Ranar Pearl Harbor a yau kamar Columbus Day 50 shekaru da suka wuce. Wato shi ne: mafi yawan mutane har yanzu sunyi imanin hakan. Har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin la'akari da labarin su a cikin jihar da ba a san su ba. "Birnin New Pearl Har ila yau" masu marhabin suna so ne, da'awar, da kuma amfani da su. Duk da haka, Pearl Pearl na farko ya kasance mafi shahararren gardamar Amurka game da duk abin da soja ke ciki, ciki har da sake mayar da hankali ga Japan - ba tare da ambaci ƙungiyar WWII na kasar Japan ba a matsayin samfurin da ake amfani da ita ga sauran kungiyoyin a yau. Muminai a Pearl Harbour suna tunanin tunanin su, wanda ya bambanta da yau, mafi girman rashin laifi na Amurka, wanda ya fi dacewa da abin da ya faru, wani bambanci mafi kyau da nagarta da mummunan aiki, da kuma wajibi ne don yin yaki.
Gaskiyar ba ta goyi bayan ka'idodi ba. Gwamnatin Amurka ba ta buƙatar yi Japan wani dan takarar abokin tarayya a mulkin mallaka, bai bukaci yin amfani da makamai ba, bai kamata ba goyon bayan Nazism da fascism (kamar yadda wasu daga cikin manyan hukumomin Amurka suka yi daidai ta hanyar yaki), basu buƙatar jawo Japan, ba su buƙatar shiga cikin yaki a Asiya ko Turai ba, kuma ba a yi mamakin harin da ke kan Pearl Harbor ba. Don goyon bayan kowane ɗayan waɗannan maganganun, ci gaba da karatun.
Wannan makon ina shaida a Kotun Iraqi game da Minti na Titin Downing. A cikin tunanin Amurkawa lokacin 2003-2008 na yakin da aka kwashe shekaru ana yi a Iraki ya fi na Yakin Duniya na II rauni. Amma idan ya zo ga karya, yanke shawara mara kyau, da matakan mutuwa da hallakarwa, babu wani kwatanci: Yaƙin Duniya na II ya kasance babu ƙalubale a matsayin mafi munin abu ga ɗan adam gabaɗaya da gwamnatin Amurka musamman (da ma sauran gwamnatoci da yawa). taba aikata. Akwai ma daidaici da Minti na Titin Downing.
Ranar 18 1941, 10, Firaministan kasar Winston Churchill ya gana da majalisarsa a 23 Downing Street. Taron ya kasance da kama da 2002 1941 na Yuli, XNUMX, tare da su a wannan adireshin, minti daya da suka zama sanannun Minishin Downing Street. Dukansu tarurruka sun bayyana asirin Amurka da nufin shiga yaki. A cikin taron na XNUMX, Churchill ya shaida wa majalisarsa, cewar minti: "Shugaban ya ce za ya yi yaki amma ba a bayyana shi ba." Bugu da ƙari, "Duk abin da za a yi don sa ido kan lamarin."
Lalle ne, duk abin da aka yi don tilasta wani abin da ya faru, kuma abin da ya faru shi ne Pearl Harbor.
Tunawa da kwanan nan
A watan Mayu 2005 wasu abokai da na kaddamar BayanDowningStreet.org (yanzu ake kira WarIsACrime.org) don inganta wayar da kan jama'a Downing Street Minutes ko Downing Street Memo da takardun da suka shafi.
Wannan takarda mai amfani ne wanda aka sake shi a daidai lokacin da zai iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci.
Kamar kowane yaƙe-yaƙe da kowa ya taɓa yi kafin ko tun daga (aƙalla har zuwa lokacin da ake yin fito-na-fito a fili “satar mai '' da“ kashe danginsu ”), an ƙaddamar da matakin 2003 a cikin yaƙin Iraki bisa ƙ arya da ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba bisa wasu ƙ arya.
Bai kamata ace mun bukaci wata hujja ba. Ba bisa doka ba ne don kai farmaki ga wata ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma karkashin yarjejeniyar Kellogg Briand (kuma ba shakka a karkashin yarjejeniyar Hague na 1899). Kuma a wannan yanayin, kamar yadda ya faru da Afghanistan shekaru biyu da suka gabata, MDD ta ƙi yaƙi musamman. Yin yakin ya zama doka da lalata ko da wane irin makami zai iya kasancewa a kasar ta kai hare-haren kuma komai duk laifin da kasar ta aikata. Kaddamar da kisan gilla kan fararen hula don a gigice da tsoratar dasu haramun ne a cikin fahimtar lauyoyin da suka yi watsi da rashin izinin yaki. Abubuwan kirki shi ne daya daga cikin mafi munin abubuwa da aka aikata. Kusan bai taɓa aiki ba.
Ko da mun yarda da cewa makamai a Iraki ko laifukan Iraki na iya ba da hujjar yaƙi, shaidun sun tabbata cewa waɗannan ƙarya ne. Gwamnatin Iraki tana adawa da kungiyar da ya kamata ta hada kai da ita. A cikin 1995 surukin Saddam Hussein ya sanar da Amurka da Birtaniyya cewa duk an lalata kwayoyin halitta, sunadarai, makamai masu linzami, da makaman nukiliya a ƙarƙashin sa ido kai tsaye. Bayan masu binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bar Iraki a 1998, babban sifeton ya ce za su yanke shawara iri daya. A shekarar 1999 a wajen wata muhawara ta farko a New Hampshire, Bush ya ce zai fitar da Saddam Hussein. "Na yi mamakin har yanzu yana wurin," in ji shi. A cikin 2001, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, da wasu a cikin Gwamnatin Bush suna gaya wa kafofin watsa labarai cewa Saddam Hussein ba shi da makamai. Sun canza ra'ayinsu a bayyane akan umarni.
Don haka, lokacin da Minti na Downing Street Minutes ya fito a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2005, mun yi tsalle a kansa, ba kamar sabon bayani ba amma a matsayin shaidar da za mu iya amfani da ita, duka don shawo kan wasu da kuma gabatar da kara a kotu ko a Majalisa. Waɗannan su ne mintocin ganawa a ofishin Firayim Minista Tony Blair a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2002, inda shugabansa da ake kira da leken asiri, ya dawo daga Washington, ya ba da rahoto (kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin mintocin):
"Yanzu ana ganin matakin soja kamar ba makawa. Bush ya so cire Saddam, ta hanyar aikin soja, wanda aka ba da hujja ta hanyar haɗin ta'addanci da WMD. Amma ana daidaita bayanan sirri da hujjoji game da manufar. ”
Don haka sun kasance, kamar yadda aka rubuce dalla-dalla dalla-dalla. Masu shirya yakin na Fadar White House da masu hadin gwiwarsu sun kirkiro takardu, suna neman da'awar da masanan nasu suka ki amincewa da su, sun dogara da shaidun da ba su da tushe, sun ciyar da shaidun karya don musanta wadanda ake kira 'yan jarida, da azabtar da bayanan da ake so daga wadanda aka sace. Bush ya shirya makirce-makirce don fara yakin da ya yi ikirarin cewa yana kokarin gujewa. Duba, misali, da Fadar White House.
Amma kawai cewa an sanar da Birtaniyya cewa yaƙi ba makawa a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2002, ya kamata ya zama babban labari a cikin Mayu 2005. Mun yi aiki tuƙuru don yin hakan, muna matsa wa kafofin watsa labarai masu ƙarfi da ke da'awar ko dai ba za su iya ba 't tabbatar da bayanin da yake ingantacce kuma ba ma jayayya, ko jayayya cewa abin da ya saukar "tsoffin labarai ne," duk da cewa sabon abu ne ga duk wanda wadancan kafafan yada labaran suka sanar.
Mun sanya shi cikin manyan labarai ta hanyar zanga-zangar jama'a, sakewa a cikin hanyoyin watsa labarai, ambaliyar haruffa zuwa editocin, da kuma hanyoyin kirkirar abubuwa masu yawa. Amma muna da amfani. 'Yan Democrat a Majalisa sun kasance a cikin' yan tsirarun kuma yawancin su suna ikirarin cewa za su dauki ayyuka don kawo karshen yakin idan aka ba mafi rinjaye. Wakilan Majalisar Wakilai sun taimaka wa kokarinmu. Na yi imani cewa mun juya da yawa daga maganganun ƙarfafawa su zama karya ta hanyar raguwa maimakon fadadawa da ƙara ƙarfafa motsinmu a cikin Janairu 2007.
