Yaƙin Afghanistan ya Canja zuwa Yaƙin Jirgin Sama mara izini

by LA Matsayi, Satumba 30, 2021

Makonni uku bayan gwamnatinsa ta kaddamar da harin jirgi mara matuki wanda ya kashe fararen hula 10 a Kabul, Afghanistan, Shugaba Joe Biden ya yi jawabi a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Yana alfahari ayyana, "Na tsaya a nan yau, a karon farko cikin shekaru 20, tare da Amurka ba a yaƙi." Ranar da ta gabata, gwamnatin sa ta yi ya kaddamar da hare -hare ta jirgi mara matuki a Siriya, kuma makonni uku da suka gabata, Amurka ta kai hari ta sama a Somalia. A bayyane yake babban kwamandan ya manta cewa har yanzu sojojin Amurka suna fafatawa a kalla kasashe daban-daban guda shida, da suka hada da Iraki, Yemen, Syria, Libya, Somalia da Nijar. Kuma ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da jefa bam a Afganistan daga nesa.

Abin baƙin cikin shine janyewar Biden na sojojin Amurka daga Afghanistan ba shi da mahimmancin ma'ana lokacin da aka yi la’akari da alƙawarin gwamnatinsa na hawa “sama-sama”Hare -hare a waccan ƙasar daga nesa duk da cewa ba za mu sami sojoji a ƙasa ba.

“Sojojinmu ba sa dawowa gida. Muna buƙatar yin gaskiya game da hakan, ”Rep. Tom Malinowski (D-New Jersey) ya ce yayin shaidar majalisa ta Sakataren Gwamnati Antony Blinken a farkon wannan watan. "Suna tafiya ne kawai zuwa wasu sansanoni a yanki guda don gudanar da ayyukan ta'addanci iri ɗaya, gami da Afghanistan."

Yayin da Biden ya janye sojojin Amurka daga Afghanistan, gwamnatinsa ta kaddamar da makami mai linzami daga wani jirgi mara matuki na Amurka a Kabul wanda ya kashe fararen hula 10, ciki har da yara bakwai, sannan ya yi karya game da hakan. Shugaban Hafsoshin Hafsoshin Hafsoshin Janar Mark Milley nan take ya ce ""adalci yajin aiki”Don kare sojojin Amurka yayin da suka janye.

Biden yana bin sawun magabatansa hudu, dukkan su kuma sun kai hare -hare ta sama ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban fararen hula.

Kusan makonni uku bayan haka, duk da haka, an bincike mai zurfi gudanar da The New York Times ya bayyana cewa Zemari Ahmadi ma'aikacin agaji ne na Amurka, ba dan kungiyar ISIS ba ne, da "abubuwan fashewa" a cikin Toyota da harin da jirgin ya yi amfani da su wataƙila kwalaben ruwa ne. Janar Frank McKenzie, kwamandan Kwamandan Tsakiyar Amurka, sannan ya kira yajin aikin "kuskure ne mai muni."

Wannan kisan gilla da aka yi wa fararen hula ba lamari ne da ya faru ba, kodayake ya samu talla fiye da yawancin hare-haren da jirage marasa matuka suka yi a baya. Biden yana bin sawun magabatansa hudu, dukkan su kuma sun kai hare -hare ta sama ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban fararen hula.

Harin na jirgi mara matuki na Kabul "yana sanya shakku kan amincin bayanan da za a yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyukan [sama-sama]," Times ya lura. Lallai wannan ba sabon abu bane. “Hankalin” da ake amfani da shi wajen kai hare -haren jiragen sama shine sananne ba abin dogaro bane.

Misali, da Drone Papers ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 90 cikin 2012 na waɗanda jiragen saman marasa matuki suka kashe a cikin wata biyar na watan Janairu na 2013 zuwa watan Fabrairu na XNUMX ba waɗanda aka yi niyya ba. Daniel Hale, wanda ya bayyana takardun da suka ƙunshi Takaddun Drone, yana ɗaurin watanni 45 a gidan yari saboda fallasa shaidar laifukan yaƙin Amurka.

Yajin aikin Drone wanda Bush, Obama, Trump da Biden suka kashe fararen hula marasa adadi

Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu ba sa haifar da asarar rayukan fararen hula da yawa fiye da matukin jirgin da ke tuka jirgin. Nazarin da ya danganci bayanan soja na musamman, wanda Larry Lewis ya gudanar daga Cibiyar Nazarin Sojojin Ruwa da Sarah Holewinski na Cibiyar Fararen Hula a Rikici, samu cewa amfani da jirage marasa matuka a Afganistan ya haddasa mutuwar fararen hula sau 10 fiye da matukin jirgi mai matukin jirgi.

Wataƙila waɗannan lambobin ba su da yawa saboda sojojin Amurka suna ɗaukar duk mutanen da aka kashe a cikin waɗannan ayyukan da ake tsammanin "abokan gaba da aka kashe cikin aiki." George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump da Biden duk sun jagoranci hare -haren jiragen sama da suka kashe fararen hula marasa adadi.

