Sau 89 Mutane Sun Zabi Yaƙi Ko Babu Komai Kuma Sun Zaɓa Wani Abu A maimakon haka

"Me ya sa, wani lokacin na yi imani da yawa kamar abubuwa shida da ba za su yiwu ba kafin karin kumallo." — Lewis Carroll

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Nuwamba 9, 2022

Ya kamata babu shi. Madadin kisan jama'a.

A cikin yanayin da ke kira ga yaki, ba za a iya la'akari da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka ba. In ba haka ba, ta yaya mutum zai ba da hujjar yaƙe-yaƙe?

Don haka, ta yaya zai zama cewa na jera a ƙasa sau 89 cewa an tilasta wa mutane kawai su zaɓi yaƙi ko kuma “Ba Komai,” kuma sun zaɓi wani abu dabam gaba ɗaya?

Nazarin sami rashin tashin hankali zai iya yin nasara, kuma waɗannan nasarorin sun daɗe. Amma duk da haka ana gaya mana akai-akai cewa tashin hankali shine kawai zaɓi.

Idan da tashin hankali shine kawai kayan aikin da aka taɓa amfani da su, tabbas za mu iya gwada sabon abu. Amma ba a buƙatar irin wannan tunanin ko ƙirƙira. Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ci gaban kamfen ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin da ake yawan gaya mana ana buƙatar yaƙi: mamayewa, ayyuka, juyin mulki, da mulkin kama-karya.

Idan za mu haɗa da duk wasu ayyuka na rashin tashin hankali, kamar diflomasiya, sasantawa, shawarwari, da bin doka, da yawa tsawon list zai yiwu. Idan za mu haɗa da yaƙin neman zaɓe na gauraye da tashin hankali za mu iya samun lissafin da ya fi tsayi. Idan za mu haɗa da yaƙin neman zaɓen da ba a samu nasara ba ko kaɗan za mu iya samun jerin gwano mai tsayi.

Muna mai da hankali a nan kan sanannen mataki kai tsaye, tsaron farar hula ba tare da makami ba, rashin tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi - kuma an yi amfani da shi cikin nasara - a maimakon tashin hankali.

Ba mu nemi tace lissafin ba don tsawon lokaci ko kyawun nasarar da aka samu ko kuma rashin tasirin tasirin waje. Kamar tashin hankali, ana iya amfani da aikin da ba na tashin hankali ba don dalilai masu kyau, mara kyau, ko rashin kulawa, kuma gabaɗaya wasu haɗakar waɗancan. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, aikin rashin tashin hankali ya wanzu a matsayin madadin yaƙi. Zaɓuɓɓukan ba su iyakance ga “yin kome ba” ko yaƙi.

Wannan gaskiyar ba ta gaya mana abin da ya kamata kowane mutum ya yi a kowane yanayi ba; yana gaya mana abin da kowace al'umma ke da 'yancin yin ƙoƙari.

Idan aka yi la'akari da yadda akai-akai aka hana wanzuwar ayyukan rashin tashin hankali a matsayin mai yuwuwa, tsayin wannan jeri na ƙasa yana da ban mamaki. Wataƙila ƙin yarda da yanayi da sauran nau'ikan ƙin yarda da shaidar kimiyya yakamata a haɗa su ta hanyar musun aikin da ba na tashin hankali ba, saboda ƙarshen ya zama babban bala'i.

Tabbas, kasancewar a ko da yaushe ana samun hanyoyin da za a bi maimakon yaƙi ko da an fara yaƙi ba dalili ba ne na hana haifar da irin duniyar da ba a ƙirƙiro yaƙe-yaƙe a cikinta ba, kuma babu dalilin da zai hana yin aiki don hana yaƙe-yaƙe da wasu ke shiryawa da makirci. su haifar da dadewa kafin su kai ga ainihin rikici.

