Bayan Yakin Shekaru Biyu, Mutanen Kongo Sun Ce Ya Isa

By Tanupriya Singh, Popular Resistance, Disamba 20, 2022

M23 Da Yaki A Kongo.

Peoples Dispatch ya tattauna da mai fafutuka kuma mai bincike dan kasar Congo Kambale Musavuli game da sabon farmakin da kungiyar 'yan tawayen M23 ta kai a gabashin DRC da kuma tarihin yakin neman zabe a yankin.

A ranar Litinin, 12 ga watan Disamba, an gudanar da taro tsakanin kungiyar 'yan tawayen M23, da dakarun Kongo (FARDC), kwamandan rundunar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen gabashin Afirka (EAC), da hadin gwiwar tabbatar da tabbatar da tsaro (JMWE), Ad-Hoc. Na'urar tantancewa, da kuma dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, MONUSCO, a Kibumba a yankin Nyiragongo a lardin Kivu ta Arewa dake gabashin DRC.

An gudanar da taron ne a bayan rahotanni na fada tsakanin M23 da FARDC, kwanaki kadan bayan da kungiyar 'yan tawayen ta yi alkawarin ci gaba da "tsagaita bude wuta" a yankin mai arzikin ma'adinai. An amince da M23 a matsayin rundunar wakilai ta makwabciyar Rwanda.

A ranar Talata, 6 ga Disamba, M23 ta ba da sanarwar cewa a shirye ta ke ta "fara ballewa da janyewa" daga yankunan da ta mamaye, kuma tana goyon bayan "kokarin yankin na samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa a DRC." An fitar da sanarwar ne bayan kammala taron Tattaunawar Inter-Congo ta Uku karkashin kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka EAC da aka gudanar a birnin Nairobi, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya taimaka.

Kimanin kungiyoyi 50 masu dauke da makamai ne aka wakilta a taron da aka yi a Nairobi, ban da M23. An kira taron ne a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, inda shugabannin Kenya, Burundi, Kongo, Rwanda, da Uganda suma suka halarci taron. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani tsarin tattaunawa na daban da aka gudanar a Angola a farkon watan Nuwamba, inda aka cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta da za ta fara aiki daga ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba. Hakan zai biyo bayan janyewar M23 daga yankunan da ta kwace—ciki har da Bunagana, Kiwanja, da Rutshuru.

Yayin da kungiyar ta M23 ba ta cikin tattaunawar, kungiyar ta bayyana cewa za ta amince da tsagaita bude wuta tare da tanadi "cikakken 'yancin kare kanta." Ta kuma yi kira da a yi "tattaunawa kai tsaye" tare da gwamnatin DRC, wanda ta sake nanata a cikin sanarwar ta ranar 6 ga Disamba. Gwamnatin DRC ta yi watsi da wannan bukata, inda ta ayyana rundunar 'yan tawayen a matsayin "kungiyar ta'addanci."

Laftanar-Kanar Guillaume Njike Kaiko, mai magana da yawun sojojin lardin. ya bayyana daga baya cewa taron da za a yi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 'yan tawayen ne suka bukaci a ba su tabbacin cewa ba za a kai musu hari daga FARDC ba idan suka fice daga yankunan da suka mamaye.

Koyaya, Laftanar-Janar Constant Ndima Kongba, gwamnan Arewacin Kivu, jaddada cewa taron ba tattaunawa ba ne, amma an yi shi ne domin tabbatar da ingancin kudurorin da aka cimma karkashin tsarin zaman lafiyar Angola da Nairobi.

A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, sojojin Kongo sun zargi M23 da kungiyoyin kawance da kashe fararen hula 50 a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba a Kishishe da ke yankin Rutshuru mai tazarar kilomita 70 daga arewacin birnin Goma. A ranar 5 ga Disamba, gwamnati ta sabunta adadin wadanda suka mutu zuwa 300, ciki har da akalla yara 17. M23 ta yi watsi da wadannan zarge-zargen, tana mai da'awar cewa mutane takwas ne kawai aka kashe ta hanyar "harsashin da ba a kai ba."

