Ta hanyar Tad Daley, 16 ga Yuli, 2020
A wannan rana ta shekaru 75 da suka gabata an haifi zamanin atom, tare da rabewar nukiliya ta farko kusa da Alamogordo, New Mexico a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945. Kwanaki 20 kacal kafin wannan, ranar 26 ga Yuni, an kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. a San Francisco. Shin bam din ya sanya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bacewa sati uku bayan haihuwarta?
Mutumin da ya fi kowanne muhimmanci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, Shugaban Amurka Harry S. Truman, ba shakka yana da tsammanin haka. Yi la'akari da matsayin mutum na musamman da lokacin. Kodayake Alamogordo har yanzu bai yi makonni uku ba, amma masu ba da shawara ga Truman sun ba shi tabbacin cewa “nasara” tabbas tabbas ce. Kuma ya san cewa shi mutum ne wanda ɗan saƙar hukunci zai faɗi ba da daɗewa ba - dangane da ba wai kawai da yadda ake amfani da sabon na'urar keɓaɓɓen yaƙi da Japan din ba, amma abin da zai yi bayan haka game da yanayin bakinciki na kusan sauka kan duka bil'adama.
Don haka menene ya ce Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar a San Francisco?
Wannan matakin farko ne na zaman lafiya mai dorewa… Da idanunmu koyaushe kan makasudin karshe ya kamata mu ci gaba… Wannan Yarjejeniya, kamar Tsarin Mulkinmu, za a fadada tare da haɓaka yayin da lokaci ke tafiya. Babu wanda ya ce shi yanzu kayan aiki ne na ƙarshe ko kamala. Canza yanayin duniya zai buƙaci gyara… don nemo hanyar kawo ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe.
Abin ya kasance da ban sha'awa sosai, in faɗi mafi ƙaranci, don ƙarfafa hakan a hankali game da kasawar daftarin aiki ƙasa da sa'a daya da haihuwa.
Bayan kwana biyu, bayan tafiya daga San Francisco ta jirgin kasa don karɓar digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kansas City a garinsu, Tunanin Shugaba Truman ya juya ga nasa nauyin da ya sa a gaba. "Ina da gagarumin aiki, wanda ba zan iya duba shi sosai ba." Babu wani mutum a cikin waɗannan masu sauraren, kusan tabbas, ya san abin da yake ambata. Amma zamu iya yin kyakkyawan zato cewa yana da alaƙa da “canjin yanayin duniya” da ya san ba da daɗewa ba:
Muna zaune, a cikin wannan ƙasa aƙalla, cikin zamanin doka. Yanzu dole ne muyi hakan a duniya. Zai zama abu ne mai sauki kamar yadda al'ummu za su yi aiki tare a cikin jumhuriya ta duniya kamar yadda muke yi a jumhuriyar Amurka. Yanzu, idan Kansas da Colorado suna da rigima a kan batun ruwa ba sa kiran Guardungiyar Tsaro a kowace jiha kuma su tafi yaƙi da shi. Sun kawo kara a Kotun Koli kuma suna bin hukuncin da ta yanke. Babu wani dalili a cikin duniya da ba za mu iya yin hakan a duniya ba.
Wannan bambanci - tsakanin dokar da ke gudana tsakanin al'ummar 'yan ƙasa da rashinta tsakanin al'ummar ƙasashe - ba shi da asali ga Harry S. Truman. An bayyana A cikin ƙarni da yawa na Babban Hankali kamar Dante, Rousseau, Kant, Baha'u'llah, Charlotte Bronte, Victor Hugo, da HG Wells. Tabbas, lokacin da Truman ya kori wannan Kotunmu ta Kotun koli a matsayin kwatankwacinsa sai ya maimaita maganar magabatan nasa, Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant, wanda ya ce a 1869"Na yi imanin cewa a wata rana al'ummomin duniya za su amince da wani taron majalisa… wanda hukuncinsa zai zama mai daukar nauyi kamar yadda hukuncin Kotun Koli ke kanmu."
Kuma ba shine farkon lokacin da ya taɓa faruwa ga Harry S. Truman ba. Tsohon shugaban Cibiyar Brookings da kuma Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Strobe Talbott, a cikin littafin 2008 mai ban mamaki Babban Gwaji (rabin tarihin da rabin tunanin jamhuriya ta duniya), ya gaya mana cewa shugaban Amurka na 33 ya sanya ayoyinsa ayoyin Alfred Lord Tennyson na 1835: aka furl'd, A majalisar mutum, Tarayyar duniya. " Talbott ya ce yayin da kwafin jakarsa ta karye, Truman ya maimaita wadannan kalmomin hannu da hannu watakila sau 40 daban a duk lokacin da ya girma.
Zai yi wuya ba a yanke cewa a wannan lokacin gaskiya mai ban mamaki, sabanin wani a tarihin ɗan Adam, Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya ji tsoron mai kallon yaƙi na atom, ya ƙarasa da cewa, mafita ɗaya tak ce a kawar da yaƙi, kuma a fahimci cewa sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba zai iya ba, kamar yadda Yarjejeniya ta sanar, “ceta tsararraki masu zuwa daga bala’in yaƙin.”