2022 Rashin tashin hankali a Ukraine ya toshe tankunan yaki, an yi magana da sojoji daga fada, korar sojoji daga yankuna. Jama'a na canza alamomin hanya, suna sanya allunan talla, suna tsaye a gaban ababan hawa, kuma suna samun yabo mai ban mamaki da Shugaban Amurka ya yi a wani jawabi na Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Rahoton kan waɗannan ayyukan shine nan da kuma nan.

● 2020s A Kolombiya, wata al'umma ta ɗauki ƙasarsu kuma ta kawar da kanta daga yaƙi. Duba nan, nan, Da kuma nan.

● 2020s A Mexico, wata al'umma ta yi hakan. Duba nan, nan, Da kuma nan.

● 2020s A Kanada, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi amfani da su rashin tashin hankali don hana shigar da bututun mai da makamai a filayensu.

2020, 2009, 1991, Ƙungiyoyin da ba na tashin hankali sun hana samar da filin horar da sojoji na NATO a Montenegro, kuma sun kawar da sansanonin sojojin Amurka daga Ecuador da Philippines.

● 2018 Armeniyawa zanga-zangar cikin nasara don murabus na Firayim Minista Serzh Sargsyan.

● 2015 Guatemalan tilasta lalataccen shugaban kasa ya yi murabus.

● 2014-15 A Burkina Faso, mutane ba tare da tashin hankali ba ya hana juyin mulki. Duba lissafi a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● Masarawa 2011 kawo kasa mulkin kama-karya na Hosni Mubarak.

● 2010-11 Tunisiya kwashe mai mulkin kama karya da neman gyara siyasa da tattalin arziki (Jasmine Revolution).

● Yamaniyawa 2011-12 kiba gwamnatin Saleh.

2011 A cikin shekaru da yawa, kafin 2011, ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka a yankin Basque na Spain sun taka rawa wajen kawar da hare-haren ta'addanci na 'yan awaren Basque - musamman ba ta hanyar yaƙi da ta'addanci ba. Dubi "Aikin Farawa Kan Ta'addancin ETA a Ƙasar Basque" na Javier Argomaniz, wanda ke Babi na 9 a cikin Ayyukan Jama'a da Tasirin Tashin hankali edita ta Deborah Avant et alia. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa, a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2004, bama-bamai na Al Qaeda sun kashe mutane 191 a Madrid, gabanin zaben da wata jam'iyya ke fafutukar nuna adawa da shigar Spain a yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta a Iraki. Mutanen Spain zabe 'Yan gurguzu cikin mulki, kuma sun kawar da duk sojojin Spain daga Iraki a watan Mayu. Babu sauran bama-bamai na ta'addanci na kasashen waje a Spain. Wannan tarihin ya bambanta da na Biritaniya, Amurka, da sauran al'ummomin da suka mayar da martani ga busawa da ƙarin yaƙi, gabaɗaya ya haifar da ƙarin koma baya.

● 2011 Senegal cikin nasara zanga-zanga shawara na canji ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki.

● 2011 Maldivia bukatar murabus din shugaban kasa.

● Rashin tashin hankali na 2010 ya kawo karshen ayyukan garuruwa a Donbass tsakanin 2014 da 2022.

● 2008 A Ekwador, wata al’umma ta yi amfani da dabarun da ba ta dace ba da kuma hanyar sadarwa don mayar da martani da wani kamfani mai hakar ma’adinai suka yi da makamai, kamar yadda aka nuna a fim ɗin. Karkashin Duniyar Arziki.

2007 Rashin tashin hankali a Yammacin Sahara ya tilasta Maroko ta ba da shawarar cin gashin kai.

● 2006 Thais kwashe Firayim Minista Thaksin.

● Yajin aikin gama-gari na Nepal na 2006 curils ikon sarki.

● 2005 A Lebanon, shekaru 30 na mulkin Siriya ya ƙare ta wani gagarumin bore a shekara ta 2005.

● 2005 Ecuadorians kiba Shugaba Gutiérrez.

● 2005 'yan kasar Kyrgyzstan kwashe Shugaba Ayakev (Tulip juyin juya halin).