Lokacin da Diane Sawyer ya tambayi Bush dalilin da yasa ya yi ikirarin da yake da shi game da makaman nukiliya da Iraki ke ɗauka, ya amsa: “Menene banbancin?”
Wataƙila kaɗan ne yanzu, kamar yadda muka kasance tare da shugaban da ke ƙaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe tsawon shekaru takwas ba tare da damuwa da yin ƙarya ga Majalisa ba. Ko kuma watakila sosai a yanzu, yayin da muka nuna ikonmu don tsayayya da ƙarya game da Siriya a cikin 2013 a matsayin shekaru goma na gwagwarmaya a kan yakin Iraki da ke goyon bayan Majalisa ba da goyon baya ga sabon yaƙi ba.
Dole ne mu sanya amsar ta zama mai mahimmanci. Dole ne mu ba da labarin yadda ya kamata, saboda rabin Amurka har yanzu ba ta san shi ba. Babban ƙarya a yanzu, wanda yawancin Amurkawa suka yi imani da shi, shine cewa Iraq ta amfana kuma Amurka ta wahala (ɓangare na biyu gaskiya ne) daga yaƙin da ya lalata Iraq.
A game da gyara wannan akida na karya zan gabatar ne a cikin wata takarda da na rubuta shekaru uku da suka gabata da ake kira Yaƙin Iraki Daga Cikin Mummunan Al'amuran Duniya.
Babban abin da nake tsoro shi ne yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da ɓoyayyen yaƙe-yaƙe za a ci gaba da ƙaddamar da su ba tare da kamfen ɗin jama'a ya gabata ba. Ko ma mafi muni: za a ƙaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe tare da sanarwa na gaskiya cewa ana buƙatar satar man wani ko kuma ana buƙatar yanka wasu mutane - kuma ba za mu ƙi ko ci nasara a kan dakatar da waɗannan laifuka ba. Oneaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan aikin da muke da shi a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya shine sanin kowane ƙaryar da ake amfani da ita don tallafawa kowane yaƙin da ya gabata. Dole ne mu kara fadakar da kanmu a kowane lokaci.
Abu mafi mahimmanci, dole ne mu warware batutuwa na Pearl Harbor.
Unsurprising
Yawancin Jafananci sun fi dacewa su gane laifukan gwamnatinsu, laifuka kafin da bayan Pearl Harbor, da kuma laifin Pearl Harbor. (Asar Amirka ba ta da cikakkiyar masaniya game da rawar da take yi. Daga gefen Amurka, Pearl Harbor ya samo asali daga Jamus.
Nazi Jamus, a zahiri muke yin watsi da wani lokacin, da ba za mu iya wanzu ko yin yaƙi ba tare da tallafi ba shekaru da suka gabata da kuma ci gaba ta hanyar yaƙin kamfanonin Amurka kamar GM, Ford, IBM, da ITT. Manufofin kamfanoni na Amurka sun fifita Nazi Jamus fiye da Soviet Union ta Soviet, sun yi farin cikin ganin waɗannan al'ummomin ƙasashen biyu suna kashe junan su, kuma suna fifita Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na II mai kyau-da-zama dole a gefen Ingila kawai da zarar gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya hakan riba sosai. Amurka ta jinkirta D-Day tsawon shekaru yayin da Jamus ke yiwa Rasha bushe, kuma a cikin awanni kaɗan da shan kayen Jamus, Churchill ya ba da shawarar sabon yaƙi a kan Rasha ta amfani da sojojin Jamusawa.
Babban fatan Churchill na shekaru kafin shigowar Amurka cikin yakin shine Japan zata kai hari ga Amurka. Wannan zai ba Amurka damar (ba bisa doka ba, amma a siyasance) don shiga yakin duniya na biyu a Turai, kamar yadda shugabanta ke so ya yi, sabanin kawai samar da makami da taimakawa wajen kera jiragen ruwa na karkashin kasa kamar yadda ta ke yi.
A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya gabatar da sanarwar yaƙi a kan Japan da Jamus, amma ya yanke shawarar ba zai yi aiki ba kuma ya tafi tare da Japan shi kaɗai. Ba da daɗewa ba Jamus ta shelanta yaƙi da Amurka, watakila tana fatan Japan za ta shelanta yaƙi da Tarayyar Soviet.
Samun shiga yaki bai zama sabon ra'ayi a fadar Roosevelt White House ba. FDR ta yi kokarin kwance ga Amurka game da jiragen ruwan Amurka ciki har da Greerda Kerny, wanda ya taimaka wa jiragen saman Birtaniya su yi wa Jamus jiragen ruwa, amma abin da Roosevelt ya dauka an kai shi ba tare da laifi ba. Har ila yau Roosevelt ya yi ƙarya cewa yana da taswirar taswirar Nazi mai ɓoye na kudancin Amirka, da kuma shirin Nazi na asiri don maye gurbin dukan addinai tare da Nazism. Taswirar na daga cikin ingancin Karl Rove "cewa" Iraki tana sayen uranium a Nijar.
Duk da haka, jama'ar {asar Amirka ba su saya tunanin da za su sake shiga wani yakin ba, har zuwa Pearl Harbor, inda Roosevelt ya riga ya kafa zane, ya taimaka wa Kare Tsaro, ya gina babbar Rundunar Sojan ruwa a cikin teku biyu, wanda ya sayar da tsofaffin masu hallaka zuwa Birtaniya a musayar jingina ta asusunsa a cikin Caribbean da Bermuda, kuma - kawai 11 kwanaki kafin a "harin da ba tsammani", kuma kwanaki biyar kafin FDR sa ran - ya asirce da umarnin halitta (by Henry Field) na jerin na kowane ɗan Japan da Jafananci-Amurka a Amurka.
A watan Afrilu 28, 1941, Churchill ya rubuta wasikar sirri ga ma'aikatar yaki da shi:
"Za a iya ɗauka kamar yadda ya kamata a shigar da Japan a cikin yakin nan ta hanyar shiga Amurka a gefenmu."
Ranar Mayu 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya, ya sadu da Roosevelt kuma ya same shi "kishi" na wurin Churchill a tsakiyar yakin. Yayinda majalisar Roosevelt ke son Amurka ta shiga yaki, Menzies sun gano Roosevelt,
”. . . wanda aka horar a karkashin Woodrow Wilson a yakin da ya gabata, yana jiran abin da ya faru, wanda hakan zai iya jefa Amurka cikin yaki kuma ya sa R. ya fita daga wautar zaben da ya yi alkawarin cewa 'Zan kiyaye ku daga yaki.'
A watan Agusta 18, 1941, Churchill ya yi wannan ganawar tare da majalisarsa a 10 Downing Street.
Wani abu ya faru.
Kodayake Japan ba ta da tsayayya da kai hare-hare ga wasu kuma ya kasance mai aiki wajen gina mulkin Asiya. Kuma {asar Amirka da Japan ba su kasance cikin zumunci ba. Amma menene zai iya haifar da Jafananci?
Lokacin da Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ziyarci Pearl Harbor a watan Yuli 28, 1934, shekaru bakwai kafin harin Japan, sojojin Japan sun nuna damuwa. Janar Kunishiga Tanaka ya rubuta a cikin Japan Advertiser, suna ƙyamar gina gwanayen jiragen ruwa na Amirka da kuma samar da ƙarin bayanan asibiti a Alaska da Aleutian Islands:
"Irin halin rashin girman kai ya sa mu mafi m. Yana sa mu tunanin babban matsala an karfafa shi a cikin Pacific. Wannan shi ne babban baƙin ciki. "
Ko dai an yi baqin ciki ko a'a ba wata tambaya ba ce daga ko wannan ya kasance abin da ake gani da kuma yiwuwar mayar da martani ga faɗakarwar soja, koda lokacin da ake kira "kare". m kuma. A watan Oktoba 1934 ya rubuta a Harper Magazine: "Yana da wata hujja cewa kasashe ba su da makamai don yaki amma don yaki." Seldes ya tambayi wani jami'in a kungiyar Navy League:
"Kuna yarda da maganganun jiragen ruwa da kuka shirya don yin yaki da wani jirgin ruwa?"
Mutumin ya ce "I".
"Shin kuna kallon yakin da na Birnin Birtaniya?"
"Babu shakka, babu."
"Shin kuna kallon yaki da Japan?"
"Na'am."
