja ba shi da mahimmanci game da shi: Ba ya bambanta tsakanin mawuyacin tashin hankali ba kuma baya magance matsalolin kariya da kariya.9

Za mu iya kawo karshen yaki ne kawai idan muka canza tunaninmu, mu yi tambayoyi masu dacewa don mu iya gano dalilan da ke haifar da halin zalunci kuma, fiye da duka, don ganin ko halin mutum yana daya daga cikin dalilan. Kamar magani, maganin kawai alamun cuta ba zai magance ta ba. A wasu kalmomi, dole ne mu yi tunani kafin mu fitar da bindigar. Wannan tsarin zaman lafiya yana yin haka.

Batun War ba ya aiki. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya, ko ma tsaro kadan. Abin da ya haifar shi ne rashin tsaro. Duk da haka mun ci gaba.

Yaƙe-yaƙe suna da yawa; a cikin Tsarin Yaki kowa ya yi hattara da kowa. Duniya wuri ne mai haɗari saboda Tsarin Yaƙi ya sa haka. Shi ne "yakin kowa da kowa" Hobbes. Al'ummomi sun yi imanin cewa suna fama da makirce-makirce da barazanar da wasu al'ummomi ke yi, suna da tabbacin cewa karfin sojan sauran yana nufin halaka su ne, yayin da suka kasa ganin gazawarsu, cewa ayyukansu na haifar da dabi'ar da suke tsoro da kuma makamai, a matsayin makiya. zama madubi hotunan juna. Misalai sun yi yawa: rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila da ba su dace ba, rikicin Indiya da Pakistan, yakin Amurka da ta'addanci wanda ke haifar da karin 'yan ta'adda. Kowane bangare yana motsawa don babban matakin dabara. Kowane bangare yana shaida wa ɗayan yayin da yake busa ƙaho na musamman na gudunmawarsa ga wayewa. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan rashin daidaituwa shi ne tseren ma’adanai, musamman man fetur, yayin da kasashe ke bin tsarin tattalin arziki na ci gaba mara iyaka da kuma jaraba ga mai.10. Bugu da kari, wannan yanayi na rashin zaman lafiya na dindindin yana ba wa ’yan siyasa masu kishin kasa damar rike madafun ikon siyasa ta hanyar sanya fargabar jama’a, kuma yana ba da babbar dama ta samun riba ga masu kera makamai da ke goyon bayan ‘yan siyasar da ke ruruta wutar.11

Ta wadannan hanyoyin Tsarin Yaki yana mai da kansa, karfafa kai da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwa. Ganin cewa duniya wuri ne mai hatsarin gaske, al'ummomi sun ba da makamai, kuma suna taka rawar gani a cikin rikici, don haka suna tabbatar wa sauran al'ummomi cewa duniya wuri ne mai hatsari don haka dole ne su kasance da makamai kuma su yi haka. Manufar ita ce barazanar tashin hankali a cikin yanayin rikici da fatan cewa "zai hana" ɗayan ɓangaren, amma wannan ya gaza akai-akai, sa'an nan kuma burin ya zama ba don kauce wa rikici ba, amma don cin nasara. Madadin yaƙe-yaƙe na musamman kusan ba a taɓa nema da gaske ba kuma ra'ayin cewa za a iya samun madadin Yaƙin da kansa kusan bai taɓa faruwa ga mutane ba. Mutum ba ya samun abin da ba ya nema.

Ba ya isa ya kawo karshen yaki ko makaman makamai idan muna so zaman lafiya. Dole ne a maye gurbin dukan al'amuran al'adu na War System tare da tsarin daban-daban na sarrafa rikici. Abin farin ciki, kamar yadda muke gani, irin wannan tsarin yana tasowa a cikin ainihin duniya.

Tsarin War yana da zabi. Ƙofar ƙofar baƙin ƙarfe ita ce, a gaskiya, bude kuma za mu iya tafiya a duk lokacin da muka zaɓa.

Amfanin wata madaidaiciyar tsarin

Abubuwan da ake amfani da shi shine: ba kisan kiyashi da kisan gilla ba, ba su da tsoro, ba damuwa ba daga rasa 'yan uwa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, biliyan biliyan da yawa sun lalace akan lalacewa da kuma shirye-shirye don lalata, ba gurɓatawa da kuma halakar muhalli wanda ya fito ne daga yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma shirye-shiryen yaƙe-yaƙe, babu sauran 'yan gudun hijirar da aka yi wa yaki da rikici da tashin hankali, ba tare da rushe mulkin demokra] iyya da' yanci ba, kamar yadda gwamnati ta haɓaka da kuma asirinta, ta hanyar al'adar yaki, ba ta da matsala da mutuwa daga makamai da suka wuce. yaƙe-yaƙe.