● 2003 Misali daga Laberiya: Fim: Addu'a Iblis Ya Koma Jahannama. Yaƙin basasar Laberiya na 1999-2003 ya kasance ya ƙare ta hanyar rashin tashin hankali, wanda ya hada da yajin aikin jima'i, neman yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya, da samar da sarkar dan Adam da ke kewaye da tattaunawar har sai an kammala.

● 2003 Jojiya kwashe mai mulkin kama karya (Rose Revolution).

● 2002 Madagascar gama-gari fitar shege mai mulki.

1987-2002 Masu fafutuka na Gabashin Timore suna yakin neman zabe 'yancin kai daga Indonesiya.

● 2001 Yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Mutane Iko Biyu", fitar Shugaban Philippines Estrada a farkon 2001. source.

● 2000s: Ƙoƙarin al'umma a Budrus don yin tsayayya da ginin shingen rabuwa na Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hanyar ƙasashensu. Duba fim din Budrus.

● 2000 Peruvian yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa kwashe Dictator Alberto Fujimori.

● 1999 Surinam zanga-zanga adawa da shugaban kasa ya haifar da zabukan da suka kore shi.

● 1998 Indonesiya kwashe Shugaba Suharto.

● 1997-98 ƴan ƙasar Saliyo Kare dimokiradiyya.

● 1997 New Zealand Masu wanzar da zaman lafiya tare da katafaren bindiga maimakon bindigogi sun yi nasara inda dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya dauke da makamai suka kasa kasa akai-akai, wajen kawo karshen yaki a Bougainville, kamar yadda aka nuna a fim din. Sojoji marasa Bindigogi.

● 1992-93 Malawi kawo kasa Mai shekaru 30 mai mulkin kama karya.

● 1992 A Tailandia wani motsi na rashin tashin hankali maras kyau juyin mulkin soja. Duba lissafi a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● Mutanen Brazil 1992 fitar lalataccen shugaban kasa.

● 1992 ƴan ƙasar Madagascar win zabe na 'yanci.

● 1991 A Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991, an kama Gorbachev, an aika da tankunan yaki zuwa manyan birane, an rufe kafafen yada labarai, kuma an hana zanga-zanga. Amma zanga-zangar da ba ta da tushe ta kawo karshen juyin mulkin a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Duba asusu a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● 1991 'Yan Mali shan kashi mai mulkin kama karya, ya sami zabe na 'yanci (Juyin Juya Halin Maris).

● 1990 Ukrainian dalibai ƙarewa ba tare da tashin hankali ba Soviet mulkin Ukraine.

● 1989-90 Mongolians win Dimokuradiyyar jam'iyyu da yawa.

2000 (da 1990s) Haɓaka a Serbia a cikin 1990s. Sabiyawa kwashe Milosevic (Bulldozer Juyin Halitta).

● 1989 Czechoslovakia yakin neman zabe cikin nasara ga dimokuradiyya (Velvet Revolution).

● 1988-89 Solidarność (Haɗin kai) yana kawo ƙasa gwamnatin gurguzu ta Poland.

● Mutanen Chile 1983-88 kwashe tsarin mulkin Pinochet.

● 1987-90 Bangladeshi kawo kasa tsarin mulki na Ershad.

● 1987 A farkon intifada na Falasdinu a ƙarshen 1980s zuwa farkon 1990s, yawancin al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka sun zama ƙungiyoyin cin gashin kansu ta hanyar rashin haɗin kai. A cikin littafin Rashid Khalidi Yakin shekaru dari akan Falasdinu, ya bayar da hujjar cewa wannan rashin tsari, maras lokaci, ciyayi, da kuma ƙoƙari na rashin ƙarfi ya fi kyau fiye da yadda PLO ta yi shekaru da yawa, cewa ta haɗu da motsi na juriya da kuma canza ra'ayin duniya, duk da haɗin kai, adawa, da kuskuren PLO. ga bukatar yin tasiri kan ra'ayin duniya da kuma rashin fahimta game da bukatar yin matsin lamba kan Isra'ila da Amurka. Wannan ya sha bamban sosai da tashin hankali da sakamakon rashin fa'ida na Intifada ta biyu a shekara ta 2000, a mahangar Khalidi da wasu da dama.