Sai dai kungiyar MONUSCO, da kuma hukumar kare hakkin bil’adama ta UNJHRO sun tabbatar da kisan kiyashin a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, bisa binciken farko da aka gudanar, rahoton ya bayyana cewa an kashe akalla fararen hula 131 a kauyukan Kishishe da Bambo a tsakanin ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba. XNUMX.

"An kashe wadanda aka kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba da harsashi ko manyan makamai," karanta takardar. Ya kara da cewa akalla mata 22 da ‘yan mata 23 ne aka yi wa fyade, kuma an yi ta’asar ne a matsayin wani shiri na kisan kai, fyade, sace-sace da sace-sacen wasu kauyuka biyu a yankin Rutshuru a matsayin ramuwar gayya a tsakanin kungiyar MXNUMX da ‘yan tawayen MXNUMX. Ƙungiyoyin Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), da ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai Mai-Mai Mazembe, da Nyatura Coalition of Movements for Change."

Rahoton ya kara da cewa dakarun na M23 sun kuma binne gawarwakin wadanda aka kashe a wani "kokarin lalata shaida."

Kisan gillar da aka yi a Rutshuru, ba wai kawai ya faru ba ne, a maimakon haka, shi ne na baya bayan nan a cikin jerin ta'addancin da aka dade ana yi a Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango kusan shekaru 30, wanda aka yi kiyasin kashe 'yan Kwango miliyan 6. Yayin da kungiyar M23 ta yi fice bayan kwace garin Goma a shekarar 2012, sannan kuma tare da sake ci gaba da kai hare-hare na baya-bayan nan a watan Maris, mai yiwuwa ne a gano yanayin kungiyar a tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, kuma, tare da dorewar muradun 'yan mulkin mallaka da ke rura wutar rikici a cikin kasar. Kongo.

Shekaru Goma Na Yakin Wakilci

Kambale Musavuli, ya ce, makwabtanta, Rwanda da Uganda sun mamaye DRC a 1996 da 1998. Yayin da kasashen biyu suka fice daga kasar a hukumance bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a shekarar 2002, sun ci gaba da tallafawa kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu wakilta. Mai bincike kuma dan gwagwarmaya dan kasar Kongo, a wata hira da yayi da Aiwatar da Jama'a.

M23 wani takaitaccen bayani ne na "Motsi na Maris 23" da sojoji suka kafa a cikin sojojin Kongo wadanda mambobin tsohuwar kungiyar 'yan tawaye ne, National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Sun zargi gwamnatin kasar da kin mutunta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka rattabawa hannu a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2009, wadda ta kai ga shigar CNDP cikin FARDC. A cikin 2012, waɗannan tsoffin sojojin CNDP sun yi wa gwamnati tawaye, inda suka kafa M23.

Sai dai Musavuli ya yi nuni da cewa ikirari game da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya karya ce: "Dalilin da ya sa suka fice shi ne an yi barazanar kama wani kwamandojinsu Bosco Ntaganda." Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta fitar garanti biyu domin kama shi, a 2006 da 2012, bisa zargin laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama. A karkashinsa ne sojojin CNDP suka kashe kimanin mutane 150 a garin Kiwanja da ke Arewacin Kivu a shekarar 2008.

Musavuli ya kara da cewa, bayan zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2011, an fuskanci matsin lamba kan gwamnatin Kongo ta mika Ntaganda. A karshe ya mika wuya a shekarar 2013, kuma kotun ICC ta yanke masa hukunci a shekarar 2019.

Bayan 'yan watanni da kafa ta, kungiyar 'yan tawayen M23 ta kwace garin Goma a watan Nuwamba, 2012. Sai dai mamayar ba ta dade ba, kuma a watan Disamba kungiyar ta janye. Kimanin mutanen Kongo 750,000 suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon fadan da aka yi a wannan shekarar.