Mafi yawan mutane daga kowane al'adu sun gwammace su zauna lafiya. A mafi zurfin matakin namu, mutane suna ƙin yaƙi. Ko da menene al’adunmu, muna da sha’awar rayuwa mai kyau, wadda yawancinmu ke bayyanawa da samun iyali, renon yara da kallon su suna girma cikin manyan mutane, da yin aikin da muka samu mai ma’ana. Kuma yaki yana tsoma baki tare da waɗannan sha'awar.
Judith Hand (Marubuci)

Mutane suna zabar zaman lafiya a kan yanayin tunaninsu na yiwuwar yanayi mai kyawu a nan gaba na muhallinsu. Wannan hoton na iya zama mara kyau kamar mafarki ko kuma daidai kamar manufa ko bayanin manufa. Idan masu ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya suka bayyana ra'ayi na gaskiya, tabbatacce kuma kyakkyawar makoma ga mutane, yanayin da ya fi kyau ta wasu hanyoyi fiye da yadda yake a yanzu, to wannan hoton zai zama wata manufa da za ta sa mutane su bi shi. Ba dukan mutane ne ra’ayin zaman lafiya ya ruɗe ba.
Luc Reychler (Masanin Kimiyyar Zaman Lafiya)

Dole ne wani tsari na madadin - War ya kasa kawo zaman lafiya

Yaƙin Duniya na yaɓutar da shi a matsayin "yakin da zai kawo karshen yakin," amma yaki ba ya kawo zaman lafiya. Yana iya kawo jarrabawa na wucin gadi, muradin fansa, da kuma sabon makamai har zuwa na gaba.

Yaƙi shine, a farkon, begen cewa daya zai fi kyau; gaba da tsammanin cewa ɗan'uwansa zai zama mafi muni; sa'an nan kuma gamsuwa da cewa bai kasance mafi kyau ba; kuma, a ƙarshe, abin mamaki ga kowa ya kasance mafi muni. "
Karl Kraus (Marubuci)

A cikin al'ada, rashin nasarar yaki shine kashi hamsin cikin dari - wato, wani bangare yana yin hasara. Amma a zahirin gaskiya, hatta wadanda ake kira masu nasara suna yin hasara mai muni.

Rashin yaƙin12

Rikicin Yaki

World War II

Jimlar - 50+ miliyan

Rasha ("nasara") - miliyan 20;

Amurka ("mai nasara") - 400,000+

Yaƙin Koriya

Sojojin Koriya ta Kudu - 113,000

Farar hula na Koriya ta Kudu - 547,000

Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa - 317,000

Farar hula na Koriya ta Arewa - 1,000,000

China - 460,000

Sojojin Amurka - 33,000+

Vietnam War

Sojojin Kudancin Vietnam - 224,000

Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da Vietnam - 1,000,000

daga cikin farar hula na Vietnam - 1,500,000

Fararen hula na Arewacin Vietnam - 65,000;

Sojojin Amurka 58,000+

Rikicin da aka yi a yakin ya zarce na ainihin wadanda suka mutu. Yayin da ake samun cece-kuce a tsakanin masu kokarin auna asarar da aka yi a yakin, muna gargadin a daina rage adadin fararen hula da suka rasa rayukansu, domin hakan yana dauke da hankali ne daga illolin da ake dadewa a yakin. Muna ba da shawarar cewa kawai ƙarin ra'ayi na haɗin kai game da asarar da aka yi a yaƙi yana nuna mummunan sakamakon. Dole ne cikakken kimanta asarar da aka yi a yaƙi ya haɗa da mutuwar yaƙi kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. Wadanda yakin ya shafa kai tsaye ana iya komawa zuwa ga wadannan:

• Lalacewar ababen more rayuwa

• Nakiyoyin da aka binne

• Amfani da ƙarancin uranium

• 'Yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu

• Rashin abinci mai gina jiki

• Cututtuka

• Rashin bin doka da oda

• Kashe-kashen cikin gida

• Wadanda aka yi wa fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i

• Zaluncin zamantakewa

A cikin watan Yuni 2016, Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta bayyana cewa "yake-yake da tsanantawa sun kori mutane da yawa daga gidajensu fiye da kowane lokaci tun lokacin da UNHCR ta fara rikodin". Akalla mutane miliyan 65.3 ne suka rasa matsugunansu a karshen shekarar 2015.13

Ta hanyar la'akari da irin wannan raunin yaƙi na “kai tsaye” a matsayin ainihin hasarar rayuka za a iya magance tatsuniyar yaƙin “tsabta,” “na tiyata” tare da raguwar adadin waɗanda aka kashe na yaƙi daidai.