Bush izini kimanin hare -hare 50 da suka kashe mutane 296 da ake zargin 'yan ta'adda ne da fararen hula 195 a Yemen, Somalia da Pakistan.

Gwamnatin Obama ta gudanar Fiye da sau 10 jiragen sama marasa matuka fiye da magabacinsa. A lokacin wa'adin mulki biyu na Obama, ya ba da izinin hare -hare 563 - galibi da jirage marasa matuka - a Somalia, Pakistan da Yemen, inda aka kashe fararen hula 384 zuwa 807, a cewar Ofishin Bincike na Jarida.

Trump, wanda ya sassauta Obama dokokin niyya, ya jefa bam a duk kasashen da Obama ke da su, bisa lafazin Micah Zenko, tsohon babban abokin aiki a Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko da Trump ya hau kan mulki, ya kaddamar 2,243 drone buga, idan aka kwatanta da 1,878 a wa’adin mulkin Obama na biyu. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Trump ta kasance kasa da mai zuwa tare da adadi na wadanda suka jikkata fararen hula, ba zai yiwu a san adadin fararen hula da aka kashe a agogonsa ba.

Jirage marasa matuka suna shawagi sama da garuruwa na tsawon awanni, suna fitar da sautin kukan yana tsoratar da al'umma, musamman yara. Sun san jirgi mara matuki na iya jefa musu bam a kowane lokaci. CIA ta ƙaddamar da “famfo biyu,” inda ta tura jirgi mara matuki don kashe waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ceton waɗanda suka ji rauni. Kuma a cikin abin da yakamata a kira shi "famfo sau uku," galibi suna kaiwa mutane hari yayin jana'iza suna makokin 'yan uwansu da aka kashe a hare -haren jiragen sama. Maimakon mayar da mu masu rauni ga ta'addanci, waɗannan kashe -kashen na sa mutane a wasu ƙasashe sun fi ƙin Amurka.

Jiragen Yakin Drone A Lokacin "Yaki akan Ta'addanci" Ba bisa doka bane

Hare -haren Drone da aka dora a lokacin “yaki da ta’addanci” haramun ne. Kodayake Biden ya yi alƙawarin a cikin Babban Taronsa na Majalisar don “amfani da ƙarfafawa… Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya” kuma ya yi alƙawarin “bin ƙa'idodi da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa,” hare -haren jiragen saman nasa, da na waɗanda suka gabace shi, sun sabawa Yarjejeniyar da Babban Taron Geneva.

Sojojin Amurka da hare -haren jirage marasa matuka na CIA sun kashe kimanin mutane 9,000 zuwa 17,000 tun daga 2004, ciki har da yara 2,200 da wasu Amurkawa da dama.

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar UNinkin Duniya ta hana amfani da ƙarfin soji akan wata ƙasa sai dai a lokacin da ake aiki da kariyar kai a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da 51. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, bayan da jirgin Amurka mara matuki ya kashe fararen hula 10 a Kabul, Babban Kwamandan Amurka ya kira shi “tsaron kai ba tare da an sarrafa shi ba ta sama. ” Babban Kwamandan ya yi ikirarin cewa yajin aikin ya zama dole don hana harin da kungiyar ISIS ke shirin kaiwa filin jirgin saman Kabul.

Amma Kotun Duniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa kasashe ba za su iya kira ba Mataki na ashirin da 51 kan hare-haren makamai da 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba wadanda ba za a iya danganta su da wata kasa ba. Kungiyar ISIS tana adawa da kungiyar Taliban. Don haka ba za a iya danganta hare -haren da ISISsis ke kaiwa ga Talibanan Taliban ba, wanda ke sake mamaye Afghanistan.

A waje da yankunan da ke fama da tashin hankali, "amfani da jirage marasa matuka ko wasu hanyoyin kisan kai kusan ba zai zama doka ba," Agnès Callamard, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan rashin adalci, taƙaitawa ko yanke hukuncin kisa, tweeted. Ta rubuta cewa "za a iya amfani da ganganci mai kisa ko mai yuwuwar mutuwa inda kawai ya zama dole don kare kai daga barazanar rayuwa."

Fararen hula ba za su taɓa zama abin hari na soji ba. Kashe -kashen da aka yi niyya ko na siyasa, wanda kuma ake kira hukuncin kisa, ya sabawa dokokin duniya. Kashe ganganci babban laifi ne na Babban Taron Geneva wanda ake hukunta shi azaman laifin yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Laifukan Yaƙin Amurka. Kashe -kashen da aka yi niyya halal ne kawai idan ana ganin ya zama dole don kare rayuwa, kuma babu wata hanya - gami da kamawa ko rashin ƙarfi - don samun kariyar rayuwa.

Dokar jin kai ta duniya ta buƙaci cewa lokacin da ake amfani da ƙarfin soji, dole ne ya bi duk sharuɗɗan bambanci da kuma daidaituwa. Bambanci ya ba da umarnin cewa a koyaushe harin ya bambanta tsakanin mayaƙa da fararen hula. Daidaitacce yana nufin cewa harin ba zai iya wuce kima ba dangane da fa'idar sojan da ake nema.