"A lokacin, ya bayyana a fili ga al'ummar duniya cewa Rwanda tana goyon bayan rundunar 'yan tawaye a Kongo. Kun sa Amurka da kasashen Turai suka matsa wa Rwanda lamba, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi wa kasar goyon baya." Har ila yau sojojin na Kongo sun sami goyon bayan dakarun kasashen yankin Kudancin Afirka (SADC) - musamman Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzaniya, da ke aiki tare da dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Yayin da M23 za ta sake fitowa bayan shekaru goma, tarihinta kuma bai takaita ga CNDP ba. "Magabacin CNDP shi ne Congo Rally for Democracy (RCD), kungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke samun goyon bayan Rwanda wadda ta yi yaki a Kongo tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2002, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, bayan haka RCD ta shiga cikin sojojin Kongo," Musavuli. yace.

"Kungiyar RCD da kanta ta kasance a gaban AFDL (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Demokraɗiyya don 'Yancin Kwango-Zaire), rundunar da ke samun goyon bayan Rwanda wacce ta mamaye DRC a 1996 don hambarar da gwamnatin Mobuto Sese Seko." Bayan haka, an kawo shugaban AFDL Laurent Désiré Kabila kan mulki. Sai dai Musavuli ya kara da cewa, nan da nan aka samu rashin jituwa tsakanin AFDL da sabuwar gwamnatin Kwango, musamman a kan batutuwan da suka shafi yadda ake amfani da albarkatun kasa da kuma tsarin siyasa.

Shekara guda da ya hau kan karagar mulki, Kabila ya ba da umarnin korar dukkan sojojin kasashen waje daga kasar. "A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, an kafa RCD," in ji Musavli.

Wani abin lura na musamman a tsawon wannan tarihi shi ne yunkurin da aka yi ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya daban-daban, na shigar da wadannan dakarun 'yan tawaye cikin sojojin Kongo.

Musavuli ya ce "Wannan ba nufin mutanen Kongo ba ne, an sanya shi." "Tun daga 1996, an yi shawarwarin zaman lafiya da yawa da ƙasashen yamma ke jagoranta. Bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2002, muna da mataimakan shugaban kasa hudu da shugaba daya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda kasashen duniya, musamman tsohon jakadan Amurka William Swing."

"Lokacin da 'yan Kongo suka je yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, kungiyoyin fararen hula sun jaddada cewa ba sa son tsoffin 'yan tawaye su sami wani matsayi a gwamnati a lokacin mika mulki. Swing ya karkatar da tattaunawar, ganin cewa a ko da yaushe Amurka tana yin tasiri kan shawarwarin zaman lafiya na DRC, kuma ta fito da wata dabara wacce ta ga shugabannin yaki hudu a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasar."

Yanzu haka dai majalisar dokokin Kongo ta dauki tsayuwar daka kan duk wata yiwuwar hakan ta hanyar ayyana kungiyar ta M23 a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda tare da haramta shigarta cikin kungiyar ta FARDC.

Shisshigin Kasashen Waje Da Satar Albarkatu

Musavuli ya kara da cewa tsoma bakin Amurka a cikin DRC ya bayyana ne tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, in ji Musavuli - a kisan Patrice Lumumba, goyon bayan da aka bai wa mulkin danniya na Mobuto Sese Seko, mamayewar shekarun 1990 da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya, da kuma sauye-sauye ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. a shekarar 2006 domin baiwa Joseph Kabila damar tsayawa takara. “A shekarar 2011, Amurka na daya daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka amince da sakamakon zaben da aka gudanar. Binciken da aka yi a lokacin ya nuna cewa ta yin hakan, Amurka na yin fare a kan kwanciyar hankali maimakon dimokuradiyya, "in ji Musavuli.