Barnar da aka yi wa farar hula ba ta misaltuwa, an yi niyya kuma ba ta da tushe
Kathy Kelly (Mai gwagwarmayar Zaman Lafiya)

Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarshen karni na ashirin da farkon ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, yaƙe-yaƙe kamar ba za su ƙare ba, amma suna ci gaba ba tare da ƙuduri ba har tsawon shekaru har ma shekaru da yawa ba tare da samun zaman lafiya ba. Yaƙe-yaƙe ba sa aiki. Suna haifar da yanayin yaki na dindindin, ko kuma abin da wasu manazarta ke cewa yanzu permawar. A cikin shekaru 120 da suka gabata duniya ta sha fama da yake-yake da yawa kamar yadda jerin jeri na gaba suka nuna:

Yaƙin Amurka na Sipaniya, Yaƙin Balkan, Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yaƙin Bassa na Rasha, Yaƙin Basasa na Sifen, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yaƙin Koriya, Yaƙin Vietnam, Yaƙe-yaƙe a Amurka ta Tsakiya, Yaƙe-yaƙe na Yugoslavia Juyin Halitta, Na Farko da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kongo na Biyu, Yaƙin Iran da Iraki, Yaƙin Gulf, Yaƙin Soviet da Amurka Afghanistan, Yaƙin Iraki na Amurka, Yaƙin Siriya, da sauransu daban-daban ciki har da Japan da China a 1937, dogon yakin basasa a Colombia (ya ƙare a 2016). da yake-yake a Sudan, Habasha da Eritriya, yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila (jerin fadace-fadacen soja tsakanin Isra'ila da sojojin Larabawa daban-daban), Pakistan da Indiya, da sauransu.

Yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​zama Mai Rushewa

Farashin yaƙi yana da yawa akan matakin ɗan adam, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Miliyan goma sun mutu a yakin duniya na daya, miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a yakin duniya na biyu. Yakin da aka fara a shekara ta 2003 ya kashe kashi biyar cikin dari na al'ummar Iraki. Makaman nukiliya na iya, idan aka yi amfani da su, su kawo ƙarshen wayewa ko ma rayuwa a doron ƙasa. A yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani ba sojoji kaɗai ke mutuwa a fagen fama ba. Ma’anar “yaƙin duka” ya kai ga halaka ga waɗanda ba mayaƙa ba, ta yadda a yau fararen hula da yawa—mata, yara, dattijo—suna mutuwa a yaƙe-yaƙe fiye da sojoji. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da sojoji na wannan zamani suke yi ta hanyar ruwan bama-bamai a garuruwan da dimbin fararen hula ke kokarin tsira da rayukansu.

Duk lokacin da ake ganin yaki ya zama mummunan aiki, zai kasance da sha'awa. Lokacin da ake kallon shi kamar yadda ya zama maras kyau, zai daina zama sananne.
Oscar Wilde (Marubuci kuma Mawaki)

Yakin ya rushe kuma ya lalata halittu masu kyan gani akan wayewar wayewa. Shirye-shiryen yaki ya haifar da sake yaduwar magunguna masu guba. Mafi yawan shafukan yanar gizo a Amurka suna kan asusun soja. Kamfanoni na makaman nukiliya kamar Fernald a Ohio da Hanford a Jihar Washington sun gurbata ƙasa da ruwa tare da rashawa na rediyo wanda zai zama guba ga dubban shekaru. Yaƙe-yaƙe na yaki ya kai dubban miliyoyin kilomita na ƙasa ba amfani da haɗari saboda magunguna, rushe makaman uranium, da kuma bomb craters wanda ya cika da ruwa kuma ya zama malaria. Makamai masu guba sun lalace da katako da mangrove swamps. Sojojin sojan sun yi amfani da man fetur mai yawa da kuma fitar da nauyin gas na greenhouse.