Bugu da ƙari, Philip Alston, tsohon wakilin Majalisar UNinkin Duniya na musamman kan rashin bin doka, taƙaitaccen bayani ko yanke hukuncin kisa, ruwaito, "Sahihi, daidaito da halaccin yajin aikin jirgi mara matuki ya dogara ne da basirar dan adam wanda akan sa aka yanke shawarar."

Fararen hula ba za su taɓa zama abin hari na soji ba. Kashe -kashen da aka yi niyya ko na siyasa, wanda kuma ake kira hukuncin kisa, ya sabawa dokokin duniya.

Takardun Drone sun haɗa takardun leje yana bayyana "sarkar kisa" da gwamnatin Obama ta yi amfani da ita wajen tantance wanda za a kai hari. An kashe fararen hula marasa adadi ta amfani da “alamar sigina” - sadarwa ta kasashen waje, radar da sauran tsarin lantarki - a yankunan yakin da ba a bayyana ba. An yanke shawarar yin niyya ta hanyar bin diddigin wayoyin salula waɗanda waɗanda ake zargi 'yan ta'adda za su iya ɗauka ko a'a. Rabin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don gano yuwuwar hari a Yaman da Somaliya ya dogara ne da bayanan sirri.

Na Obama Jagoran Shugabancin Gudanarwa (PPG), wanda ya ƙunshi ƙa'idodi da aka yi niyya, ya bayyana hanyoyin yin amfani da muggan makamai a wajen "wuraren da ake fama da tashin hankali." Ya buƙaci wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama "ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar." Amma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta sirri farar takarda An ba da sanarwar a cikin 2011 kuma ta bazu a cikin 2013 ta ba da izinin kisan Amurkawa ko da ba tare da "bayyananniyar shaida cewa takamaiman hari kan mutane da muradun Amurka zai faru nan gaba." Mai yiwuwa mashaya ta yi ƙasa da ƙasa don kashe ba-Amurke.

PPG ya ce dole ne a kasance kusa da tabbas cewa an gano HVT [babban dan ta'adda] ko wata manufa ta ta'addanci da aka halatta "kafin a iya yin amfani da karfi mai kashe shi. Amma gwamnatin Obama ta ƙaddamar da "yaƙin sa hannu" wanda bai kai hari ga mutane ba, amma mazajen shekarun soja suna nan a wuraren ayyukan da ake tuhuma. Gwamnatin Obama ta ayyana mayaka (wadanda ba farar hula ba) a matsayin duk maza na shekarun soji suna cikin yankin yajin aiki, "sai dai idan akwai bayanan sirri da ke tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi."

“Hankali” wanda hare -haren jiragen saman Amurka ya dogara da shi ba abin yarda ba ne. Amurka ta sha yin taɓarɓarewar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar andinkin Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Geneva. Kuma kisan da Amurka ta yi ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da jirgi mara matuki ya keta hakkin rayuwa da ke kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Jama’a da Siyasa, wata yarjejeniyar da Amurka ta amince da ita. Ya ce, “Kowane ɗan adam yana da hakkin rayuwa na asali. Wannan doka za ta kare ta. Ba wanda za a hana wa rayuwarsa ba tare da wani dalili ba. ”

Kabul Drone Strike: "Dokar Farko na Mataki na Gaba na Yaƙinmu"

Wakilin Malinowski ya ce "Wannan harin da jirgi mara matuki a Kabul ba shine aikin mu na ƙarshe ba." ya ce a lokacin shaidar majalissar Blinken. "Abin takaici shine aikin farko na mataki na gaba na yaƙin mu."

"Dole ne a sami lissafi," Sen. Christopher S. Murphy (D-Connecticut), memba na Kwamitin Hulda da Kasashen Waje, ya rubuta a wani shafin Twitter. "Idan babu wani sakamako na yajin aikin wannan bala'in, yana nuna alama ga dukkan jerin shirye -shiryen drone wanda za a lamunta da kashe yara da fararen hula."

A cikin Yuni, ƙungiyoyi 113 da aka sadaukar don haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam, launin fata, adalci na muhallin zamantakewa da haƙƙin tsoffin mayaƙa ya rubuta wasika ga Biden "don neman kawo ƙarshen shirin haramtacce na kisan kai a waje da duk wani fagen fama da aka sani, gami da amfani da jirage marasa matuka." Olivia Alperstein daga Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin tweeted cewa yakamata Amurka ta “nemi afuwa game da duk hare -haren jiragen, da kuma kawo karshen yaƙe -yaƙe marasa matuƙa sau ɗaya.

Marjorie Cohn

An gicciye tare da izinin marubucin daga Truthout

A cikin makon Satumba 26-Oktoba 2, membobin Masu Tsoro don Aminci, Code Pink, Ban Killer Drones, da kungiyoyin kawance suna daukar mataki https://www.veteransforpeace.org/take-action/shut-down-creech a wajen Creech Drone Air Force Base, arewacin Las Vegas, a adawa da jiragen yaki marasa matuki. Jirage masu sarrafa kansu daga nesa daga makamai masu linzami na Creech a Afghanistan, da Siriya, Yemen da Somalia.