Bayan watanni uku ne aka fara boren M23. “Rundunar ‘yan tawaye iri daya ce sama da shekaru ashirin, tare da sojoji iri daya da kwamandoji iri daya, don biyan muradun Rwanda, wacce ita kanta kawancen Amurka ce mai karfi a yaki da ta’addanci. Kuma menene muradin Ruwanda a Kongo - ƙasarta da albarkatunta,” in ji shi.

Don haka, "ba dole ba ne a kalli rikicin na DRC a matsayin fada tsakanin wata kungiyar 'yan tawaye da gwamnatin Kongo." Wannan ya kasance sake maimaita daga mai fafutuka kuma marubuci Claude Gatebuke, “Wannan ba tawaye ba ne na yau da kullun. Mamaya ne da Rwanda da Uganda suka yi wa Kongo."

Ko da yake Kigali ya sha musanta goyon bayan M23, an sha gabatar da shaidun da ke tabbatar da zargin, a baya-bayan nan rahoton kungiyar kwararru ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Agusta. Rahoton ya nuna cewa Sojojin Ruwanda (RDF) sun kasance suna goyon bayan M23 tun daga Nuwamba 2021, kuma suna shiga cikin "ayyukan soji a kan kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai na Kongo da kuma matsayin FARDC," ba tare da izini ba ko kuma tare da M23. A cikin watan Mayu, sojojin Kongo sun kuma kama wasu sojojin Rwanda biyu a yankinsu.

Musavuli ya kara da cewa irin wannan goyon bayan na kasashen waje ma ya bayyana a fili ta yadda kungiyar ta M23 ta samu nagartattun makamai da kayan aiki.

Wannan mahaɗin yana ƙara fitowa fili a cikin mahallin tattaunawar tsagaita wuta. "Domin M23 ta amince da tsagaita wuta, sai da Uhuru Kenyatta ya kira shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame. Ba wai kawai ba, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da sanarwar latsa sanarwar yana mai bayyana cewa sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya tattauna da shugaba Kagame, inda ya bukaci Rwanda da ta daina tsoma baki a cikin DRC. Me ya faru washegari? Kungiyar M23 ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa ba su kara yin fada ba," in ji Musavuli.

Kasar Rwanda ta ba da hujjar mamayar da ta yi wa DRC bisa zargin yaki da kungiyar ‘yan tawayen Hutu a DRC da ake zargi da aikata kisan kiyashi a kasar Rwanda a shekarar 1994. “Amma Rwanda ba za ta bi bayan juyin mulkin ba. FDLR, yana tafiya bayan ma'adinai. Ta yaya ma'adinan Kongo ke samun hanyar shiga Kigali?"

Hakazalika, Musavuli ya ce, Uganda ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na mamaye Kongo tare da yin amfani da albarkatunta-Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "Uganda ta yi ikirarin cewa ADF 'yan jihadi ne" da ke neman hambarar da gwamnati. Abin da muka sani shi ne, ADF 'yan Uganda ne da ke yakar gwamnatin Museveni tun 1986."

"An kirkiro wata alaka ta bogi tsakanin ADF da ISIS don kawo gaban Amurka… yana haifar da hujjar samun sojojin Amurka a cikin Kongo da sunan yaki da "'yan kishin Islama" da "jihadi".

A yayin da ake ci gaba da tashe tashen hankula, al'ummar Kongo su ma sun gudanar da zanga-zanga mai tsanani a shekara ta 2022, wanda kuma ya nuna kyamar Amurka, ciki har da masu zanga-zangar dauke da tutar Rasha. Musavuli ya kara da cewa, 'yan Congo sun ga cewa Rwanda na ci gaba da samun tallafi daga Amurka duk da cewa ta ci gaba da kashewa da kuma tallafa wa kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a DRC.

"Bayan shekaru ashirin na yaki, mutanen Kongo suna cewa ya isa haka."