● 1987-91 Lithuania, Latvia, Da kuma Estonia sun 'yantar da kansu daga mamayar Soviet ta hanyar juriya mara tashin hankali kafin rugujewar USSR. Duba fim din Juyin Juya Hali.

● 1987 Mutane a Argentina sun hana juyin mulkin soja ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Duba asusu a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● 1986-87 Koriya ta Kudu win gangamin yakin neman zabe na dimokuradiyya.

● 1983-86 Yunkurin “masu iko” na Philippines saukar da shi mulkin kama-karya na Marcos. source.

● 1986-94 Masu fafutuka na Amurka sun ki amincewa da tilastawa wasu mutanen Navajo na gargajiya 10,000 da ke zaune a Arewa maso Gabashin Arizona, ta hanyar amfani da Bukatun Kisan Kisan kiyashi, inda suka yi kira da a gurfanar da duk wadanda ke da alhakin ƙaura da laifin kisan kare dangi.

● 1985 daliban Sudan, ma'aikata kawo kasa Numeiri kama-karya.

Yajin aikin gama-gari na Uruguayan 1984 iyakar gwamnatin soja.

● 1980s A Afirka ta Kudu, ayyukan rashin tashin hankali sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata.

● 1977-83 A Argentina, Iyayen Plaza de Mayo yakin neman zabe cikin nasara don dimokuradiyya da dawowar 'yan uwansu "batattu".

● 1977-79 A Iran, mutane juyin mulki da Shah.

● 1978-82 A Bolivia, mutane ba tare da tashin hankali ba hana juyin mulkin soja. Duba lissafi a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● Daliban Thai 1973 kwashe mulkin soja Thanom.

● 1970-71 Yaren mutanen Poland ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa' farawa kifar da.

● 1968-69 Daliban Pakistan, ma'aikata, da manoma kawo kasa mai mulkin kama karya.

● 1968 Sa’ad da sojojin Soviet suka mamaye Czechoslovakia a shekara ta 1968, an yi zanga-zanga, yajin aikin gama-gari, ƙin ba da haɗin kai, cire alamun titi, da lallashin sojoji. Duk da jagororin da ba su da masaniya, sun amince da karbar ragamar mulki, kuma amincin Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet ya lalace. Duba lissafi a Babi na 1 na Gene Sharp, Kare Farar Hula.

● 1959-60 Jafananci zanga-zanga Yarjejeniyar tsaro da Amurka da kuma firaminista.

● 1957 Colombians kwashe mai mulkin kama-karya.

● 1944-64 Zambiya yakin neman zabe cikin nasara domin samun 'yancin kai.

● 'Yan Algeria 1962 ba tare da tashin hankali ba don hana yakin basasa.

● 1961 A Aljeriya a shekara ta 1961, wasu janar-janar na Faransa guda huɗu sun yi juyin mulki. Juriya mara tashin hankali ya warware shi cikin ƴan kwanaki. Duba lissafi a Babi na 1 na Gene Sharp, Kare Farar Hula. Duba kuma asusu a Part 1 na "Juriyawar Jama'a Ga Juyin Mulki" by Stephen Zunes.

● Daliban Koriya ta Kudu 1960 tilasta mai mulkin kama karya ya yi murabus, sabon zabe.

● 1959-60 Kongo win 'yancin kai daga Daular Belgium.

● Ƙoƙarin 1947 Gandhi daga 1930 shine mabuɗin kawar da Birtaniya daga Indiya.

● 1947 Mysore yawan jama'a wins mulkin demokradiyya a sabuwar Indiya mai cin gashin kanta.

● 1946 Haiti kwashe mai mulkin kama karya.