A cikin 2015, tashin hankali ya kashe duniya $ 13.6 tiriliyan ko $ 1,876 ga kowane mutum a duniya. Wannan matakin da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya ta bayar a cikin 2016 Alamar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta tabbatar da cewa asarar tattalin arziki "ya rage kashe kudade da saka hannun jari a cikin samar da zaman lafiya da wanzar da zaman lafiya".14 A cewar Mel Duncan, wanda ya kafa rundunar samar da zaman lafiya mai zaman kanta, kudin da ake kashewa kwararre kuma mai biyan kudin aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya ba tare da makami ba shine dala 50,000 a kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da dala miliyan 1 da ake kashe wa masu biyan haraji na Amurka ga soja a Afghanistan a kowace shekara.15

Duniya tana fuskantar matsalar cutar muhalli

Dan Adam na fuskantar rikicin muhalli na duniya wanda yaki ya raba hankalinmu da kuma wanda ya kara tsananta, ciki har da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, mummunan sauyin yanayi wanda zai rushe aikin noma, haifar da fari da ambaliya, rushe tsarin cututtuka, haɓaka matakan teku, saita miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin. motsi, da kuma kawo cikas ga yanayin yanayin da wayewar ta dogara a kai. Dole ne mu hanzarta canza albarkatun da aka batar wajen yin barna a cikin hanyar magance manyan matsalolin da bil'adama ke fuskanta a yanzu.

Sauyin yanayi, gurɓacewar muhalli, da ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa sune abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi da tashin hankali. Wasu suna magana game da bala'in haɗuwa na talauci, tashin hankali, da sauyin yanayi.16 Duk da yake bai kamata mu ware waɗannan abubuwan ba a matsayin masu haifar da yaki, suna buƙatar fahimtar su a matsayin ƙarin - kuma mai yiwuwa suna da mahimmanci - abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tarihin tarihi na tsarin yaki.

Wajibi ne a katse wannan muguwar tafarki da ta fi barazana ga mutane fiye da sakamakon yaki kai tsaye. Farawa da sojoji mataki ne mai ma'ana. Ba wai kawai kasafin kudin soja da ba a iya sarrafa shi ke kwashe albarkatun da ake bukata don magance rikicin duniya ba. Mummunan tasirin muhalli na sojoji kawai yana da girma.

Haɗa dige - kwatanta tasirin yaki akan yanayin

  • Jirgin soji na amfani da kashi daya cikin dari na man fetur na jet na duniya.
  • Ma'aikatar Tsaro na amfani da man fetur a kowace rana fiye da kasar Sweden.
  • Ma'aikatar Tsaro tana samar da sharar sinadarai fiye da manyan kamfanonin sinadarai biyar a hade.
  • Wani harin bam na F-16 na cinye man fetur kusan ninki biyu a cikin sa'a guda kamar yadda ma'aikatan Amurka masu yawan cin abinci ke kona shekara guda.
  • Sojojin Amurka suna amfani da isasshen mai a cikin shekara guda don tafiyar da tsarin zirga-zirgar al'umma na tsawon shekaru 22.
  • A lokacin yakin 1991 na jiragen sama a kan Iraki, Amurka ta yi amfani da kusan tan 340 na makamai masu linzami masu dauke da uranium (DU). An sami hauhawar yawan kamuwa da cutar kansa, nakasa haihuwa da kuma mace-macen jarirai a Fallujah, Iraki a farkon 2010.17
  • Wani kiyasi da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 2003 shi ne kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan man da Sojojin ke amfani da su sun faru ne a cikin motocin da ke kai mai zuwa fagen daga.18

A wani rahoto da aka fitar kan ajandar ci gaba bayan shekarar 2015, babban komitin fitattun mutane na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana karara cewa. kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba ba wani zabi ba ne, kuma akwai bukatar a samu sauye-sauye da suka hada da ci gaba mai dorewa da samar da zaman lafiya ga kowa.19

Ba za mu iya kawai ci gaba da tsarin kula da rikice-rikice ba wanda ya dogara da yaki a cikin duniyar da za ta sami mutane biliyan tara nan da 2050, matsanancin karancin albarkatu da kuma sauyin yanayi mai ban mamaki wanda zai kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin duniya tare da tura miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijirar tafiya. . Idan ba mu kawo karshen yaki ba kuma muka mayar da hankalinmu ga rikicin duniya na duniya, duniyar da muka sani za ta kare a wani zamanin da ya fi tashin hankali.

1. Yaki Shine Matsalolinmu Mafi Gaggawa-Bari Mu Magance Ta

(http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/war-is-our-most-urgent-problem-let-8217-s-solve-it/)

2. Kara karantawa a: Hoffman, FG (2007). Rikici a cikin karni na 21: Yunƙurin yakin basasa. Arlington, Virginia: Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Potomac.