A cikin 1935 mafi kyawun Amurka Marine a cikin tarihi a lokacin, Brigadier Janar Smedley D. Butler, ya buga babban nasarar da aka kira War ne Racket. Ya ga yadda ya kamata ya yi gargadin al'ummar:
"A kowace zaman taro na majalisa, tambaya ta kara haɓaka jiragen ruwa ya zo. Wadanda ba su da kwarewa ba su yi ihu ba cewa 'Muna buƙatar kuri'a na yaki da wannan al'umma ko wannan al'umma.' Oh, a'a. Da farko dai, sun sanar da cewa Amurka ta kaddamar da karfi ne ta hanyar karfin jiragen ruwa. Kusan kowace rana, wadannan admirals za su gaya maka, babban jirgi na wannan mai zaton makiya za su yi nasara ba zato ba tsammani kuma su halakar da mutanen 125,000,000. Kamar wannan. Sa'an nan kuma suka fara kuka ga manyan jiragen ruwa. Don me? Don yaki da abokan gaba? Oh, ba, a'a. Oh, a'a. Don dalilan tsaro kawai. Sa'an nan kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, sun sanar da maneuvers a cikin Pacific. Don kare. Oh, huh.
"Pacific shi ne babban babban teku. Muna da babbar gabar teku a cikin Pacific. Za a iya yin motsi a gefen tekun, kilomita biyu ko uku? Oh, a'a. Hoto za su kasance dubu biyu, a, watakila ma talatin da hamsin da biyar, a gefen tekun.
"Mutanen Jafananci, masu girman kai, ba shakka za su yi farin ciki da ganin yadda jirgin saman Amurka ke kusa da iyakar Nippon. Duk da cewa kamar yadda mazauna California za su iya fahimta, ta hanyar asuba, furanni na Japan suna wasa a wasannin yaki a Los Angeles. "
A watan Maris na 1935, Roosevelt ya ba Wake Island kan jirgin ruwa na Amurka kuma ya bai wa Pan Am Airways damar yin hanyoyi kan Wake Island, Midway Island, da kuma Guam. Jagoran sojojin sojin kasar Japan sun sanar da cewa sun damu kuma sun kalli wadannan hanyoyi kamar barazana. Don haka ne 'yan gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya a Amurka. A watannin na gaba, Roosevelt ya shirya wasannin yaki da motsa jiki kusa da Aleutian Islands da Midway Island. A watan da ya gabata, masu sa ido na zaman lafiya suna tafiya a birnin New York don yin shawarwari tare da Japan. Norman Thomas ya rubuta a 1935:
"Mutumin daga Mars wanda ya ga irin yadda mutane suka sha wahala a yakin karshe kuma yadda suke shirye-shirye don yaki na gaba, wanda suka san zai zama mafi muni, zai tabbata cewa yana kallon masu neman mafaka."
Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun kwashe wasu shekaru masu zuwa suna shirin shirye-shiryen yaki tare da Japan, ranar 8 ga Maris, 1939, wacce aka bayyana ta da “wani mummunan yaki na dogon lokaci” wanda zai lalata soja kuma ya dagula rayuwar tattalin arzikin Japan. A cikin Janairu 1941, watanni goma sha ɗaya kafin harin, da Japan Advertiser ya bayyana rashin jin dadi a kan Pearl Harbor a cikin edita, kuma jakadan Amurka a Japan ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa:
"Akwai magana mai yawa game da gari don ganin cewa Jafananci, idan sun yi hutu tare da Amurka, suna shirin shirya duk wani hari a kan Pearl Harbor. Hakika na sanar da gwamnati. "
Ranar Fabrairu 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ya rubuta wa Sakataren War Henry Stimson cewa ya yi gargadin yiwuwar wani hari mai ban mamaki a Pearl Harbor.
A farkon 1932 Amurka ta yi magana da kasar Sin game da samar da jiragen sama, matukan jirgi, da horo don yaki da Japan. A watan Nuwamba na 1940, Roosevelt ta bai wa kasar Sin dala miliyan dari don yaki da Japan, bayan da ya yi shawarwari tare da Sakataren Harkokin Gida na Birtaniya, Henry Morgenthau, na Birtaniya, ya shirya shirin tura bama-bamai na kasar Sin tare da ma'aikatan Amurka don amfani da bom a Tokyo da sauran biranen Japan. A watan Disamba na 21, 1940, makonni biyu na jin kunya a shekara guda kafin harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, ministan kudi na kasar Sin TV Soong da Colonel Claire Chennault, wani mayaƙan Amurka mai ritaya wanda ke aiki ga kasar Sin kuma ya roƙe su su yi amfani da Amurka 'Yan fasin jirgi sun kai bom a Tokyo tun daga 1937, sun haɗu da ɗakin cin abinci na Henry Morgenthau don shirya shirin kashe wuta a Japan. Morgenthau ya ce zai iya samun 'yan maza daga cikin aiki a rundunar sojan Amurka idan sojojin kasar Sin zasu biya su $ 1,000 kowace wata. Soong ya amince.
Ranar Mayu 24, 1941, da New York Times ya ba da rahoto game da horar da sojojin kasar Sin game da horar da sojojin kasar Sin, da kuma samar da "yakin basasa da bama-bamai" zuwa kasar Sin ta Amurka. "Ana tsammanin ana kashe birane da dama a Japan" karanta ƙananan labarun. A watan Yuli, Hukumar Rundunar Sojoji ta Sojojin sun amince da shirin da ake kira JB 355, don harba Japan. Kamfanin na gaba zai saya jiragen sama na Amurka da masu aikin hidimar Amurka suka horar da Chennault da kuma horar da wasu kungiyoyin. Roosevelt ya amince, da kuma Lauchlin Currie na kasar Sin, a cikin kalmomin Nicholson Baker, "sun yiwa Madam Chaing Kai-Shek da Claire Chennault takardar wasiƙar da ta yi kira ga 'yan leƙen asiri na Japan su yi hulɗa tsakanin su." Ko dai ba haka ba ne, wannan shi ne wasika:
"Ina matukar farin ciki da damar da zan iya bayar da rahoto a yau, shugaban kasar ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a iya samar da bama-bamai 60 da shida a kasar Sin a wannan shekara tare da ashirin da hudu don a fito da su nan da nan. Har ila yau, ya amince da shirin koyar da matukin jirgi na kasar Sin, a nan. Bayani ta hanyar tashoshin al'ada. Girmama. "
Jakadan {asar Amirka ya ce "idan aka yi hutu tare da {asar Amirka" za a jefa bam a Birnin Japan Pearl Harbor. Ina mamaki idan wannan ya cancanci!
Rundunar 'yan gudun hijirar ta Amurka (AVG) na rundunar sojojin kasar Sin, wadda aka fi sani da Flying Tigers, ta ci gaba da daukar nauyin daukar hoto da kuma horo, an ba da shi zuwa China kafin Pearl Harbor, kuma ya fara ganin yaki a ranar Disamba 1, 20, kwana goma sha biyu (lokaci na gida) bayan da Jafananci suka kai wa Pearl Harbor hari.
Ranar Mayu 31, 1941, a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka, William Henry Chamberlin ya ba da sanarwar gargadi cewa: "Dukkanin tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na kasar Japan, dakatar da man fetur na misali, zai tura Japan cikin hannun Axis. Harkokin tattalin arziƙi zai kasance mafita ga aikin soja da soja. "Mafi muni game da masu neman zaman lafiya shine sau nawa sukan yi daidai.
A ranar Jumma'a 24, 1941, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ce, "Idan muka yanke man fetur, [Jafananci] tabbas zai riga ya sauka zuwa Indiyawan East Indies a cikin shekara da suka gabata, kuma kuna da yakin. Yana da mahimmanci daga ra'ayinmu na son kai tsaye don hana yakin daga farawa ta Kudu Pacific. Don haka manufofinmu na kasashen waje na kokarin dakatar da yakin basasa daga can. "
'Yan jarida sun lura cewa Roosevelt ya ce "ya kasance" maimakon "shi ne." Kashegari, Roosevelt ya ba da wata mahimmanci ga dukiyar Japan. {Asar Amirka da Birtaniya sun yanke man fetur da kuma raguwa zuwa Japan. Radhabinod Pal, wani dan kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a kotun hukunta laifukan yaki a bayan yakin, da ake kira jirgin ruwa a matsayin "mummunan barazana ga rayuwar Japan", kuma ya kammala Amurka ta tsokani Japan.