Flash gaba 'yan watanni. Hiroshima da Nagasaki sun zo, wata mummunar rawar WWII ta zo ƙarshe, amma tsagaitawar mummunar mummunan bala'in WWIII ya fara kawai. Kuma daidai makonni biyu kafin aiwatar da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1945, wata wasika mai ban mamaki ta bayyana a cikin New York Times. “Sanatocin San Francisco wani mummunan labari ne,” in ji Senata J. William Fulbright na Amurka, alkalin kotun kolin Amurka Owen J. Roberts, da Albert Einstein. "Ta hanyar kiyaye cikakken ikon mallakar kasashe masu hamayya, (yana hana) kirkirar doka mai zurfi a cikin dangantakar duniya… Dole ne muyi nufin Tsarin Mulki na Duniya, aiwatar da doka ta doka a duniya, idan har muna fatan za a hana wani yaki na atomic . ”
Daga baya marubutan sun faɗaɗa wannan wasiƙar, sun ƙara fiye da wasu fitattun masu sa hannu, kuma sun haɗa ta da jaket ɗin littafin 1945 na Anatomy of Peace ta Emery Reves. An fassara wannan bayanin game da ra'ayin jamhuriyyar duniya zuwa cikin harsuna 25, kuma wataƙila an sayar da sama da kofi miliyan. (Reves shima yayi aiki a matsayin wakilin adabin Winston Churchill, kuma ya ba da gudummawa Churchill kansa tallafin don "Amurka ta Turai" da "kungiyar duniya ta karfi da iko da ikon da ba a yarda da shi ba.") Sanatocin Amurka na gaba da ma'aikacin Fadar White House JFK Harris Wofford, wanda a matsayin matashi mai yawan baiwa da kafa kungiyar 'Federal Federalists' a 1942, ya gaya mani cewa babban jami'in sa na matasa masu son Duniya Daya ya dauki littafin Reves a matsayin Baibul na motsin su.
Flash gaba sau daya zuwa 1953, da John Foster Dulles, Sakataren Harkokin Shugaba Eisenhower. Daya daga cikin manyan shahara zamanin Cold War. Haƙiƙar sabanin mai mafarkin ɗan utopian. Yana daga cikin wakilan Amurka a San Francisco a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga dan majalisar Republican Arthur Vandenberg, kuma ya taimaka wajen kirkirar aikin Yarjejeniyar. Duk waɗannan sun yanke hukunci ne shekara takwas a kan mafi yawan mamakin:
Lokacin da muke cikin San Francisco a lokacin bazara na 1945, Babu wani daga cikinmu da ya san bam din atomic wanda zai fada kan Hiroshima a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 1945. Yarjejeniya ya zama yarjejeniya kafin shekarun atom. A wannan ma'anar ya kasance tsohon aiki tun kafin ya fara aiki. Zan iya fada da karfin gwiwa cewa, da a ce wakilan da ke wurin sun san cewa asirin da iko na kwayar zarra zai kasance a matsayin hanyar hallakarwa, da tanadin abubuwan da Yarjejeniyar ke aiwatarwa game da batun kwance damara da aiwatar da makamai. mai kwarjini da fahimta.
Hakika, 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar FDR a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1945, Sakataren War Henry Stimson ya shawarci sabon shugaban kasar da ya jinkirta taron San Francisco - har sai bayan cikakken sakamakon fashewar bam din kwayar zarra na cikin hankali.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tayi kyakkyawan aiki a cikin shekaru 75 da tayi. Ya bayar da tallafin abinci ga mutane miliyan 90, rarraba agaji ga sama da 'yan gudun hijirar miliyan 34, sun gudanar da aiyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na 71, kula da daruruwan zabukan kasar, da tallafawa miliyoyin mata da lafiyar masu juna biyu, yi wa allurar 58% na yara a duniya, da sauran abubuwa.
Amma - ɗauka mai zafi a nan - bai ƙare yaƙi ba. Kuma ba ya kawar da madafan ikon jinsi tsakanin manyan iko ba, bellum omnium contra omnes wanda Thomas Hobbes ya bayyana a cikin Leviathan na 1651. Makaman Laser, makaman sararin samaniya, makaman cyber, makaman nano, makaman mara matuki, makamai na ƙwayoyin cuta, kayan aikin mutum-mutumi masu fasaha. Ci gaba da sauri kawai zuwa 2045, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 100, kuma mutum ba zai iya hango sababbin siffofin a gaban tsohon suna ba. Babu wanda zai yi shakkar cewa bil'adama zai ci gaba da fuskantar sabon yanayi mai ban tsoro na azaba.
Yi hakuri menene wancan? Ee, ku a can cikin layi na baya, ku yi magana! Shekaru 75 kenan ba mu da “jamhuriyar duniya” ko yakin nukiliya? Don haka dole ne Truman ya kasance ba daidai ba? 'Yan Adam za su iya zauna lafiya a duniyar abokan hamayya ta kasa, in ji ka, dauke da makaman nukiliya kuma allah kawai ya san abin da sauran makaman, kuma ka sami damar jujjuya ranar dawowar?
Amsar kawai da za a iya ba ita ce irin wannan da Firayim Minista Zhou Enlai na China ya bayar a shekarar 1971, lokacin da Henry Kissinger ya tambaye shi menene ra'ayinsa game da sakamakon juyin juya halin Faransa. Mista Zhou, labarin ya tafi, ya yi la’akari da tambayar na dan lokaci, sannan ya amsa da cewa: “Ina tsammanin ba da dadewa ba ne.”
Tad Daley, marubucin littafin Apocalypse Ba: Tallafa hanyar zuwa Makaman nukiliya-Free Duniya daga Jami'ar Rutgers, Press, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin a Citizens for Global Solutions.