3. Yakin asymmetric yana faruwa tsakanin ɓangarorin faɗa inda ikon soja, dabaru ko dabaru suka bambanta sosai. Iraki, Siriya, Afganistan sune mafi sanannun misalan wannan lamari.

4. Amurka Wars. Rashin lafiya da Gaskiya (2008) na Paul Buchheit ya share kuskuren 19 game da yakin Amurka da tsarin yakin Amurka. David Swanson War ne Lie (2016) ya musanta hujjoji 14 da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da yaƙe-yaƙe.

5. Don cikakkun bayanai game da masu kera makamai ta al'umma, duba 2015 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Yearbook babin "Cire makamai na kasa da kasa da samar da makamai" a https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2015/10.

6. Kamfanin Nunin Wayar hannu yana ba da "wasu nunin nunin abubuwa kamar Motoci da yawa, Semis Interactive, Adventure Semis, da Trailers Adventure wanda masu daukar ma'aikata na Sojoji ke gudanarwa don sake haɗa mutanen Amurka tare da Sojojin Amurka da haɓaka wayar da kan sojoji tsakanin makarantar sakandare da kwaleji. dalibai da cibiyoyin tasiri. Duba gidan yanar gizon a: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm

7. Ana iya ganin rubutun hoton a cikin labarin "Guns da Hotdogs. Yadda Sojojin Amurka ke Tallata Makamin Arsenal ga Jama'a" a https://theintercept.com/2016/07/03/how-the-us-military-promotes-its-weapons-arsenal-to-the-public/

8. Lambobi sun bambanta sosai dangane da tushe. Kiyasin ya kai daga miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 da suka mutu, ciki har da yankin Pacific na yakin da aka riga aka yi.

9. Tsarin Zaman Lafiya website: https://sites.google.com/site/paradigmforpeace/

10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun fi tsoma baki cikin yakin basasa sau 100 a lokacin da kasar da ke yaki ke da arzikin mai. Dubi nazari da taƙaitaccen binciken a cikin Aminci na Kimiyya ta Duniya at http://communication.warpreventioninitiative.org/?p=240

11. Ana iya samun zurfafan shedar zamantakewa da ɗan adam a cikin waɗannan littattafai: Pilisuk, Marc, da Jennifer Achord Rountree. 2015. Tsarin Harkokin Rikici: Abinda Ya Amfana daga Rikicin Duniya da War

Nordstrom, Carolyn. 2004. Inuwar Yaƙi: Tashin hankali, Ƙarfi, da Riba na Ƙasashen Duniya a Ƙarni na Ashirin da Farko.

12. Lamba na iya bambanta sosai dangane da tushe. Gidan yanar gizon Adadin Mutuwar Manyan Yaƙe-yaƙe da Ta'addancin Ƙarni na Ashirin da Ƙididdigar Kasuwanci An yi amfani da su don samar da bayanai don wannan tebur.

13. Duba http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html

14. Dubi 2016 "Rahoton Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya" a http://static.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/GPI%202016%20Report_2.pdf

15. Kimanin kudin da ake kashewa na soja a kowace shekara a Afghanistan daga dala 850,000 zuwa dala miliyan 2.1 ya danganta da tushe da shekara. Dubi misali rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Tattalin Arziki at http://csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Analysis-of-the-FY-2014-Defense-Budget.pdf ko rahoton da kwanturolan Pentagon a http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/28/one-soldier-one-year-850000-and-rising/. Ba tare da la'akari da ainihin adadin ba, a bayyane yake cewa yana da yawa.

16. Duba: Parenti, Kirista. 2012. Tropic of Chaos: Canjin Yanayi da Sabon Geography na Tashin hankali. New York: Littattafan Ƙasa.

17. http://costsofwar.org/article/environmental-costs

18. Ayyuka da yawa suna magance alaƙar yaƙi da muhalli. Hastings in Amurka Wars. Rashin lafiya da Gaskiya: Sakamakon Muhalli na Yaki ba shi da Muhimmanci; da Shifferd in Daga Yaki Zuwa Zaman Lafiya samar da kyakkyawan bayyani game da mummunan sakamakon yaki da soja a kan muhalli.

19. Sabuwar Haɗin Kan Duniya: Kawar da Talauci da Sauya Tattalin Arziki ta hanyar Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Rahoton Babban Babban Kwamitin Manyan Mutane Akan Shirin Ci Gaba Bayan-2015 (http://www.un.org/sg/management/pdf/HLP_P2015_Report.pdf)

Komawa zuwa Shafuka na 2016 A Tsaro na Duniya: Ƙarin Dake.

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