A watan Agusta 7th, watanni hudu kafin harin, da Japan Advertiser ya rubuta cewa: "Da farko an halicci wani abu mai ban tsoro a Singapore, sojojin Britaniya da Empire sun ƙarfafa su sosai. Daga wannan ɗakin an gina wata babbar ƙafa kuma an haɗa shi da asusun Amurka don samar da babbar murya a cikin babban yanki a kudu da yamma daga Philippines ta hanyar Malaya da Burma, tare da haɗin ginin da ke cikin yankunan tsibirin Thailand. Yanzu an samar da shi ne don hada da ruɗun da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke zuwa Rangoon. "
Ba wanda zai iya tunawa da Hillary Clinton ba a nan comments to Goldman Sachs bankers. Clinton ta yi iƙirarin sun gaya wa kasar Sin cewa Amurka na iya yin ikirarin mallakar mallakar dukan Pacific saboda "yantar da shi." Ta ci gaba da cewa sun fada musu cewa "Mun gano Japan saboda sama." Kuma: " Muna da tabbacin saya [Hawaii]. "
A watan Satumba na 1941, manema labaru na Japan ya yi fushi da cewa Amurka ta fara sayar da man fetur a kusa da Japan zuwa Rasha. Kasar Japan, jaridarta ta ce, tana mutuwa ne da jinkirin mutuwar "yaki da tattalin arziki."
Mene ne Amurka za ta yi fatan samun ta ta hanyar man fetur da ta wuce wata ƙasa da ta buƙatar ta?
A ƙarshen Oktoba, Ambasada Edgar Mower na Amurka yana aiki ne ga Colonel William Donovan wanda ya ziyarci Roosevelt. Mower ya yi magana da wani mutum a Manila wanda ake kira Ernest Johnson, memba na Hukumar Maritime, wanda ya ce ya sa ran "Japs zai dauki Manila kafin in iya fita." Lokacin da Mower ya bayyana mamaki, Johnson ya amsa ya ce "Shin, ba ku san Japan ba? Rundunar sojin ta tashi zuwa gabas, mai yiwuwa ana iya kai hari kan motoci a Pearl Harbor? "
A ranar Nuwamba 3, 1941, jakadan Amurka ya sake ƙoƙari ya sami wani abu ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali na gwamnatinsa, ya aika da sako mai tsawo ga gwamnatin Amurka cewa gargadin tattalin arziki na iya haifar da yunkurin yin amfani da takunkumi a kasar Japan. rikici da Amurka za ta iya kawo haɗari da haɗari. "
Me ya sa nake tunawa da labarin abin da aka ba Shugaba George W. Bush kafin zuwan Satumba 11, 2001, hare-haren? "Bin Laden ya yanke shawarar kashe a Amurka" Babu shakka babu wani a Washington da yake so ya ji shi a 1941 ko dai.
Ranar Nuwamba 15th, Babban Jami'in Harkokin Jakadancin, George Marshall, ya yi jawabi game da wani abu da ba mu tunawa da matsayin "Shirin Marshall". A gaskiya ma ba mu tuna da shi ba. "Muna shirye-shiryen yaki da Japan," in ji Marshall, na rokon 'yan jarida su kiyaye shi asirce, wanda har ma na san sun yi hakan.
Kwana goma daga baya Sakataren War Henry Stimson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa ya hadu a Ofishin Oval tare da Marshall, Shugaban Roosevelt, Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, da kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Cordell Hull. Roosevelt ya gaya musu cewa za su iya kaiwa Japan hari nan da nan, watakila Litinin mai zuwa. An wallafa a rubuce cewa Amurka ta karya ka'idojin Jafananci kuma Roosevelt ya sami damar shiga gare su. Ya kasance ta hanyar sakonnin abin da ake kira Saƙon rubutun zane cewa Roosevelt ya gano shirin Jamus na mamaye Rasha. Hull ne wanda ya kalli yarjejeniyar Jafananci zuwa manema labaru, wanda ya haifar da NNUMX 30 na Nuwamba, 1941, mai taken "Jafananci na iya shawo kan mako-mako."
Wannan Litinin na gaba zai kasance Disamba 1st, kwanaki shida kafin harin ya zo. "Tambayar," in ji Stimson, "ita ce ta yaya za mu yi amfani da su a matsayin wuri na harbi harbi na farko, ba tare da ba da damar haranmu ba. Wannan abu ne mai wuya. "Shin? Amsar guda ɗaya ce ta kasance a kiyaye jiragen ruwa a Pearl Harbor kuma su ajiye masu sufurin jiragen ruwa a can a cikin duhu yayin da suke damuwa da su daga ofisoshin dadi a Washington, DC A hakikanin gaskiya, wannan shine maganganun da jarumawanmu suka dauka.
Ranar bayan harin, Majalisa sun zabi yakin. Matan majalisa Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar, da kuma wanda ya zabe a yakin duniya na I, ya tsaya ne kawai a cikin yakin duniya na biyu (kamar yadda Barista Congress Barbara Barbara (D., Calif) zai tsaya kadai a kan yakar Afghanistan 60 shekaru baya).
Bayan shekara daya bayan zaben, a ranar Disamba na 8, 1942, Rankin ya gabatar da jawabin da ya ci gaba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke nuna adawa. Tana ta da labarin wani dan Burtaniya wanda ya yi jayayya a 1938 don amfani da Japan don kawo Amurka a cikin yakin. Ta ba da rahoton Henry Luce game da shi Life mujallar mujallar ta 20, 1942, ga "{asar China wanda {asar Amirka ta ba da kyautar da ta kawo wa Pearl Harbor." Ta gabatar da shaidar cewa, a taron na Atlantic na 12, 1941, Roosevelt, ya tabbatar da cewa, {asar Amirka za ta kawo matsalolin tattalin arziki na Japan. "Na bayyana," in ji Rankin, "a watan Disamba na 20, na 1941, na Gwamnatin Jihar, wanda ya bayyana cewa, a ranar Satumba 3, an aika da wata sanarwa zuwa {asar Japan, ta bukaci cewa, ta amince da irin yadda ake 'ba da labarin irin yadda ake samu a cikin Pacific, 'wanda ya zo ne don neman tabbacin da ba a yi ba ne a cikin kudancin Gabas.'
Rankin ya gano cewa Hukumar Tsaron Tattalin Arziki ta samu takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasa da mako guda bayan taron Atlantic. A ranar Disamba 2, 1941, da New York Times ya ce, a gaskiya, Japan ta "yanke daga kimanin 75 bisa dari na cinikayyar cinikinta ta hanyar Rundunar Allied." Rankin kuma ya ruwaito bayanin Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, a cikin Asabar Maraice Post na 10, 1942, a ranar Nuwamba 28, 1941, kwanaki tara kafin harin, mataimakin Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (wanda ya kasance mai taken "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") ya ba da umarni gareshi da wasu su "tayar da duk abin da muka gani a sararin sama da kuma bomb duk abin da muka gani a bakin teku."
Janar George Marshall ya amince da Majalisar Dattijai a 1945: An karya ka'idodin, Amurka ta kaddamar da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch-Amurka don hadin gwiwa da Japan da kuma sanya su a gaban Pearl Harbor, kuma Amurka ta sun ba da jami'an tsaro ga kasar Sin don yin gwagwarmaya a gaban Pearl Harbor. Ba shi da asiri cewa yana daukan iko biyu na yaki don yin yaki (ba kamar lokacin da wani yaƙin yaki ya kai hari ba) ko kuma wannan shari'ar ba ta kasance ba ce ga wannan mulkin.
Wani jawabin nasa na Dokta 1940 na Oktoba Dokta Arthur H. McCollum wanda shugaban Roosevelt da shugabanninsa suka yi masa aiki. Ya yi kira ga abubuwa takwas da McCollum ya yi annabci zai jagoranci Jafananci don ya kai farmaki, ciki har da shirya don amfani da asusun Birtaniya a Singapore da kuma amfani da asusun Netherlands a cikin abin da ke yanzu Indonesia, taimakawa gwamnatin kasar Sin, aikawa da raguwa mai tsawo yankuna masu yawa zuwa Philippines ko Singapore, suna aikawa da bangarori guda biyu na jiragen ruwa zuwa "Gabas", suna mai da karfi ga 'yan jiragen ruwa a Hawaii, suna maida martani cewa Dutch sun ƙi man fetur na Japan, kuma sun shiga dukkanin kasuwanci tare da Japan tare da haɗin gwiwar Birtaniya .