● 1944 Masu mulkin kama karya na Amurka ta tsakiya biyu, Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (El Salvadorda Jorge Ubico (Guatemala), an korisu ne sakamakon tada kayar bayan farar hula. source. Hambarar da mulkin soja a El Salvador a shekara ta 1944 an ba da labarin a ciki Forcearfi mafi .arfi.

● 1944 Ecuadorians kwashe mai mulkin kama-karya.

● 1940s A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkin Jamus a Denmark da Norway a lokacin yakin duniya na II, Nazis sun daina sarrafa yawan jama'a yadda ya kamata.

● 1940-45 Rashin tashin hankali don ceto Yahudawa daga Holocaust a Berlin, Bulgaria, Denmark, Le Chambon, Faransa da sauran wurare. source.

● 1933-45 A cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sami wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi da Nazi cikin nasara. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da White Rose da Rosenstrasse Resistance. source.

● 1935 Cuban yajin aikin gama gari zuwa kwashe Shugaban kasar.

● 1933 Cuban yajin aikin gama gari zuwa kwashe Shugaban kasar.

● Mutanen Chile 1931 kwashe Carlos Ibañez del Campo.

● 1923 Sa’ad da sojojin Faransa da Belgium suka mamaye yankin Ruhr a shekara ta 1923, gwamnatin Jamus ta yi kira ga ’yan ƙasarta su yi tsayayya ba tare da cin zarafi ba. Mutane ba tare da tashin hankali ba sun juya ra'ayin jama'a a Biritaniya, Amurka, har ma a Belgium da Faransa, don goyon bayan Jamusawa da suka mamaye. Bisa yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, an janye sojojin Faransa. Duba lissafi a Babi na 1 na Gene Sharp, Kare Farar Hula.

● 1920 A Jamus a shekara ta 1920, wani juyin mulki ya hambarar da gwamnati kuma aka kori gwamnati, amma a hanyarta ta fita gwamnati ta yi kira da a gudanar da yajin aikin gama gari. A cikin kwanaki biyar aka soke juyin mulkin. Duba lissafi a Babi na 1 na Gene Sharp, Kare Farar Hula.

● 1917 Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na Fabrairu 1917, duk da takaitattun tashe-tashen hankula, shi ma ba shi da tashin hankali kuma ya kai ga rushewar tsarin sarauta.

● 1905-1906 A Rasha, ƙauye, ma'aikata, ɗalibai, da haziƙai sun tsunduma cikin manyan yajin aiki da wasu nau'ikan ayyukan rashin tashin hankali, wanda ya tilasta wa Czar amincewa da kafa majalisar da aka zaɓa. source. Duba kuma Forcearfi mafi .arfi.

● 1879-1898 Maori ba tare da tashin hankali ba Turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya tare da iyakacin nasara amma yana ƙarfafa wasu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.

● 1850-1867 Masu kishin kasar Hungary, karkashin jagorancin Francis Deak, sun shiga tsaka mai wuya ga mulkin Ostiriya, a karshe suka sake samun mulkin kai ga Hungary a matsayin wani bangare na Tarayyar Austro-Hungary. source.

1765-1775 Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi kamfen na juriya guda uku a kan mulkin Birtaniyya (a kan Dokokin Stamp na 1765, da Townsend Acts of 1767, and Coercive Acts of 1774) wanda ya haifar da 'yancin kai ga yankuna tara a shekara ta 1775. source. Har ila yau duba nan.

● 494 KZ A Roma, ’yan’uwa, maimakon kashe goron gayyata a ƙoƙarin gyara koke-koke. tsallake daga birnin zuwa wani tudu (daga baya ana kiransa "Dutse mai tsarki"). A nan suka zauna na wasu kwanaki, sun ƙi ba da gudummawar da suka saba don rayuwar birnin. Daga nan aka cimma yarjejeniya da ke yin alkawarin inganta rayuwarsu da matsayinsu. Dubi Gene Sharp (1996) "Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da zaman lafiya: gwagwarmayar tashin hankali zuwa ga adalci, 'yanci da zaman lafiya." Binciken Ecumenical (Juzu'i na 48, Mas'ala ta 2).