Ranar da McCollum ta tuna, Gwamnatin Amirka ta ce wa Amirkawa su janye ƙasashen gabas, kuma Roosevelt ya umarci 'yan gudun hijirar su zauna a {asar Hawaii, game da mummunar rashin amincewa da Admiral James O. Richardson, wanda ya rubuta shugaban} asa, ya ce "Ba da jimawa ba, yan tawaye da Amurka da kuma al'umma za su yarda su shiga yakin. "Sakon da Admiral Harold Stark ya aika zuwa Admiral Husband Kimmel a ranar Nuwamba 28, 1941, ya karanta," IF HOSTILITIES BAYA KASA KASA KASA KASA KARANTA DA ƘARATIN ƘATUWA JAPAN YA YI YI KARANTA DA KARANTA NA HAUSA. "Joseph Rochefort, wanda ya kasance cikin sashin layi na Intanet Navy, wanda ya kasance cikin aikinsa na kasa yin magana da Pearl Harbor abin da ke zuwa, zai ce:" Wannan kyauta ne mai kyau don biyan kuɗi na ƙasar. . "
Daren bayan harin, Shugaba Roosevelt ya sami Edward R. Murrow na CBS News da Roosevelt's Coordinator of Information William Donovan don cin abincin dare a Fadar White House, kuma duk abin da Shugaban ke so ya sani shi ne ko jama'ar Amurka za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Donovan da Murrow sun ba shi tabbacin mutane za su yarda da yaƙi yanzu. Daga baya Donovan ya fadawa mataimakinsa cewa mamakin Roosevelt ba na wasu da ke kusa da shi ba ne, kuma shi, Roosevelt, ya yi maraba da harin. Murrow bai sami damar yin bacci a wannan daren ba kuma ya addabe shi tsawon rayuwarsa ta abin da ya kira "babban labarin rayuwata" wanda bai taɓa ba da labarinsa ba, amma abin da bai buƙaci hakan ba. Washegari, Shugaban ya yi magana game da ranar ɓatanci, Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta ayyana yaƙi na Tsarin Mulki na ƙarshe a tarihin jamhuriya, kuma Shugaban Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Tarayya, Dr. George A. Buttrick, ya zama memba na zumunci na sulhu da ke yin adawa da yaƙi.
Me ya sa yake da matsala? Saboda almara na Pearl Harbor, wanda aka sake amfani da shi akan 9-11, ba shi da alhakin manufofin ɓarna na lalatacce na 1920s da 1930s waɗanda suka haifar da Yakin Duniya na II kasancewa, amma ke da alhakin tunanin yaƙi na dindindin na 75 da ya gabata shekaru, da kuma yadda yakin yakin duniya na biyu ya karu, tsawon lokaci, kuma ya kammala.
Lawrence S. Wittner ya rubuta cewa: “Cikin damuwa a 1942, ta hanyar jita-jita game da shirin hallaka Nazi, Jessie Wallace Hughan ta damu da cewa irin wannan manufar, wacce ta bayyana 'dabi'a ce, ta mahangarsu,' za a iya aiwatar da ita idan yakin duniya na biyu ci gaba. 'Da alama ita ce kawai hanyar da za a ceci dubban kuma watakila miliyoyin yahudawan Turai daga halakar,' in ji ta, 'zai zama ga gwamnatinmu ta watsa alwashin' na '' yan bindiga ne da sharadin cewa ba a ci gaba da cutar da tsirarun Turai. . . . Zai zama mummunan gaske idan watanni shida daga yanzu ya kamata mu gano cewa wannan barazanar ta faru a zahiri ba tare da yin ko da alama don hana ta ba. ' Lokacin da hasashen ta ya cika sosai sai a shekarar 1943, sai ta rubuta wasika zuwa ga Ma'aikatar Gwamnati da New York Times, yana yin tir da gaskiyar cewa '[Yahudawa] miliyan biyu sun riga sun mutu' kuma 'za a kashe ƙarin miliyan biyu a ƙarshen yaƙin.' Har ilayau ta sake rokon dakatar da fadan, tana mai cewa cin kashin da sojojin Jamus suka yi zai haifar da da mai ido a kan yahudawan. Ta ci gaba da cewa 'Nasara ba za ta cece su ba, saboda ba za a' yantar da mazajen da suka mutu ba. '
Hitler ya kashe miliyoyin mutanen Jamus, amma abokan adawar sun kashe mutane da yawa ko kuma mafi yawa, Germans sun umarce su da yaki da Hitler ko Jamus a wurin da ba su da kyau a lokacin da bama-bamai suka fada. Kuma, kamar yadda Hughan ya nuna a wannan lokacin, yakin ya haifar da kisan gillar, kamar yadda cin zarafin yaki da yakin da aka yi a yakin da ya gabata a karni na arba'in kafin ya jawo rikice-rikice, da fargabawar, da kuma tashin hankali.
Sakamakon gwagwarmayar yaki da abokan hamayyar Amurka za su zo, a karshe, ci gaban gwagwarmayar nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin gidajen yarin Amurka wanda daga baya ya bazu zuwa kasar a waje da gidajen yarin yayin da masu fafutuka suka nemi yin kwafi na cin nasarar su akan mafi girma. Amma kuma daga wannan mummunan abin da speciesabi'armu ta taɓa yiwa kanta, yakin duniya na II, zai kasance daskararren masana'antar masana'antu ta soja. Za mu mika ikon zabar Amurkawa da Amurkawa da dama yayin da a yayin rikice-rikice, juyar da kuri'un zuwa babbar kungiyar ma'ana mafi ma'ana. Za mu shafe gaskiyar gaskiyar mulkinmu na dimokuradiyya yayin da yake cire shi daga cikin ciki, ya maye gurbinsa da kayan yaki wanda irin duniya ba ta taba ganin ba kuma ba zai iya tsira ba.
Yada Tarihi
Babu shakka Amurkawa ce mafi yawan rikice-rikice na rikice-rikice na duniya, mai mamaye ƙasashen waje, kuma babban mai sayar da makamai ga duniya. Amma lokacin da Amurka ke lekewa daga ƙarƙashin barguna inda take girgiza da tsoro, tana ganin kanta a matsayin wanda ba shi da laifi. Ba shi da hutu don kiyaye kowane irin nasara a tunanin kowa. Yana da hutu don tunawa da harin Jafananci akan Pearl Harbor - kuma yanzu ma ɗaya, watakila mafi tsarki, har yanzu, don tuna, ba "firgita da tsoro" na Baghdad ba, amma laifukan Satumba 11, 2001, "sabon Pearl Harbor" . ”
Misali ga Isra'ila, amma tare da bambancin, Amurka ta damu ƙwarai da yakin yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka rufe a kudancin kasar tare da yakin basasar Amurka. Ƙasar Kudancin Amirka na son yakin basasa shine ƙaunar gagarumin yaki, amma har ma da abin da ke fama da shi da kuma adalcin da aka samu a cikin duniya a kowace shekara ta Amurka.
Loveaunar Amurka ga Yaƙin Duniya na II ita ma, ƙaunatacciya, ƙaunar yaƙi da aka rasa. Wannan yana iya zama baƙon abu a faɗi, saboda yana da matukar ƙauna ga yaƙi da aka ci nasara. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya kasance samfurin Amurka don wataƙila wata rana ta sake samun nasara a yaƙi, saboda tana ta ɓatar da su a duk duniya har tsawon shekaru 71 tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. Amma ra'ayin Amurka game da WWII shima baƙon abu ne irin na Rasha.
'Yan Nazi sun yi wa Rasha mummunan rauni, amma sun jajirce kuma sun ci nasarar yaƙin. (Asar Amirka ta yi imanin cewa, 'yan Nazi sun kai mata hari ne “ba zata”. Wancan, bayan duk, shine farfaganda da ta ɗauki Amurka zuwa yaƙi. Babu wata kalma game da ceton yahudawa ko wani abu rabin mai martaba. Maimakon haka, Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya yi iƙirarin yana da taswirar shirye-shiryen Nazis don sassaka Amurka.
Hollywood ba ta da ɗan fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin game da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe haɗe, idan aka kwatanta da wasan kwaikwayo game da Yaƙin Duniya na II, wanda a gaskiya ma zai iya zama sanannen batunsa koyaushe. Da gaske ba mu nitse cikin fina-finan da ke yabon satar arewacin Mexico ko mamayar Philippines. Yaƙin Koriya ba shi da wasa kaɗan. Ko da Yaƙin Vietnam da duk yaƙe-yaƙe na baya-bayan nan sun kasa wahayi ga masu ba da labarin Amurka kamar Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma kusan kashi 90% na waɗannan labaran suna da alaƙa da yaƙin Turai, ba Asiya ba.
Labarin Bature ya fi fifita saboda musamman mugunta na maƙiyin Jamusawa. Cewa Amurka ta hana zaman lafiya ba tare da mai nasara ba a yakin duniya na 7 ta hanyar murkushe Jamus, sannan kuma ta azabtar da ita da zafi, sannan ta taimaka wa 'yan Nazi - duk wannan ya fi saurin mantawa da bamabaman nukiliyar da Amurka ta jefa a Japan. Amma harin Japan ne na Disamba 1941, XNUMX, tare da mamayewar mamaye na Nazi, wanda ya rinjayi jama'ar Amurka cewa yin yaƙi a Turai kariya ne. Don haka tarihin Amurka da ke horar da Japan a mulkin mallaka sannan kuma ya tayar da hankali da tsokanar Japan dole ne a manta shi ma.
Amazon.com, wani kamfani tare da kwangilar CIA mai girma, kuma mai shi ma yana da mallaka Washington Post, ya fito da jerin talabijin da ake kira daMan a cikin High Castle. An saita labarin a cikin 1960s tare da Nazis suka mamaye kashi uku na Amurka da Jafananci sauran. A cikin wannan duniya mai sauƙi, ana samun fansa na ƙarshe a cikin Jamus a matsayin kasa don jefa bom bama-bamai.
Wadanda suka yi nasara a Axis, da shugabanninsu da suka tsufa, sun kirkira sun kuma kiyaye tsohuwar daula - ba kamar sansanonin Amurka a jihohin wakilci ba, amma aiki ne gaba daya, kamar Amurka a Iraki. Ba damuwa da gaske yadda sautunan nan suke. Wannan shine mafi kyawun yanayin da zai iya daukar nauyin tunanin Amurka na wani yayi masa abinda yake yiwa wasu. Don haka laifukan Amurka a nan cikin ainihin 2000s sun zama “masu kariya,” kamar yadda suke yiwa wasu kafin su iya yi mata.
Babu juriya mara ƙarfi a cikin Oneaya na Episodeaya na ofaya daga cikin wannan wahalar mai azabtarwa, kuma a bayyane yake bai yi shekaru ba a wannan lokacin a cikin labarin. Amma ta yaya zai iya? Forcearfin da za a iya dakatarwa ta hanyar tashin hankali - har ma da tunani - ba zai iya ba da hujjar tashin hankali na ainihin sojojin Amurka ba. Dole ne 'yan mamaya na Jamusawa da Jafananci su iya fuskantar su kawai ta hanyar tashin hankali, har ma a baƙance a cikin zamanin da aka san fasahohin da ba na nuna ƙarfi ba, wanda ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin jama'a ke adawa da tsarin fasikancin Amurka don yin tasiri sosai.
"Kafin yakin… kowane namiji yana da 'yanci," in ji daya daga cikin samari kyawawa wadanda suka kunshi dukkan jarumawa da wasu daga cikin mugaye a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayo. Madadin rikice-rikicen kabilanci, McCarthyism, Vietnam, da fitarwa da gwaji akan rashin ƙarfi wanda ya faru a zahiri, wannan madadin Amurka ya haɗa da ƙone yahudawa, nakasassu, da mai fama da cutar ajali. Bambancin da tunanin da ya gabata na Nazi wanda “kowane namiji [amma ba mace ba?] Ya kyauta” ya fito fili. Mutum yana son sake maimaita Amurka.
Hakanan Amazon yana nuna mana Nazis da suke nuna hali kamar yadda Amurka take nunawa: azabtarwa da kisan abokan gaba. Tsibirin Rikers ya kasance mummunan kurkuku a cikin wannan shirin TV kuma a zahiri. A cikin wannan tunanin, alamomin Amurka da na 'yan kishin kishin Nazi sun haɗu ba tare da birki ba. A hakikanin gaskiya, sojojin Amurka sun hada tunanin Nazi da yawa tare da Nazis da yawa da aka karba ta hanyar Oper Paperclip - wata hanyar kuma da gaske Amurka ta rasa WWII idan muka yi tunanin nasara kamar dimokiradiyya ta kayar da irin al'ummar da wani kamar Donald Trump zai iya ci gaba.
(Asar Amirka a yau tana kula da ganin 'yan gudun hijirar daga yaƙe-yaƙe da ta yi a ƙasashe masu nisa a matsayin abokan gaba masu haɗari, kamar sababbin Nazis, kamar yadda manyan leadingan siyasar Amurka ke ambaton shugabannin ƙasashen waje a matsayin sabbin Hitler. Tare da 'yan asalin Amurka suna harbe-harben wuraren taruwar jama'a a kusan kowace rana, lokacin da aka yi irin wannan kisan da zargin da ake yi wa Musulmi, musamman Musulmi tare da duk wani juyayi ga mayaƙan ƙasashen waje, da kyau, to wannan ba kawai harbi ba ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa an mamaye Amurka. Kuma wannan yana nufin cewa duk abin da ta aikata “kariya” ce.
Shin Venezuela ta zabi shugabannin da Amurka ba ta so? Wannan barazana ce ga “tsaron kasa” - wata alama ce ta sihiri ta mamayewa da mamaye Amurka da tilasta mata azabtarwa da kashe sanya tuta daban. Wannan paranoia bai fito daga ko'ina ba. Ya fito ne daga shirye-shirye kamar Mutumin da ke Sama.
Tatsuniyar Pearl Harbor ba filin wasa ba ne kawai don nishaɗi. Ga wani jaridar jarida:
“Pearl Harbor da Yaƙin Duniya na II sun haɗa mu a matsayin ƙasa. Mun yi imani cewa ba za a iya doke mu ba. Kuma mun yi nasara. Amma me yasa Majalisa yanzu take da niyyar lalata tunaninmu na kishin ƙasa da lalata tsaron ƙasa? Yawancin membobin Majalisar suna so su rage kudaden da muke kashewa na tsaron kasa a kokarinsu na biyan diyya saboda gazawarsu, don rashin sauke nauyin da ke kansu a matsayinmu na wakilanmu da kuma biyan bukatun wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan siyasa saboda ayyukan dabbobinsu (naman alade) da zabe mai zuwa. Sun manta (ko ba su sani ba) cewa fifikon su na 1 shine kare kasar mu, kuma ya danganta da hakan, kariyar fa'idodin sojojin mu. . . .
“Shin gaskiyar cewa Amurka ta manta da abin da ya faru a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Pearl Harbor kuma ta bar matsara ta taimaka wajen barin hare-haren 9/11 ya faru? Kuma shin wannan mantuwa da jahilcin zai haifar da burin 'yan ta'adda na fadada hare-haren su? Saboda kwamitin '' kwamiti 'na majalisa ya kasa cika wa'adinsa a watan jiya don gano dala tiriliyan 1.2 a cikin tanadi, yanzu ana shirin fara amfani da abubuwan kashe kudi a 2013, gami da dala biliyan 600 don tsaro. Idan aka bar Majalisa ta yanke kasafin kudin soja, wani harin na iya zama mai yuwuwa.
“Dole ne mu kira shugaban kasa, shugabannin majalisunmu, sanatocinmu na jihohi biyu da wakilanmu a Majalisar don gaya musu su daina wautar da suke yi, sabunta kasafin kudin soja da na Tsoffin Sojoji, har ma da kara su domin mu duka mu karfafa shirinmu na bincike da ci gaba domin kasancewa mafi girma da ingantaccen soja a duniya da girmamawa da girmama tsofaffin gwarzayenmu da suka gabata.
"Idan muka ba su damar yin kariya ta kariya duk da sunan fita daga Iraki, kuma a karshe Afghanistan (wanda watakila kuskure ne, amma wannan tattaunawar za ta kasance ta wata rana), ba za a sami wasu kudaden bincike da za su ci gaba A'a. 1, babu ci gaba, babu sabbin tankoki, jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa da jirage marasa matuka, babu kuma kayan makamai da motocin da suka fi kyau. ”
Ko da kuwa ko kun yi imani da tatsuniyar Pearl Harbor, yana da matukar wuya ku musanta cewa wannan wata duniya ce ta daban. Amurka ba kawai tana da sojoji mafi tsada a duniya ba, amma tana da girman sauran kasashen duniya tare. Amurka tana da sansanoni ko dakaru a yawancin sauran ƙasashen duniya. Amurka ta mamaye teku da sararin samaniya. Amurka ta yanki duniyar sama zuwa shiyyoyi masu bada umarni. Majalisa tana zubar da sama da rabin abin da ake so a cikin sojoji. Duk da yake sun ninka kusan wannan kashe kudi, duka a cikin dala da gaske kuma a matsayin kashi na kasafin kuɗaɗen tarayya tun daga 9-11, gaskiyar ita ce, makaman nukiliya da daular tushe da kuma duk kuɗin da ba su da iyaka ba su da alaƙa da 9- 11 banda yin hidimar tsokanar ta. Jaridar ku tana neman ku zauna cikin duniyar mafarki, kuma ku lalata wannan a yayin aiwatarwa.
Babu sabbin tankoki? Babu sababbin jirage? $ 600 biliyan sauti babban, amma a kan shekaru 10 yana da $ 60 biliyan daga cikin shekara-shekara “tsaro” kasafin kudin na tiriliyan - ma'ana 6%. Duk abin da ake buƙata don juya wannan ya zama ƙari maimakon yankewa shine cire shi daga cikin “tsararren” kasafin kuɗi wanda ya ƙaru da fiye da 6%. Idan wani abin yankan gaske ya faru, zaku iya tabbatarwa da masu ba da gaskiya game da mu za su yi duk abin da za su iya don fitar da kuɗi daga yankunan da ba na soja ba, ko kuma aƙalla a rage fa'idodin sojoji maimakon tsarkakakkun kayayyaki masu amfani da jiragen sama da sauransu, kusan babu wanda yake da alaƙa da “tsaro”.
Juyawa Tarihin
Kamar yadda muka karanta Ulysses a ranar Bloomsday kowane Yuni 16th (ko ya kamata idan ba muyi hakan ba) Ina tsammanin kowane 7 ga Disamba bai kamata kawai a tuna da Babbar Doka ta 1682 da ta hana yaƙi a Pennsylvania ba amma har da alama Pearl Harbor, ba ta hanyar bikin jihar permawar da ke da ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 75, amma ta hanyar karatu The Golden Age by Gore Vidal da kuma alama tare da wani Joycean irony da zinariya shekaru na anti-isolationist mulkin kisan kai-kisan da ya kewaye da rayuwar kowane dan Amurka a karkashin 75 shekaru.
Ya kamata Ranar Zinare ta haɗa da karatun jama'a na littafin Vidal da kyawawan abubuwan amincewa da shi ta hanyar Washington Post, New York Times Review Review, da kowane sauran takardun kamfanoni a cikin shekara ta 2000, wanda kuma aka sani da shekara ta 1 BWT (kafin yakin kan terra). Babu ɗayan ɗayan waɗannan jaridu da na taɓa sani, wanda a sanina, ya buga cikakken bincike kai tsaye game da yadda Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya ja Amurka zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II. Duk da haka littafin Vidal - wanda aka gabatar dashi a matsayin almara, amma ya dogara kacokan akan abubuwanda aka rubuta - ya ba da labarin tare da cikakken gaskiya, kuma ko ta yaya nau'ikan da aka yi amfani da su ko asalin marubucin ko fasaharsa ta rubutu ko kuma tsawon littafin (shafuka da yawa don manyan editoci su zama damu da) ba shi lasisi don faɗan gaskiya.
Hakika, wasu mutane sun karanta The Golden Age kuma ya nuna rashin amincewarta, amma ya kasance mai daraja mai girma. Ina iya cutar da dalilin ta hanyar rubutun game da abun ciki. Trick, wanda na bayar da shawarar ga kowa da kowa, shine bada ko bayar da shawarar littafin ga wasu ba tare da gaya musu abin da ke ciki.
Duk da cewa 'yar fim kasancewarta babban jigo a littafin, ba a sanya ta a fim ba, kamar yadda na sani - amma wani abin da ya zama gama gari na karatun jama'a na iya haifar da hakan.
In Shekaru na Golden, muna bin gaba cikin dukkan ƙofofi, yayin da Birtaniya ta tura turawa Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da shugaban kasar Roosevelt ya yi alkawurra ga Firayim Minista Winston Churchill, yayin da masu yin sulhu suka yi amfani da yarjejeniyar Republican don tabbatar da cewa biyu jam'iyyun za su zabi 'yan takara a 1940 shirye su yi yakin neman zaman lafiya a lokacin yakin basasa, kamar yadda FDR ta yi ƙoƙari ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa amma ba dole ba ne ya fara zama dan takarar shugaban kasa amma dole ne ya fara jin dadinsa tare da farawa da kuma yunkurin zama shugaban kasa a lokacin da ake zaton hatsarin kasa, da kuma yadda FDR ke aiki, don tayar da Japan, game da wa] ansu shirye-shirye.
Kirari mai ban tsoro ne. Roosevelt ya yi kamfen kan zaman lafiya (“sai dai idan hari”), kamar Wilson, kamar Johnson, kamar Nixon, kamar Obama. Roosevelt, kafin zaɓe, ya sanya Henry Stimson a matsayin Sakataren Yakin da ke ɗoki ba gaba ɗaya ba kamar waɗanda Donald Trump ya zaɓa.
Yaƙi na Yakin duniya bai zama kawai War
An kira yakin duniya na biyu "yakin kirki," kuma ya kasance tun lokacin yakin Amurka a kan Vietnam wanda aka kwatanta shi. Yakin Duniya na II ya mamaye Amurka saboda haka nishaɗi da ilimi na Yammacin Turai, '' 'kyakkyawa' 'galibi suna zuwa da ma'ana fiye da "kawai."
Wanda ya lashe 2016 na "Italiya ta Italiya" ta kasance cikin mummunar ta'addanci ta furta cewa zai so ya rayu ta yakin duniya na biyu. Yayin da ake yi mata ba'a, a zahiri ba ita kaɗai ba ce. Mutane da yawa suna so su kasance wani ɓangare na wani abu da aka kwatanta a matsayin mai daraja, jarumi, kuma mai ban sha'awa. Idan za su sami makami na lokaci, zan bada shawarar su karanta maganganun wasu tsoffin tsohuwar sojan WWII da masu tsira kafin su koma baya don shiga wasan.
Duk shekaru da yawa wanda ya rubuta littattafai, yayi hira, wallafa ginshiƙai, kuma yayi magana akan abubuwan da suka faru, ya kasance kusan ba zai yiwu ba don ya zama ƙofar wani taron a Amurka inda kuka yi umurni da kawar da yaki ba tare da wani ya buge ku ba Tambaya-game-da-kyau-war. Wannan gaskiyar cewa akwai kyawawan makamai 75 shekaru da suka wuce ya zama babban ɓangare na abin da ke motsa al'ummar Amurka don jure wa dumping dalar Amurka tiriliyan a kowace shekara don yin tattali idan har akwai yaki mai kyau a shekara mai zuwa, koda kuwa a cikin yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin shekarun 71 da suka gabata wanda akwai ra'ayi na gaba cewa basu da kyau. Ba tare da talauci ba, game da yakin duniya na biyu, farfaganda na yau da kullum game da Rasha ko Siriya ko Iraki ko Sin zai zama kamar rashin hankali ga yawancin mutane kamar yadda yake ji da ni. Kuma hakika kudade da Good War labari ya haifar ya haifar da mummunan yaƙe-yaƙe, maimakon hana su. Na rubuta a kan wannan batu a tsawon lokaci a yawancin littattafai da littattafai, musamman ma Yakin Yaqi ne. Amma zan kawo a nan wasu 'yan mahimman matakai waɗanda ya kamata a sanya wasu' yan tsiraici a cikin tunanin mafi yawan magoya bayan Amurka na WWII a matsayin Just War.
Yaƙin Duniya na II ba zai iya faruwa ba bayan yakin duniya na, ba tare da irin wauta ba na fara yakin duniya na sama da har ma da rashin fahimtar kawo ƙarshen yakin duniya na wanda ya jagoranci mutane da yawa masu hikima su hango yakin duniya na II akan wannan wuri, ko kuma ba tare da taimakon Wall Street na Nazi Jamus shekaru da yawa (kamar yadda ya fi dacewa da 'yan gurguzu), ko kuma ba tare da tseren makamai ba da yawancin yanke shawara mara kyau wadanda basu buƙatar sake maimaita a nan gaba.
Yaƙin ya ba da agaji ba kuma ba a kasuwa ba har sai bayan an gama. Babu wani takarda da kake buƙatar ka taimaki Uncle Sam ajiye Yahudawa. An kori jirgin ruwa na 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa daga Jamus daga Miami ta wurin Guard Coast. {Asar Amirka da sauran} asashen sun ki amincewa da 'yan gudun hijira na Yahudawa, kuma mafi yawan jama'ar {asar Amirka sun amince da wannan matsayi. Kungiyoyin zaman lafiya da suka tambayi firaministan kasar Winston Churchill da kuma sakatarensa na waje game da sufurin Yahudawa daga Jamus don a cece su sun fada cewa, yayin da Hitler zai iya yarda da wannan shirin, zai zama matsala sosai kuma yana buƙatar da yawa. {Asar Amirka ba ta shiga wata} o} arin diflomasiyya ko soja don ceton mutanen da ke fama da sansanin 'yan Nazi. Anne Frank an hana shi takardar visa ta Amirka.
Kodayake wannan batu ba shi da wani abin da ya faru da wani shahararrun masanin tarihi game da WWII a matsayin Just War, yana da mahimmanci ga tarihin tarihin Amurka wanda zan hada a nan wata maƙalli daga Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, sakataren harkokin waje na Birtaniya, wanda Churchill ya yi masa tambayoyi game da 'yan gudun hijirar, ya tattauna da daya daga cikin manyan wakilai, inda ya ce duk wani kokarin diplomasiyya don samun saki Yahudawa daga Hitler" ba shi yiwuwa ba. " A kan tafiya zuwa Amurka, Eden ya gaya wa Cordell Hull, Sakataren Gwamnati, cewa hakikanin matsala tare da tambayar Hitler ga Yahudawa shi ne, 'Hitler zai iya ɗaukar mu a kan irin wannan tayin, kuma a can kawai bai isa jiragen ruwa ba da kuma hanyoyin sufuri a duniya don rike su. ' Churchill ya amince. 'Ko da ya kamata mu sami izini don janye dukan Yahudawa,' ya rubuta a cikin wasiƙar da ya buƙaci, 'sufuri kadai ya kawo matsala wanda zai kasance da wuyar warwarewa.' Isasshen sufuri da sufuri ba su isa ba? Shekaru biyu da suka wuce, Birtaniya sun fitar da kusan mutane 340,000 daga rairayin bakin teku na Dunkirk a cikin kwanaki tara kawai. Rundunar Soja ta Amurka tana da dubban jiragen sama. A lokacin har ma da bindigogi, 'yan uwan sun iya daukar nauyin jirgin sama da kuma' yan gudun hijirar daga cikin yankunan Jamus. "
Yankin "mai kyau" na yakin basasa bai damu ba game da abin da zai zama babban misali na mummunan ɓangaren "mummunan" gefen yaki.
Yaƙin bai kare ba. Ana iya sanya karar cewa Amurka ta bukaci shiga cikin yaki a Turai don kare wasu ƙasashe, wanda ya shiga kare sauran al'ummomi, amma har ila yau ana iya karar cewa Amurka ta ci gaba da fafutukar fararen hula, ta kara yakin, kuma ya haifar da lalacewa fiye da yadda ya faru, idan Amurka ba ta yi kome ba, yunkurin diflomacy, ko zuba jari a nonviolence. Don da'awar cewa mulkin Nazi zai iya girma har zuwa wani rana ya hada da wani aikin da Amurka ke da shi a cikin gaggawa kuma bai fito da shi ba ta kowane misali ko daga baya daga wasu yaƙe-yaƙe.
Yanzu mun fahimci sosai da kuma ƙarin bayanan da ke nuna rashin amincewa da aikin da rashin adalci ya fi nasara - da kuma nasarar da ya fi dacewa da juriya. Tare da wannan ilimin, zamu iya kallon baya a kan nasarar da ba a yi ba a kan Nazis wanda ba a shirya ba ko kuma an gina shi ba tare da nasarar da suka samu ba.
Good War ba kyau ga sojojin. Ba tare da horarwa ba a yau da kuma yanayin kwaskwarima don shirya sojoji don aikata mummunar kisan kai, wasu nauyin 80 na Amurka da wasu dakarun a yakin duniya na biyu basu kashe makamai a "abokan gaba ba." Gaskiyar cewa an yi wa tsoffin sojan WWII mafi kyau bayan yakin da wasu sojojin da suka gabata ko tun lokacin da suka kasance, sakamakon sakamakon da Bonus Army ya yi bayan yakin da ya gabata. An baiwa tsoffin tsoffin 'yan gudun hijirar kyauta, kwalejin koyon lafiyar, da kuma biyan kuɗi ba saboda muhimmancin yakin ba ko kuma sakamakon wani yaki. Ba tare da yakin ba, ana iya samun kowacce koleji a cikin shekaru masu yawa. Idan muka bayar da kwalejin kyauta ga kowa a yau, to, zai buƙaci fiye da labarun yakin Duniya na II na Hollywood wanda zai sa mutane da dama su shiga tashoshin rikodin soja.
Sau da dama an kashe yawan mutanen da aka kashe a sansanonin Jamus a waje da su a yakin. Yawancin mutanen sun kasance fararen hula. Sakamakon kisan, da ciwo, da kuma lalacewa ya sanya WWII abu mafi munin ɗan adam wanda ya yi wa kansa a cikin gajeren lokaci. Muna tunanin abokan hamayyar sun kasance suna "tsayayya" ga mummunan kisan da aka yi a sansani. Amma wannan ba zai iya tabbatar da maganin da ya fi cutar ba.
Sakamakon yakin da ya hada da lalacewar fararen hula da birane, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nukiliya mai mahimmanci na birane ya dauki shirin na WWII daga cikin ayyukan da ba a iya karewa ba saboda mutane da dama da suka kare ta farawa. Neman ba da wucin gadi da mika wuya da kuma neman fadada mutuwar da wahala ya aikata mummunar lalacewa kuma ya bar wani mummunan yanayi da kuma kariya.
Kashe mutane da yawa suna tsammanin mai yiwuwa ne don kare hakkin "gefen" a cikin yakin, amma ba ga bangaren "mummunan" ba. Bambanci tsakanin su biyu bai zama kamar kullun ba. {Asar Amirka na da tarihin tarihin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Dokokin Amurka na zalunta 'yan Afirka na Afirka, suna aikata kisan gilla ga' yan asalin ƙasar Amirkanci, kuma yanzu 'yan asalin kasar Japan sun ba da kariya ga wasu shirye-shiryen da suka nuna wa' yan Nazis na Jamus - wadannan sun hada da sansani na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, da kuma shirye-shirye na gwagwarmaya da gwajin mutum wanda ya kasance a baya, lokacin, da kuma bayan yakin.
Daya daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye ya hada da bada syphilis ga mutane a Guatemala a lokaci guda da gwajin Nuremberg. Sojojin Amurka sun dauki daruruwan Nazis a karshen yakin; sun dace daidai. {asar Amirka na nufin cike da mulkin duniya, kafin yakin, a lokacin, kuma tun daga lokacin. Jamusanci neo- Nazis a yau, haramta haramta wajan flag nazi, wani lokaci ana yin alama da flag na Ƙasar Amurka.
“Angaren “kyakkyawa” na “kyakkyawar yaƙi,” ƙungiyar da ta yi yawancin kisa da mutuwa don ɓangaren da ya ci nasara, ita ce Tarayyar Soviet ta gurguzu. Wannan ba ya sa yaƙin ya zama babban nasara ga kwaminisanci, amma yana ɓata tarihin Washington da Hollywood na cin nasarar “dimokiradiyya.”
Yaƙin Duniya na II har yanzu bai ƙare ba. Mutane da yawa a Amurka ba su da biyan kuɗin da aka biya har sai yakin duniya na biyu kuma wannan bai tsaya ba. Ya kamata ya zama na wucin gadi. Kasashen duniya na WWII da aka gina a fadin duniya ba su rufe ba. Sojan Amurka ba su bar Jamus ko Japan ba. Akwai fiye da 100,000 Amurka da boma-bamai na Birtaniya har yanzu suna cikin ƙasa a Jamus, har yanzu suna kashe.
Komawa shekaru 75 zuwa wani yanki na nukiliya, mulkin mallaka na duniya da bambanci daban-daban, dokoki, da halaye don tabbatar da abin da ya fi girma a Amurka a cikin kowane shekarun tun lokacin ya zama wani abu mai ban mamaki da yaudarar yaudara wanda ba ' t ƙoƙari don tabbatar da ƙananan ƙananan kamfanoni. Da alama ina da duk abin da ba daidai ba ne, kuma har yanzu kun fahimci yadda wani taron daga farkon 1940s ya ba da damar zubar da Naira 2017 a cikin kudaden yaki wanda za'a iya ciyarwa don ciyarwa, ɗamara, magani, da kuma tsari miliyoyin mutane, da kuma kare muhallin kare ƙasa.
